WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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[music]

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On every Coast of the United States,

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seafood is part of American culture.

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Not just prepared and consumed it tends
to be celebrated. People socialize

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around this great tasting food from the
ocean and there\'s an increasing awareness

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of the health benefits. But
consumption of fish and shellfish

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has grown exponentially worldwide
and most fisheries experts

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have come to realize that the ocean can
no longer keep pace with the demand.

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Fish stocks are in such bad
shape in so many cases

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that we\'ve gotta stop fishing those fish
to have any hope of bringing them back

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and… and that of course raises the
question of well, what are we gonna do?

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It\'s long been hold that we might farm the
fish instead of catching them in the wild

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and in recent years tremendous
advances have been made

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over a quarter of the world\'s seafood is
now produced by fish and shellfish bonds,

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also known as aqua culture. But
whether caught in the wild

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or farm raised there are serious health
and environmental issues involved

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that few seafood lovers are aware of.

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With more than half of the Earth six billion
humans and living within a 100 miles of shoreline

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and many millions more arriving each year.

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Ocean fish populations are
being depleted worldwide.

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[music]

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Ninety percent of the big fish in the worlds
oceans are gone, all this in 50 years

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in my lifetime we\'ve had more
impact on the wildlife in the sea

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and during all preceding human history.
Our capacity to extract

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has scaled-up so enormously

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in such a short period of time.
We have past limits of resiliency

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on many of the species that when I was a child were
considered to be a source that could never run out.

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[music]

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Several different types of aquaculture are being
developed industries collectively referred

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to as the blue revolution
but a debate rages

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over concerns that some forms of
fish farming pose a serious threat

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to wild fish populations
and to human health.

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We have sufficiently
contaminated our oceans

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that now if we concentrate the fish
meal and fish oil from trash fish

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that nobody wants to eat. Then
shove it to fish in a cage

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and push their weight gain
we can develop animals

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that are dangerous to eat.

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Aquaculture has a really bright future and it can\'t help
but not have a bright future. However raising carnivores

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requiring five times more input
than you\'re getting output.

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This is a real problem because this is
clearly not enhancing wild-caught Fisheries,

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it\'s not taking the pressure off
wild caught fisheries. It in fact

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is contributing to the drawdown.

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I think that people have when they buy farm seafood they have a false
sense of security they feel as if because it\'s farmed raised, then it\'s

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environmentally okay, but really we\'ll
tell what happens is farmed fish

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has a tremendous impact upon how
much fish we take from the ocean.

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They\'re not vegetarian, fish are not cabbages they don\'t
grow on sunlight, they have to be fed other fish.

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So instead of taking pressure off the ocean
that creates a different kind of pressure

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to feed and keep fueling the aquaculture.

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Aquaculture in 30 years is trying
to do what agriculture did in 6,000

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and so their learning curve is real steep.
During the next hour

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we will examine different ways of the farming
the seas, ventures that will either help

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avert a world food crisis or according
to some hasten its arrival.

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In British Columbia

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a debate rages over salmon aquaculture.
Fish farms in China

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are growing non-carnivorous species
considered by many to offer hope

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for restoring our oceans, while battles
loom over shrimp farming in Southeast Asia

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and Blue fin tuna ranching
in the Mediterranean.

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[music]

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[non-English narration]

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Wild salmon are sacred to my community.
My parents, my grandparents,

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and my great grandparents all of them dependent
on salmon for their health and their survival.

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[non-English narration]

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My own family is different.
We counted these salmon.

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[music]

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A very ancient life forms tribes

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along the Pacific coast of North America.
The species of fish

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so vibrant and found that they
sustain the entire ecosystem

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wild salmon have spawned

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in these rivers for over a million years.
A miracle of life

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that also embraces human beings.

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The lives of many communities still utterly depend
on the salmon that migrate to these shores.

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But in some areas the
damming of spawning rivers

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and the loss of freshwater habitats have
broad populations of Pacific salmon

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to extinction.

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The commercial fishing effort has been
scaled back to only those salmon runs

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which remain bounded for and coastal
communities are working to protect

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and restore salmon habitat.

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But in recent years a new global
industry has arrived that many perceive

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to pose an equally serious
threat to wild salmon.

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In our language the people have Humphrey these lands are
called Mamakni(ph) which means people without roots here

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and it seems to make sense to our
elders that people without roots here

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would act in a way that isn\'t in the… in
the best interest of the environment.

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Over and over again we have
this kind of simple-minded idea

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that we can come in with very powerful technologies
without any understanding of complexity

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or of interconnectedness
impose our technology

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and then get the surroundings
to yield what we want.

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I think there\'s definitely a lot of hype going on I think this is a relatively
new business that we\'re in farming salmon in beautiful British Columbia

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and as we sometimes joke about
is there\'s a price that we paid

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for doing business in paradise.

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There\'s a lot of emotional baggage here and it\'s time to unpack those bags you know, there
are problems this is our province and it\'s time to get on with it address the issues.

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British Columbia,

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North America\'s biggest producer
of farmed salmon has become

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an epicenter of a bitter conflict that has split
apart coastal communities around the world.

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Native and non-native communities

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find themselves torn between the need for
jobs and the risks that they believe

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that the farms pose to wild salmon.

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I feel really good when I
bring in a lot of fish

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that\'s really precious to our people.

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No one knows what the large
escapement of farm salmon could do

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to reverse to our salmon. No one
knows that, you know it\'s all…

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it\'s all to me everything\'s all guesswork.

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Most salmon farms in British Columbia
as an other producing countries

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raise Atlantic salmon, the different species
than Pacific that have been bred to grow faster

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and to live in floating net cages
typically located in near shore waters.

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One reason critics believed
the farms threaten

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wild salmon is because due to
storm damage or human error

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farmed fish have at times escaped
their net cages in large numbers.

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Over the last decade it\'s estimated
that well over one million salmon

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have escaped their pens in
British Columbia and Washington.

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There are concerns

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that endangered Pacific populations could be threatened
if their spawning grounds are invaded by the farmed fish

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that escaped their pens. Well
Atlantic salmon are on average

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not particularly good colonizers under some
conditions they are very good colonizers the…

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the communities here are product of 10,000
years of evolution uh… and are finely tuned

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you can\'t just introduce a new player into a
game without the other player\'s moving over and…

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and it costing them in some way. Escaped Atlantic
salmon have been caught from Washington state

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all the way up to Alaska
and commercial fisherman

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on less than pleased.

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They\'ve been caught as far away as Dutch Harbor which is about 1200
miles from the nearest fish farm. So they\'re getting out and surviving

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on the fact that we\'re catching a lot of them on hook and
line gap means that they\'re feeding aggressively too.

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We\'re afraid of what might happen

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with the history the fish farms
have in different countries

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were afraid that it might happen here also.

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Since salmon aquaculture
began in Norway in the 1970s

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it is coped with a variety of pathogens
that still challenge what has become

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a multi-billion dollar industry. Also
operating in the United Kingdom,

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North America and Chile.

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One of the worst early episodes occurred
in one 1975 when a deadly parasite

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was spread from salmon farms to wild salmon
in over thirty 38 rivers and streams.

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To contain the outbreak

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the Norwegian government was forced to
use poisons to destroy all wild fish

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in those watersheds.

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[sil.]

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A modern farm like this here is typical for the industry
and in British Columbia. Very heavy, very strong net

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engineered anchoring, uh… the
number of salmon that have escaped

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in British Columbia have been coming down
drastically for the last number of years.

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We relocated some of our farms,
we\'ve rebuilt all of our farms,

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we\'ve invested in better net management.
Our approach begins

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with acknowledging that there are
risks like there are for every

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way of farming including fishing
and every human endeavor.

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One of the risks which continue
to challenge the industry

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are problems which can affect the health of farmed
and wild salmon. Not only have algae blooms killed

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entire net cages of fish but
there are also lethal parasites

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and diseases which pass between
the farms and the wild.

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In British Columbia

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farms are being hard hit by a virus
called sock eye disease or eye age in,

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infectious hemo poetic necrosis.

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If you stand on a football field
with a person with a cold

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you\'re less likely to get that cold than
if you stand in an elevator for four hours

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with ten other people who are very sick,
the same code that\'s the principal.

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The transmission potential
to the welfare is huge.

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Basically their conclusion and I
think the view of staff is primarily

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the fish and the pins are more susceptible to
catching a disease from the wild fish and vice versa.

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We almost never see sick whale fish because they\'re grabbed
seals get \'em, the wheels get \'em, the birdsZX get \'em

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but in the farm situation they\'re cuddled,
they\'re drugged, they\'re protected,

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they get it from the wild but then they
amplify it and this is the real problem

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we\'re seeing here.

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With new vaccines we\'ve dramatically reduced the use of antibiotics
we\'re using less than a tenth of what we are using ten years ago.

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We don\'t yet have a
vaccine for Soca disease.

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The risk of disease will never be eliminated but
what we find is that with careful monitoring

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and treatment as necessary,
it\'s manageable.

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Another problem that salmon farmers have tried
to manage are infestations of sea lice.

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Local biologists and fisherman say that

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wild salmon are being infested by lice
as they migrate near salmon farms.

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A problem which can be especially
lethal to juvenile fish.

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Are young fish going out to see
have to pass through this,

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it kills and that\'s the bottom line and it\'s
happening out there the floating hotels out there,

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where there\'s stress, where
there\'s overcrowding

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and when they become overcrowded and
stressed then you have a problem.

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Depending on who you talk to the entire coast
of British Columbia is a migratory route

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of wild salmon that\'s probably true so we have a
responsibility both for ourselves and our fish

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as well as the wild fish to keep our sea less levels
and our fish down and that\'s what we have been doing.

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They say that it is not gonna harm anything

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but whatever it touched where are we here
of things that are happening in Scotland,

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things that have happened in other places that farm fish has
been and I don\'t think I\'m talking out of my head I believe that

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what I\'m talking about
has already happened.

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Before the lice problem arose
in British Columbian waters

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there was ample evidence
in Scotland that wild fish

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were being severely impacted by
sea lice near farms operated

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by the same corporations
that farm salmon in Canada.

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What we see here is a very close
correlation on numbers of lice

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on the face according to what the production cycle is in the local salmon
farm, if the local farmers being followed as it does every second year

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then you get very low levels of lice when the farm has been running
for a couple of years and number of parasites and the farm built up

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cause you gonna end up with very high
numbers of lice on the salmon and trout

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and when say, Hi, I mean fakely hi.

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[music]

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A few of the farms in British Columbia have
taken a different approach to growing salmon

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practices which they say
result in healthier fish.

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One of these farms is raising
salmon in tanks on dry land

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rather than in floating net cages.

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We need to protect our fish
from and anything that comes in

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and as well we need to protect the marine environment from… from
whatever we generate within our system so we see land-based farming

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as one very good route to
go for sustainability.

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There are also a few net cage farms
that operate in different ways.

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Disease as an outbreak has not been a problem at all we
have not had an major infectious outbreak at yellow island

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it\'s relying on a robust animal that
has been developed through the years

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and also the inherent
conditions here of the site.

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One of the conditions involves
less crowded densities, a fish.

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It\'s about half to one fifth of
what would normally be acceptable

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stocking densities in a more intensive culture we do feed
manually on the farm we do not use automated feeders.

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It\'s a little labor intensive
but in the end it\'s worth it

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because you\'re that much
closer to the animal.

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Regardless of how they\'re fed

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the feed pellets given to salmon contain fish meal and fish
oil, a dietary requirements for all carnivorous fish species.

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Although exact conversion
rates of a subject of debate,

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most scientists agree that for
every pound of salmon farm raised

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at least three pounds of wild fish must be caught
in the ocean as feed, a conversion many consider

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to be a wasteful use of fishery
resources growing ever more scarce.

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The mode of production of fish oil is something like
between one and one and half million tons per year

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and that could be finished before 2015.

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Fishmeal could run out sometime before 2030

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that is all of present fish meal
production could at that time

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possibly be used for aquafins.
There are also food safety issues

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involved with the fish being
caught to create fishmeal and oil.

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Contaminant level of fishmeal will reflect the contaminant
load in the environment from which they came. Our challenge is

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to find areas where the
contaminant level is low

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and ensure that we source fishmeal
and fish oil from those sources

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not from polluted sources. An exhaustive
study completed by a team of toxicologists

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has shown that samples of farmed salmon

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from supermarkets across the U.S.
have ten times more residues of PCBs

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and dioxins than wild salmon.
Dioxin is rated by

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every national international agency
as a proven human carcinogen.

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PCBs are rated as probable human carcinogens
I think the most dangerous thing

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is that exposure to these compounds before
birth causes reduction in IQ of the child.

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[music]

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One reason why wild salmon have fewer toxins than
the farmed fish is because of their natural diet.

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The fish that they eat are lower on the food chain,
they have fewer contaminants and they eat crustaceans

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and in fact the crustaceans the
shrimp is where the wild salmon

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get their natural pink or red color and this
is unlike the situation with the farm salmon

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where the color is an added die.

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The day may soon arrive

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when some farm salmon products
will carry additional information

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labeling them as genetically modified.

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The smaller fish in this tank is a wild
salmon at normal size for one year of age,

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the larger fish are the same age
but have been genetically modified

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to grow to harvest size
in just half the time.

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There are some tremendous advantages to having a faster growing fish if
you\'re in the farming business that is going to be much more inexpensive

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to produce the fish and there\'s
a higher profit margin. 38.0.

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
Although not yet on the
market these altered salmon

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
have been developed amidst uncertainties about the health
effects of eating them and about what might happen

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
if they ever escape into the wild because
they are known to be less fit for survival.

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
Any possibility of interbreeding with wild
salmon could be disastrous for the species.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
[music]

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
Let\'s protect the things that
have evolved over 10,000 years.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
Just because a person has an idea

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
and has got the venture capital
to set up a company and begin

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
to try to create a product doesn\'t
mean that they ultimately

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
have the absolute right to market
that product to grow that product

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
assuming what they consider a small
risk but that being the case

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:35.000
what the hell is the rush.

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
[music]

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
A very different type of a quaculture

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
is feeding millions of people in China.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
[non-English narration]

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
Our marine resources are very limited now because
of over fishing and then we have a huge population.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
It is by developing aquaculture that we can
provide enough animal protein for our people.

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
China is the birthplace of
agriculture well integrated system

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
that many of the principles of
ecology modern-day agriculture

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
in developed countries could learn a lot
from the thousands of years of experience

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
with aquaculture that comes from China.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
The fact that this very productive approach to
fish farming has endured for so many centuries

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
maybe the ultimate measure for what
can be defined as sustainable.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
And what they have evolved over
time is a carp polyculture

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
where they have four types
of carp in the same pond

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
and one species is feeds on phytoplankton
and lagoon feeds on zooplankton

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
and there\'s a grass car feeds on
vegetation that grows around the pond

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
and then there\'s common carp which
is a bottom feeder and feeds

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
on all the detritus from the other species
of fish so, in terms of efficiency this…

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
this models in a class by itself.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
Freshwater aqua culture
in China is traditionally

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
a part of their agriculture.
By-products from various crops feed

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
the fish and waste products from
the ponds fertilize the fields.

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
[music]

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
Another form of fish farming
that\'s quite common in China

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
is the production of
shellfish, oysters and clams.

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
They\'re grown in coastal
regions in… in salt water

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
and they filter the water and
obtain their nutrients from that.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
[music]

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
And these are in environmental
terms the least intrusive

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
of any of the farmed fish.

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
In coastal waters of the
Yellow Sea vast shellfish beds

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
are seeded with post larval clams and
oysters that are produced in hatcheries.

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
The harvests are bountiful and
increasing dramatically each year.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
Markets in China are
filled with an abundance

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
of farmed shellfish and Karp helping to
meet the growing demand for fish protein

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
but arise in personal income
in some parts of the country

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
has also meant increased demand for
carnivorous species like shrimp

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
and there are concerns about the
expansion of this type of aquaculture.

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
Agriculture, we had continued to grow here in
the future and it that become more profitable

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
but we also need to focus on how we operate

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
we don\'t want to destroy our natural
resources or the environment.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
With nearly a quarter of the
world\'s human population

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
but only seven percent of the arable land
China has been remarkably successful

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
in feeding its people.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
Ironically a booming economy now poses a new challenge
to their sustainable approach to aquaculture.

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
[sil.]

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:35.000
[music]

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
[non-English narration]

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
There used to be rice fields here

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
then we sold our land and my wife and I have
worked as employees for shrimp farmers ever since.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
(inaudible)

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
are how it used to be and what\'s
more livable and more comfortable.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
Now all we have is pond water.

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:18.000
[music]

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
In Europe and the United States that
certain crustacean known as shrimp

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
has long been a favorite with well over
a billion pounds of these tasty prawns

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
consumed each year shrimp has become

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
one of the world\'s most popular seafoods.
But how many diners

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
pause to wonder how the seemingly
endless supply is produced. What toll

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
that might be taking on our oceans
and what health risks are involved?

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
About two-thirds of the
shrimp consumed worldwide

00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
are caught in the ocean by shrimp trawlers.
Commercial vessels that drag heavy nets

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
over the seafloor in this type
of fishing gear also catches

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
an immense volume of untargeted sea
creatures on average worldwide

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
over five pounds of marine
life are discarded.

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
For each pound of shrimp caught
and little of this so-called

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
bycatch survives.

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
There are some Trent fisherman
who tried to reduce bycatch

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
by using gear modifications
called excluded devices

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
but not all nations that fish for
shrimp take such precautions

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
with most of the shrimp we eat beng imported.
It\'s hard to know where or how it was caught

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:50.000
after that matter whether it was farmed.

00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.999
Most of the world\'s shrimp farms located in tropical
countries in developing nations like Thailand

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:04.999
where poverty can be widespread,
where labor is low cost

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:09.999
and where environmental regulations
are not always in force.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
The standards of living of this whole people
in this country is have been greatly improved

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
by the fact that the technology
of growing shrimp has developed,

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
the markets in United States and Europe
and Japan have dissolved the consuming.

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
The reduction of poverty in these
Asian countries is miracle.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
Whether it is Thailand, whether it is Brazil,
whether it is India, whether it is Bangladesh,

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
our land is being converted into aquaculture
farms, it has been destroyed really to feed

00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:44.999
the rich customers and in Europe and in
the United States instead of focusing on

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.999
feeding our own families and communities
which used to be the purpose of agriculture.

00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.999
They bring the shrimp
yenned from the ponds,

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
they had gone, weigh them, count them,
sort them, dry them, (inaudible)

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
them and then they\'re
loaded into a container.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
That\'s a lot of hand labor, a lot of
people doing this, a lot of jobs.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
Shrimp farming as it\'s practiced
in Southeast Asia has transformed

00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
the coastal ecosystems in ways
that have removed opportunities

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
for people to make a living. To… to just
say that this has created opportunities

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.999
that allow people to remain at home
in the absence of other opportunities

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:35.000
is pure myth-making.

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
Since the very beginning of
civilization in Southeast Asia

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
coastal fishing communities
have lent a distinct color

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
and grace to Thai culture. In communities

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
along the western coast of Thailand
on the on-demand sea, villagers live

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
much as they have for centuries a
life made possible by an ecosystem

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
rich in natural resources.

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
Micro (inaudible) is like a
supermarket of people like us

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.999
to collect crap or some other
kind of herb format to see.

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.999
They realize their life totally

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
depend on the forest.

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:34.999
The mangrove forest is a wetland habitat
that has evolved over millions of years.

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.999
With roots

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
reaching directly into the sea the
trees protect one of the oceans

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
most important breeding grounds for
many species of fish and shellfish.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:58.000
[music]

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
Large areas of Thailand\'s

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
mangrove forests first felt
the charcoal industry.

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
The expansion of shrimp aquaculture
then further this decline.

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:19.999
[music]

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.999
The gulf coast of Thailand is now
home to thousands of shrimp farms.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
A welcome step toward modern
development for salmon,

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
the end of way of life for others.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
[music]

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
People will live in coastal fishing communities from my
experience in Southeast Asia they lived quite a wonderful life

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.999
a great deal of independence in terms
of what they do on a day to day basis,

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.999
they go to sea, they catch fish, they mend their nets, they
harvest a little bit of shellfish from the coastal areas,

00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:59.999
they have access to a range of resources, they
control their daily lives to a large extent.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:04.999
I\'m not at all convinced that making them
part of an industrial production system

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
on a shrimp farm or shrimp
processing plant represents a change

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
for the better and the quality of life.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
The government gave leases to shrimp farmers
and investor groups on hostile lands

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
that were traditionally considered as
public lands. Between 1976 and 1996,

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
the number of shrimp farms
grew almost exponentially.

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
There are now more than 30,000
shrimp farms in Thailand

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
and nearly all of this shrimp
is exported to the US, Japan,

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
and Europe.

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
Any intensive approach to farming,

00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
to maximize production and profit the ponds
are stocked with very high densities.

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
By animal gitter (inaudible)

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
and those are (inaudible)
when you go to that density

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
and install that mainly what\'s
that (inaudible), you know,

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
they\'re crisis in the world where they just putting
in too many shrimp farms in the same location.

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
[non-English narration]

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
Many farms find their ways into
canals that go to the sea.

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
This contaminates the ocean water

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
that we all draw from, to fill our ponds.

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
We had wide spread virus
in (inaudible) shrimp,

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
there\'s no cure for it. So we have to
harvest a shrimp early to cut our losses.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
A variety of antibiotics are available

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
without prescription to most shrimp
farmers in the developing world.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
These chemicals are added to the shrimp feed
when a bacterial infection is suspected.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
To the wise use of antibiotics
this is an accepted

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
and established practice, the same thing
is true and you know, food aquaculture,

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
where the amount of antibiotics used in contrast
will setup the poultry substantially lower.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
Anytime a practice takes plights
to prevent infection in animals

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
or in fish or in shrimp

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
if that same antibiotic is used in humans
and the active treatment of disease

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
that to me generally is
a recipe for disaster.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
A growing number of scientists are concerned
that the uncontrolled use of antibiotics

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
can create disease resistant bacteria
that pose a serious threat to humans.

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
The immense volume of salt water

00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
released from the ponds often
carrying bacteria, viruses

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
and the chemicals used to control them as contaminated
freshwater aquifers that people depend on.

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:08.000
[non-English narration]

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
Waste from the Shrimp farms
turns the water black and foul.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:19.999
The pollution fosters
odd \'em real life away.

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:28.000
[music]

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
The wetland estuaries
along Thailand\'s coasts

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
are naturally cleansed by the mangrove
forests but too much effluent

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
can overwhelm this sensitive
but very productive ecosystem.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
Although the construction of new
ponds in mangroves is now banned

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
in areas where shrimp farming
remains heavy nearby wetlands

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
are often dying and the
diversity of life has vanished.

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
One of the great premises

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
of aquaculture is to provide food
for the people who need it the most

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
but this kind of agriculture is doing exactly
the opposite, it\'s destroying the habitats

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
that were feeding the people
who needed food the most.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
[music]

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
There are shrimp farmers in Thailand

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
who have found ways to grow shrimp
with few environmental impacts.

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
They\'ve improved water quality
by restoring nearby mangroves

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
and by building settlement
ponds for treating wastewater.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
They\'re also stocking their ponds with
lower densities of shrimp all of which

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:55.000
reduces the need for antibiotics.

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
Along the pristine Hawaiian
coastline lies another approach.

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
Palms lined in plastic and vacuum daily of
debris are filled with filtered seawater

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
and stocked with a more disease
resistant breed of shrimp.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
Advanced technology for intensive
production has eliminated the need

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
for antibiotics and other chemicals.
Contamination is minimized by the plastic lining

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
in the use of settlement basins, shrimp
that can be certified and labeled

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
as environment friendly is expected to
become more available as greater numbers

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
of these innovative
growers enter the market.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:48.000
[music]

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
One of the most magnificent fish ever to swim
the open ocean is the giant blue fin tuna.

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
They are apex predators but
they are also preyed upon.

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
[music]

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
A blue fin tuna flagship species

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
extinction in the making, if
any bony fish is gonna go down

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
that is the one.

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
At time selling for tens of thousands of dollars
each on the lucrative Japanese sushi market

00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
blue fin tuna is the most
prized catch in the sea today.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
The focus of an international fishing
effort that threatens to edge them

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
closer to the brink of
commercial extinction.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
The growing demand for sushi
worldwide has also spawned

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
a new form of aqua culture which critics
say worsens the over fishing problem

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
and poses a health risk to humans.

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
We believe that the current catches are too high especially on small
fish to be sustainable on the long term so what the scientists

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
are predicting is that this talk will
be in trouble sometime in the future.

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
We\'ve eliminated Atlantic blue fin tuna
from half their historical ranges.

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
Everywhere from 20 degrees north of the
equator the blue fin tuna is gone.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
Off the coast of Spain

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
are several net cage operations
that fatten up wild tuna

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
which are caught near their Mediterranean
breeding grounds. Critics of the industry

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
believes these tuna are not adequately
being counted against international quotas

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.999
set to conserve the stock.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:54.999
Tuna ranching is an alternative
to fishing in a way

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
to add value to the product. I\'m convinced

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:04.999
that our industry is extremely important
and the best way to develop the resource

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.999
as well as to conserve it.

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:14.999
[music]

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
They are not providing a real solution

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
because the tuna had caught on the
wild taken to the farms (inaudible).

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
What the farms are really doing is
increasing pressure on the wild fish.

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
What\'s the result? Well, you…
you get these beautiful tuna

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
to be slaughtered right when you wanted

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
but it\'s not counted as being caught that\'s
one of the ironies this is not counted

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
against the total allowable patch.

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
Many marine scientists are also concerned
that the immense quantity of fish

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
needed to feed the tuna is unsustainable and
threatens to disrupt sensitive ocean ecosystems.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
We\'re reaching the limits
of the amount of small fish

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
that we can extract and feed to… and feed
to carnivorous fish like blue fin tuna.

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
[music]

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
These species (inaudible)

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
the anchovies sardines mackerel are
the foundation of the ecosystem.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
The effect of disrupting this
are very difficult to predict.

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
It would really stupid

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
to say that we… we just stocks (inaudible) fish at the
risk. They\'re not captured for commercial purposes

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
but to feed that tuna. In any case

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
these fish are also eaten
by tuna in the while.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
This doesn\'t add to food
security there is a…

00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
such a strong incentive to go after the last
Tuna, and the last sardine to feed that tuna

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:05.000
that perhaps the Mediterranean would be one of the
first places where these things gonna implode.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
Although not all are critical
of their operations,

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
the industry is responding to a number
of concerns. Farms in Mexico capture

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
and fatten the Pacific species of blue fin
tuna which have populations considered

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
to be in better shape than
the Atlantic blue fin.

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
As of today I don\'t think there\'s a good assessment
of the biomass of blue fin tuna in the North Pacific.

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
I don\'t see it being depleted this year we saw more fish
and that have in the last five or six years. On standard

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
I also support research to determine
what the mass of fish is.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
The feeding practices and conversion
ratios are also being examined.

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
They do have good conversion ratios if you feed
the properly and with proper feeding techniques,

00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
manufacturing feeds that are coming in
the future will improve that efficiency.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
Manufactured pellets may
improve conversion ratios

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
but the fact remains that the
process consumes more ocean fish

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
than it creates especially when
raising apex predators like tuna.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
Ten to seventeen pounds of
wild fish are required as feed

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
for each pound of tuna raised during
the six month fattening period

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
and as with salmon the bio accumulation
of toxins may pose a serious risk

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
to human health.

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
[music]

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
By moving the agriculture industry offshore
we can move into cleaner, deeper waters

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
we can reduce conflicts with coastal users,

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.999
the agriculture industry is going to continue
growing globally and it only makes sense

00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:59.999
to have some of the economic benefits for
that expansion accrue to the United States.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:04.999
A new type of open ocean fish farming

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:09.999
may soon emerge as the ultimate battleground
over the future of aquaculture.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:14.999
The US government

00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:19.999
is considering plans to lease offshore
waters for submerged net cage operations

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:24.999
that are anchored to the sea floor.
The states of right across very

00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:29.999
strident opposition to the coastal
agriculture model so the motivation now

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:34.999
on the part of the federal government is to move
it off shore. We\'re taking a very flawed model

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.999
that is essentially a net loss of protein
production and then ramping it up

00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:44.999
hundreds perhaps thousands of times.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:49.999
Concerns about these operations again
center around the escape of farmed fish,

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.999
disease and the feeding
of carnivorous species.

00:44:55.000 --> 00:44:59.999
We don\'t have any preconceived ideas of what fish ought
to be cultured uh… just about anything is possible

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.999
we will be looking at a
number of different species

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:09.999
and there will be an opportunity for considerable
public debate and new environmental standards

00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:14.999
may need to be established.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:19.999
Everything out there belongs to the people of the
United States of America and we are going to decide

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.999
I think that not only is offshore aquaculture
inevitable it\'s potentially a good thing,

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:29.999
uh… the devil\'s always in the
details so if it\'s done badly

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:34.999
it could really mess things up. Why
are we trying to raise carnivores

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.999
taking huge quantities of wildlife
from the ocean to turn these creatures

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:44.999
into fish meal for farmed-raised creatures.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:49.999
We don\'t know what we\'re doing, we\'re
monkeying around with our life support system

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.999
we need to pull back and think
about that the logic of what are

00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:59.999
the appropriate candidates for agriculture,
everything from oysters, mussels,

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:04.999
clams and appropriate fish
that are plant eaters.

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:09.999
[music]

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.999
Fortunately China is not the only
country growing fish and shellfish

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.999
that are low on the food chain, it
don\'t need to be fed other fish.

00:46:20.000 --> 00:46:24.999
[music]

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:29.999
Tilapia is second only to carp is the
most widely farmed freshwater fish

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.999
in the world. Originally
from the Nile River

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:39.999
it is an omnivore that can be raised almost entirely on plant-based
proteins. But it doesn\'t have to be fed with flesh it…

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:44.999
it is a very tasty fish, is very robust,

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.999
you can grow it in the backyard operation you
can also grow it in an industrial context

00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:58.000
this form of aquaculture adds
to the global food supply.

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:04.999
In the Mississippi Delta is
another aquaculture success story

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:09.999
involving an omnivorous fish,
this one with whiskers.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:14.999
When (inaudible) started
to work can\'t they contain

00:47:15.000 --> 00:47:19.999
12 to 14% fish by year. The day that
they eat about is one or two percent,

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.999
this is resulted from
research, not only has this

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:29.999
reduced the fish meal content of the (inaudible)
bit one in environmentally issued rating,

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:34.999
sop and environmental problem just sign.

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:39.999
[music]

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.999
Shellfish are also being formed in an
ever increasing volume outside of China

00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:49.999
from the Pacific Northwest to the
Mediterranean coast of France

00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.999
this type of aquaculture is becoming
its economic mainstay in communities

00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:59.999
that have been hurt by declining fisheries.
About 80% of all clams,

00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:04.999
oysters and muscles produced
worldwide are being planted

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:09.999
as laudable seeds that are
produced in hatcheries.

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:14.999
The shellfish are grown to harvest size in near
shore areas that have adequate water quality.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:19.999
Something which this type of
aquaculture can actually help with.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.999
These are animals that stay quiet,
they stay where you put them

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:29.999
and they clean up the water you can produce
absolutely enormous amount of food

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:34.999
in a very small area. Shellfish in fact
have the potential of feeding humanity.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:43.000
[music]

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.999
Many consumers remain uncertain
of where their seafood comes

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.999
about how it was caught
whether it was farm raised.

00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:59.999
Any idea where your fish came from? Weather
is wild or farmed. I have no idea.

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:04.999
I don\'t know that looks good though.
I don\'t know I could only see in it.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.999
Knowledge about food safety and the
fish we consume is often vague at best.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.999
Knowing which ones are good, which ones are
not and all that can be rather difficult.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:19.999
There is in a whole lot of information out there
for the general public to make in a firm decision

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:24.999
that kind of things we see that. We usually
buy out from the store because it\'s fresh,

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:29.999
because it tastes good umm… but we sure would like to
know where it came from. One down the line one at a time,

00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:34.999
we got all kinds of fish over
here they make you a good gift.

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:39.999
Until recently the local retailer was one of
the few sources of information available.

00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:44.999
Would let me know where that\'s from? Yeah.

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.999
But even their knowledge is limited.

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:54.999
Reliable information about the origins of seafood products
and the risks that can be involved with eating them

00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:59.999
is now becoming more available.
Fisheries that are environment friendly

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:04.999
are being certified according to internationally
recognized standards by the Marine Stewardship Council,

00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:09.999
an independent nonprofit
organization and the products

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:14.999
are being marketed with the MSC eco-label.

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:19.999
Although aquaculture is not yet being
certified for a consumer label wild caught

00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.999
and farm-raised products are
being rated in seafood guides

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:29.999
published by a variety of organizations.
These guides can be downloaded

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:34.999
from the internet. Some even as wallet-size
cards that can the help identify

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:39.999
which products are more likely to be raised
in a responsible manner and be safe to eat.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:44.999
I think it\'s a real grass roots movement they\'re going
into the store and ask, where does this product come from?

00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:49.999
Is it sustainably caught. People
put more pressure on retailers,

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:54.999
retailers and put more pressure on the
wholesalers, wholesalers on up the line.

00:50:55.000 --> 00:50:59.999
A growing number of restaurants and
chefs are also getting involved.

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:04.999
They are very serious now where
we fire food for the restaurant

00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:09.999
because the consumer has the power to really
change the way things are being done.

00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:14.999
We can support the people who are taking care of
the land and the seas or we can support the people

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:19.999
who are not. And it\'s a decision
that we make, we all make.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:24.999
We\'re getting to a point in many
ways with many species of fish

00:51:25.000 --> 00:51:29.999
and other wildlife that if we don\'t
slow down it\'s not gonna be around and…

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:34.999
and in the last thing I would I think myself and many shots would
like to see is that our children will appreciate its beauty.

00:51:35.000 --> 00:51:43.000
[music]

00:51:45.000 --> 00:51:49.999
Our life on Earth depends
on the healthy functioning

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:54.999
of the ocean. It has been fine-tuned
over hundreds of millions of years,

00:51:55.000 --> 00:51:59.999
if we are to succeed in consuming

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.999
aquatic creatures as a part of
what we eat, we cannot rely

00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:09.999
on wild card populations anymore.
The question is how do we feed

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:14.999
a population of 6 billion people inclining
we\'ve got to take the pressure off

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.999
and one of the possibilities is
through responsible aquaculture.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:24.999
If it\'s done well and if it\'s done

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:29.999
in a way that doesn\'t wipe out and
make worse the situation of fish stock

00:52:30.000 --> 00:52:34.999
but actually it gives them a break the
benefits could be really terrific.

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.999
These things are not beyond the pale
by any means it\'s just a matter of

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:44.999
some serious investment. Most of us are
lucky enough to live in democracies

00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:49.999
now that means that we can as
citizens speak up through our vote,

00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:54.999
by writing letters, by
calling our representative,

00:52:55.000 --> 00:52:59.999
the representative will respond rather
than hit us on the head. Seafood lovers

00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:04.999
potentially have the biggest role to
play because they\'re the reason that

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:09.999
fish are delivered to the marketplace.
Industries are usually very sensitive

00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:14.999
to public opinion and all they have to see
is that a significant fraction of the public

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:19.999
is demanding a certain standard
and then they will respond.

00:53:20.000 --> 00:53:24.999
The health of the ocean and
the quality of our food

00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:29.999
is ultimately up to all of us it
depends on the everyday actions

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:34.999
of ordinary people who care about what
kind of world our children will inherit.

00:53:35.000 --> 00:53:43.000
[music]

00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:14.999
Want to learn more about the fish you eat.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:19.999
Find stories, resources, recipes, and
more at the farming the seas website.

00:54:20.000 --> 00:54:24.999
The addresses is pbs.org.

00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:33.000
[music]

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:39.999
This program was produced by habitat Media

00:54:40.000 --> 00:54:45.000
which is solely responsible for its content