0100

10:00:06:22

10:00:07:07

0101

10:00:12:22

10:00:12:23

0102

10:03:03:12

10:03:09:23

MR. ZWILLING AND MRS. ZUCKERMANN

0103

10:03:13:10

10:03:17:10

A film by Volker Koepp

Camera: Thomas Plenert

0104

10:03:22:22

10:03:25:23

What's the article about by Mrs. ...

0105

10:03:26:08

10:03:29:24

It's an article by Mrs. Zuckermann.

0106

10:03:31:19

10:03:35:20

What's the title?

- Jewish Suffering Unites.

0107

10:03:37:24

10:03:41:03

On the seventh page ... on the right.

0108

10:03:44:09

10:03:49:02

What newspaper is it?

- The "Voice."

0109

10:03:50:11

10:03:54:13

Which I have written for

several times.

0110

10:03:56:05

10:04:00:24

They send me free copies of the "Voice,"

because they are counting on me

0111

10:04:01:09

10:04:06:12

to send them articles from time to time

about Czernowitz.

0112

10:04:08:15

10:04:11:24

Can you tell us about the paper,

Mr. Zwilling? - Pardon?

0113

10:04:12:09

10:04:15:00

Can you tell us about the paper?

- Yes, of course.

0114

10:04:15:10

10:04:17:10

Show it to him.

0115

10:04:18:04

10:04:20:01

Tell me when.

0116

10:04:22:16

10:04:23:20

Now.

0117

10:04:24:23

10:04:28:16

I'd like to read you something

from the newspaper

0118

10:04:29:17

10:04:32:11

published for the Bukovina Jews.

0119

10:04:32:23

10:04:36:22

This is the "Voice."

After the war, it was my uncle,

0120

10:04:37:07

10:04:39:16

Dr. Elias Weinstein, who founded it.

0121

10:04:40:01

10:04:43:24

Before the war, he was editor-in-chief

of the "Czernowitz Morning News."

0122

10:04:44:09

10:04:47:21

He founded it

after arriving in Palestine.

0123

10:04:48:06

10:04:51:17

It's the newspaper

of the Bukovina Fraternity,

0124

10:04:52:02

10:04:54:20

Jews from around the world.

0125

10:04:56:05

10:05:02:21

Here is a very interesting article

by Benno Weiser-Varon.

0126

10:05:04:10

10:05:07:01

"I was born in Czernowitz.

0127

10:05:07:11

10:05:10:04

The war broke out nine months later.

0128

10:05:10:14

10:05:12:10

The Russians bombarded the town.

0129

10:05:12:20

10:05:16:05

I learned to run before I could walk.

0130

10:05:16:15

10:05:22:01

World War I shoved me 1,000 miles west,

from Czernowitz to Vienna.

0131

10:05:22:11

10:05:28:04

World War II, which began for me

on March 13th, 1938,

0132

10:05:28:14

10:05:34:07

took me 7,000 miles to the west,

from Vienna to Ecuador.

0133

10:05:35:22

10:05:39:01

I was an East European Jew

moving westward,

0134

10:05:39:11

10:05:44:21

and I said, 'Two more little wars,

and I'll be back in Czernowitz.'

0135

10:05:47:16

10:05:53:09

In 1943, I applied for an alien passport

in Ecuador.

0136

10:05:53:19

10:05:56:05

It included the designated nationality.

0137

10:05:56:15

10:05:59:00

The Ecuadorians wrote 'German.'

0138

10:05:59:10

10:06:03:23

I protested and demanded to see

the Ministry's legal adviser.

0139

10:06:04:08

10:06:10:14

Why do you deny being German?

You have an expired German passport.

0140

10:06:11:14

10:06:13:19

'It was forced on me,' I said.

0141

10:06:14:04

10:06:17:21

My fatherland was annexed.

I'm really Austrian.

0142

10:06:18:07

10:06:22:09

The man looked at me with pity.

'Austria no longer exists.

0143

10:06:22:19

10:06:24:14

Where were you born?'

0144

10:06:25:10

10:06:29:10

'Not that,' I begged.

'That will only complicate matters.'

0145

10:06:30:00

10:06:33:06

He insisted, so I said Czernowitz.

0146

10:06:34:00

10:06:38:12

I feared the next question.

'What country is Czernowitz in?'

0147

10:06:38:22

10:06:43:04

I was certain it would lead to nothing,

but I answered,

0148

10:06:43:16

10:06:46:19

'When I was born,

Czernowitz was in Austria.

0149

10:06:47:04

10:06:49:19

After World War I, it became Romanian.

0150

10:06:50:04

10:06:53:10

On the eve of World War II,

the Russians occupied it.

0151

10:06:53:20

10:06:58:12

Then the Germans conquered it. And now

it belongs to the Russians again.'

0152

10:06:58:22

10:07:04:01

The legal adviser considered a moment

before he declared,

0153

10:07:04:11

10:07:07:11

'Then, for me,

you're at best a White Russian.'

0154

10:07:09:24

10:07:13:13

He didn't use 'White Russian'

in an ethnic sense,

0155

10:07:13:23

10:07:16:23

but in contrast to the 'Red Russians.'

0156

10:07:17:08

10:07:23:01

Therefore, he conceded

that I wasn't a Bolshevik."

0157

10:08:31:07

10:08:34:15

That was all so many decades ago.

0158

10:08:35:00

10:08:37:11

Mrs. Zuckermann?

- Grand passé.

0159

10:08:40:21

10:08:44:06

"Where is last year's snow?"

0160

10:08:45:03

10:08:51:03

That's by Francois Villon,

one of France's greatest poets.

0161

10:08:51:13

10:08:55:00

A people's poet,

not one of those intellectuals.

0162

10:08:55:10

10:08:58:19

You wanted to tell me something.

I interrupted you.

0163

10:08:59:04

10:09:01:05

Your idea of a homeland?

0164

10:09:03:16

10:09:06:07

Your idea of a homeland?

- Yes.

0165

10:09:06:17

10:09:10:07

You said you wouldn't go to Israel.

0166

10:09:10:17

10:09:16:06

If I feel it's my homeland?

I said so, and I mean it.

0167

10:09:17:21

10:09:19:13

So why are you staying here?

0168

10:09:19:23

10:09:23:04

Because my son doesn't want to go.

0169

10:09:24:07

10:09:28:06

The one and only reason.

I'd have gone there long ago.

0170

10:09:29:06

10:09:32:21

As a child, I was already a Zionist.

0171

10:09:33:06

10:09:38:01

I belonged to a Zionist association

called "Blue White."

0172

10:09:38:11

10:09:44:11

And as a student,

I was always in Zionist circles.

0173

10:09:44:21

10:09:49:09

My blessed husband

was in a Zionist fraternity.

0174

10:09:49:19

10:09:53:13

There were fraternities in Czernowitz,

dueling fraternities.

0175

10:09:53:23

10:10:00:13

There were German, Polish, Ukrainian

and Jewish fraternities in Czernowitz.

0176

10:10:00:23

10:10:03:20

Some of them were dueling fraternities.

0177

10:10:04:09

10:10:09:09

They carried out duels

when they had reason to,

0178

10:10:09:19

10:10:14:02

when someone gave them reason to,

and there were lots of reasons to.

0179

10:10:15:05

10:10:20:13

They were all very proud of it.

All the students had a dueling scar.

0180

10:10:20:23

10:10:25:13

It was a great privilege

to have a dueling scar on your face

0181

10:10:25:23

10:10:30:05

and to prove

that you were ready to duel.

0182

10:10:31:15

10:10:37:02

But I don't know of any deaths.

Only Pushkin was shot by Dantes.

0183

10:10:37:23

10:10:40:13

A love affair was involved.

0184

10:11:04:24

10:11:08:06

In the fifties, the Russians

0185

10:11:08:16

10:11:11:20

sawed the points off the Star of David.

0186

10:11:12:05

10:11:18:17

People were supposed to forget

that this was once the Jewish House.

0187

10:11:20:00

10:11:25:24

In 1996, our organization,

which is named after Elieser Steinbarg,

0188

10:11:26:09

10:11:29:03

welded the points back on again.

0189

10:11:29:13

10:11:33:23

But one of the sawed-off points

was intentionally retained,

0190

10:11:34:08

10:11:39:03

to remind people

of what happened during those times.

0191

10:11:41:19

10:11:46:16

How much of the Jewish House

belongs to the organization now?

0192

10:11:47:01

10:11:49:10

We have three rooms.

0193

10:11:51:00

10:11:55:02

And on Saturdays

we get the small ballroom.

0194

10:12:13:12

10:12:18:16

Where can you find

a little piece of mazel?

0195

10:12:19:01

10:12:23:16

Where can you find

a little piece of happiness?

0196

10:12:24:01

10:12:28:12

The wheel should keep turning.

0197

10:12:28:22

10:12:33:24

Then happiness will return.

0198

10:12:35:05

10:12:39:17

The world is a gift for everyone.

0199

10:12:40:14

10:12:44:03

It's there to make people happy.

0200

10:12:44:13

10:12:49:14

Where can you find a little bit,

just a tiny little bit?

0201

10:12:49:24

10:12:54:17

Where can you find mazel and happiness?

0202

10:12:55:14

10:13:01:10

Many people look for mazel.

0203

10:13:01:20

10:13:06:13

But no matter

how much they run and fly,

0204

10:13:06:23

10:13:11:19

happiness can never be caught.

0205

10:13:12:04

10:13:16:13

And it will never come back to me.

0206

10:13:16:23

10:13:22:00

Where can you find a little bit,

just a tiny little bit?

0207

10:13:22:10

10:13:28:02

Where can you find mazel and happiness?

0208

10:15:02:14

10:15:08:11

A citizen of Czernowitz,

an old citizen who speaks German.

0209

10:15:11:08

10:15:14:11

Mr. Zwilling,

my knight in shining armor,

0210

10:15:14:21

10:15:17:18

has been coming to my home

for six years now.

0211

10:15:18:03

10:15:22:08

And every evening, he brings bad news.

0212

10:15:22:18

10:15:27:14

Every evening, I have to persuade him

that life will go on,

0213

10:15:27:24

10:15:30:14

and things aren't as bad as they seem,

0214

10:15:30:24

10:15:33:07

and tomorrow everything will be better.

0215

10:15:35:20

10:15:40:04

He never comes without bad news.

Every evening something new.

0216

10:15:40:14

10:15:45:23

He whispered to me today

that another student hadn't come.

0217

10:15:46:22

10:15:52:22

It's a shame. If no students show up,

then he is out of work.

0218

10:15:53:22

10:15:57:15

So if another student stayed away today,

then that is ...

0219

10:15:58:09

10:16:01:00

especially unpleasant.

0220

10:16:01:22

10:16:06:09

It's always a tragedy for him.

He's been telling me this for years.

0221

10:16:06:19

10:16:11:03

That another student had been absent.

0222

10:16:11:13

10:16:15:17

But no matter what,

he always gets together 20 students

0223

10:16:16:02

10:16:19:06

and somehow manages

to get them through the year.

0224

10:16:29:14

10:16:35:06

What do you talk about

when Mr. Zwilling visits you?

0225

10:16:37:04

10:16:40:19

We watch TV. We don't talk that much.

0226

10:16:46:11

10:16:52:01

We watch TV. We tell each other

what happened during the day.

0227

10:16:52:11

10:16:56:18

Mrs. Zuckermann talks about her lessons.

I talk about my students.

0228

10:16:57:03

10:17:02:24

About what goes on at our trade school.

0229

10:17:04:03

10:17:11:02

He always tells the saddest things,

and I talk about funny, pleasant things.

0230

10:17:11:12

10:17:17:07

He's always telling me bad news.

- Yes, the optimist and the pessimist.

0231

10:17:17:17

10:17:21:13

And I keep trying to persuade him

that everything will be fine.

0232

10:17:21:23

10:17:25:13

You'll see.

You'll go out into the world ...

0233

10:17:25:23

10:17:30:01

and try to get him in a better mood.

0234

10:17:30:11

10:17:32:24

I don't always succeed.

0235

10:17:35:04

10:17:38:12

I'm afraid I'm a pessimist

who's almost always right.

0236

10:17:40:11

10:17:42:20

That's what my mother always said.

0237

10:17:43:08

10:17:47:04

You're a big pessimist, and I'm afraid

you're almost always right.

0238

10:17:47:14

10:17:51:22

But I won't accept that.

Not at any price.

0239

10:18:00:13

10:18:03:12

0100

10:20:08:21

10:20:09:06

0101

10:21:52:13

10:21:57:09

This is the grave,

the tomb, of the Zuckermann family.

0102

10:21:57:23

10:22:01:15

Mrs. Zuckermann's husband,

Martin Zuckermann, lies here.

0103

10:22:03:17

10:22:07:03

And his sister, too ... Rudolphine.

0104

10:22:09:21

10:22:11:21

The grave was broken open?

0105

10:22:12:06

10:22:18:05

The grave was broken open last year.

You can still see it.

0106

10:22:18:18

10:22:21:17

They even broke off

a piece of the stone.

0107

10:22:23:03

10:22:26:09

Our tomb was opened four years ago.

0108

10:22:29:09

10:22:31:20

Who would do something like that?

0109

10:22:32:05

10:22:35:21

It's difficult to say.

0110

10:22:37:16

10:22:42:17

Teenagers,

people who are looking for something.

0111

10:22:43:02

10:22:45:17

It's hard to say.

0112

10:22:50:12

10:22:55:16

People mostly look for valuables,

jewelry.

0113

10:22:56:24

10:23:01:22

But it isn't a Jewish custom.

Jews don't put valuables into graves.

0114

10:23:44:18

10:23:47:13

That you've come to me as Germans ...

0115

10:23:48:04

10:23:52:19

If someone had told me that 50 years ago

0116

10:23:53:04

10:23:57:22

I'd have killed him. That I should shake

the hand of a German!

0117

10:23:59:00

10:24:04:12

You see? 50 years have gone by.

More than 50 years.

0118

10:24:09:20

10:24:13:07

Rosa Roth Zuckermann is your name?

0119

10:24:15:24

10:24:17:16

Rosa Roth.

0120

10:24:18:22

10:24:23:05

I don't know where it came from.

Some foreigners believe

0121

10:24:23:15

10:24:29:06

that I'm a relative

of Joseph Roth, the writer.

0122

10:24:29:16

10:24:35:09

Actually, my grandparents did come from

that Brody, from Galicia.

0123

10:24:35:19

10:24:39:16

Almost all of Czernowitz's Jews

come from Galicia.

0124

10:24:40:01

10:24:42:21

Now there aren't

any Czernowitz Jews left.

0125

10:24:43:06

10:24:49:07

The only real Czernowitz Jew left

is me, the one who is dying out.

0126

10:24:50:13

10:24:53:13

But that has to happen sometime.

0127

10:24:56:06

10:25:00:10

What year were you born?

- 1908.

0128

10:25:04:15

10:25:08:20

I've been living in the 20th century

for 90 years.

0129

10:25:13:00

10:25:15:08

A sad verdict.

0130

10:25:18:14

10:25:25:08

We know about history.

- Yes, one of the most terrible stories.

0131

10:25:25:18

10:25:31:11

I don't believe another woman has seen

as many dead people as I have.

0132

10:25:31:21

10:25:37:08

The moment I opened my eyes

in that pigpen, that concentration camp.

0133

10:25:37:18

10:25:43:14

It wasn't a pigpen. It was

a collective farm for breeding pigs.

0134

10:25:43:24

10:25:48:18

We were aware of that.

And we were taken there ...

0135

10:25:49:03

10:25:53:00

after being transported in cattle cars.

0136

10:25:53:10

10:25:55:14

To Transnistria?

0137

10:25:55:24

10:25:59:12

That's where we lived.

At first, it was a ghetto.

0138

10:26:01:07

10:26:04:03

23 people to a room.

0139

10:26:05:03

10:26:08:10

In Brewery Lane, too,

where the synagogue is.

0140

10:26:08:20

10:26:14:01

That was the ghetto.

And then my suffering began.

0141

10:26:19:19

10:26:21:17

My husband, my father,

0142

10:26:22:02

10:26:24:18

my mother, my son

and myself ... five of us.

0143

10:26:26:10

10:26:29:19

Everyone of us with his rucksack.

0144

10:26:30:04

10:26:35:18

And we went through Brewery Lane

0145

10:26:36:03

10:26:39:16

to the train station,

taking the backways.

0146

10:26:40:01

10:26:45:24

People lined the streets

to watch the "animals"

0147

10:26:46:09

10:26:48:04

being taken to the slaughter.

0148

10:26:48:14

10:26:53:18

I think I remember seeing some people

with tears in their eyes.

0149

10:26:54:03

10:26:57:20

You tend to look around

when you go past.

0150

10:26:58:05

10:27:01:07

There were also people who laughed.

0151

10:27:02:21

10:27:08:01

The rabble was happy, because

they were going to get nice apartments.

0152

10:27:08:11

10:27:12:10

The Jews would be leaving,

and they'd get the nice apartments.

0153

10:27:15:13

10:27:20:24

Of course,

the intellectuals grinned and bore it.

0154

10:27:25:13

10:27:27:13

I always had students.

0155

10:27:27:23

10:27:31:24

And the parents of those students,

non-Jews, helped me in the ghetto.

0156

10:27:33:22

10:27:38:23

They brought food to the ghetto for us

and helped as much as they could.

0157

10:27:39:08

10:27:44:20

They weren't allowed to.

But they went up to the fence

0158

10:27:45:05

10:27:50:22

and threw things over,

standing at the fence like people do.

0159

10:27:52:01

10:27:59:00

And then we were taken to Transnistria

in cattle cars.

0160

10:28:01:11

10:28:07:21

To a town called Bershat.

It's still called that now.

0161

10:28:08:19

10:28:14:09

And we were taken to a kolkhoz

where they had bred pigs.

0162

10:28:14:19

10:28:19:16

There weren't any more pigs there.

We were the pigs at the kolkhoz.

0163

10:28:20:01

10:28:22:16

Us Jews from Czernowitz.

0164

10:28:23:05

10:28:29:20

There were stalls for pigs,

for the sow and her piglets.

0165

10:28:30:05

10:28:35:05

Lots of stalls, and a big door

where they brought in the pigs.

0166

10:28:35:15

10:28:39:17

And we were put in the stalls

in place of the pigs.

0167

10:28:44:04

10:28:48:10

After three weeks,

all of my people had died.

0168

10:28:49:14

10:28:54:23

My father on December 15th,

my husband on December 19th,

0169

10:28:55:08

10:29:00:01

my son on December 20th,

my mother on February 1st.

0170

10:29:00:20

10:29:05:23

In the course of one week,

I lost my entire family.

0171

10:29:06:17

10:29:13:08

And I was all alone.

How I was able to survive,

0172

10:29:13:18

10:29:18:11

I have no idea.

I had typhus fever,

0173

10:29:18:21

10:29:22:11

and I had no idea

where they were taken to,

0174

10:29:22:21

10:29:28:22

because I was laid up for weeks

with typhus fever.

0175

10:29:29:18

10:29:31:17

People I didn't know fed me.

0176

10:29:32:02

10:29:37:12

They took the few pitiful things

we had left in our rucksacks.

0177

10:29:37:22

10:29:41:02

They were Bessarabians,

but they were apparently good people.

0178

10:29:41:17

10:29:48:02

They probably sold these things

to the peasants and fed me.

0179

10:29:48:12

10:29:51:01

How else could I have survived?

0180

10:29:52:11

10:29:53:19

Only that way.

0181

10:29:54:06

10:29:58:19

Because I never knew how to buy ...

to sell things.

0182

10:29:59:04

10:30:01:13

I knew how to buy, not to sell things.

0183

10:30:01:23

10:30:06:24

And ... it was like that for a week.

0184

10:30:10:21

10:30:13:23

It was like that for a year.

0185

10:30:17:05

10:30:23:00

You said that your father wanted ...

0186

10:30:23:23

10:30:27:06

to sell a suit, so ...

0187

10:30:28:09

10:30:33:09

My blessed husband sold

one of my father's suits

0188

10:30:33:19

10:30:37:10

to buy bacon for my father.

0189

10:30:38:10

10:30:42:19

The suit had been sold, but my father

wouldn't eat the bacon. It was tref.

0190

10:30:43:04

10:30:45:24

And a devout Jew won't eat tref.

0191

10:30:52:05

10:30:55:04

So after my husband had died,

0192

10:30:55:14

10:30:59:13

all the belongings we had left

were sold to people I didn't know.

0193

10:31:00:11

10:31:04:20

The farmers wore masks

when they came to the kolkhoz.

0194

10:31:05:12

10:31:09:06

So they wouldn't have to breathe the air

0195

10:31:09:16

10:31:14:18

the Jews had contaminated.

And we really had contaminated it.

0196

10:31:15:03

10:31:18:13

We had abdominal fever and typhus fever.

0197

10:31:19:07

10:31:24:04

The peasants who traded ...

- They came ...

0198

10:31:24:14

10:31:29:21

Perhaps they came to bring soup

or something. I don't remember.

0199

10:31:30:06

10:31:32:02

Perhaps there were good ones.

0200

10:31:32:12

10:31:38:05

Later, I gave lessons

to the Ukrainian girls in the village

0201

10:31:38:15

10:31:40:20

who flirted with German officers,

0202

10:31:41:05

10:31:45:20

because they needed to know German

to be able to flirt with them.

0203

10:31:46:12

10:31:53:00

I had a permit to leave,

and I entered a nice, warm, clean house

0204

10:31:53:10

10:31:57:16

with people who were well-dressed

and well-groomed.

0205

10:31:58:01

10:32:02:13

I gave my lessons

and received a nice hot bowl of soup.

0206

10:32:02:23

10:32:05:14

And then I returned to the ghetto.

0207

10:32:05:24

10:32:09:18

They often gave me a piece of bread

or a piece of cheese.

0208

10:32:10:03

10:32:16:06

And I proudly took it to the ghetto

and shared it with the others there.

0209

10:32:41:20

10:32:50:15

The King is and was everlasting.

The King will be everlasting forever.

0210

10:33:09:07

10:33:14:08

Hear our voices, Lord.

Have mercy upon us.

0211

10:33:14:18

10:33:17:00

Accept our prayers with mercy.

0212

10:34:21:06

10:34:25:05

And when these days were completed,

0213

10:34:25:15

10:34:28:12

the king gave

0214

10:34:28:22

10:34:33:20

for all the people present in Susa

the capital,

0215

10:34:34:05

10:34:38:24

both great and small,

a banquet lasting for seven days,

0216

10:34:39:09

10:34:45:04

in the court of the garden

of the king's palace.

0217

10:34:45:14

10:34:49:21

White, green and blue curtains caught up

with cords of fine linen and purple

0218

10:34:50:06

10:34:54:23

to silver rings and marble pillars.

Couches of gold and silver.

0219

10:34:55:08

10:35:01:04

Queen Vashti also gave a banquet for

the women in the palace of Ahasuérus.

0220

10:35:01:14

10:35:04:20

On the seventh day, when the heart

of the king was merry with wine,

0221

10:35:05:05

10:35:09:22

he commanded the seven eunuchs,

who served the king as chamberlains,

0222

10:35:10:07

10:35:14:20

Mehúman, Biztha, Harbóna,

Bigtha, Abag'tha, Zethar and Carkas,

0223

10:35:15:05

10:35:19:13

to bring Queen Vashti

before King Ahasuérus with her crown,

0224

10:35:19:23

10:35:28:09

in order to show the peoples

and the princes her beauty.

0225

10:35:28:19

10:35:29:22

For she was fair to behold.

0226

10:35:30:07

10:35:36:19

But Queen Vashti refused to come

at the king's command.

0227

10:35:37:04

10:35:41:00

At this the king was enraged,

and his anger burned within him.

0228

10:35:41:10

10:35:45:08

Then the king spoke to the wise men

who knew the times,

0229

10:35:45:18

10:35:49:09

for this was the king's procedure toward

all who were versed in law and judgment.

0230

10:35:49:19

10:35:55:14

And the king took off his signet ring,

which he had taken from Haman,

0231

10:35:55:24

10:36:01:13

and gave the ring to Mor'decai.

0232

10:36:06:24

10:36:11:23

And Esther set Mor'decai

over the house of Haman.

0233

10:36:16:15

10:36:21:16

And Esther spoke again to the king.

She fell at his feet

0234

10:36:22:01

10:36:26:14

and besought him with tears

to avert the evil design of Haman,

0235

10:36:29:11

10:36:33:19

"For how can I endure to see

the calamity coming to my people?"

0236

10:36:34:04

10:36:39:17

Then the king spoke to Queen Esther

and to Mor'decai the Jew,

0237

10:36:40:02

10:36:42:12

"Behold, the house of Haman!"

0238

10:37:01:08

10:37:03:09

Purim is a special day.

0239

10:37:03:19

10:37:07:09

Yes, it is truly

a very special day for the Jews.

0240

10:37:07:24

10:37:11:19

In the calendar, Purim is the day

0241

10:37:12:07

10:37:16:04

when Jews can drink and be merry.

It's a cheerful day.

0242

10:37:16:14

10:37:18:17

Why is it a cheerful day?

0243

10:37:19:02

10:37:22:02

There was once an enemy.

0244

10:37:23:22

10:37:26:21

Haman wanted to annihilate

0245

10:37:28:14

10:37:30:06

all the Jews.

0246

10:37:31:06

10:37:34:07

He wanted to kill all of them

in one single day.

0247

10:37:36:03

10:37:38:18

But there is truly a God.

0248

10:37:39:20

10:37:42:06

And God permitted this to happen,

0249

10:37:42:16

10:37:45:02

that the man who wanted

0250

10:37:45:22

10:37:48:07

to annihilate the Jews

0251

10:37:50:00

10:37:55:03

had to suffer that very fate himself.

0252

10:37:56:12

10:38:00:02

But not only was there a Haman

many, many years ago.

0253

10:38:00:12

10:38:02:08

There have been others, too.

0254

10:38:02:18

10:38:05:21

Other men have also wanted

0255

10:38:06:06

10:38:07:17

to persecute

0256

10:38:11:06

10:38:13:02

and annihilate the Jewish people.

0257

10:38:13:12

10:38:18:02

But the man

who wanted to destroy the Jews

0258

10:38:18:12

10:38:20:09

was destroyed himself.

0259

10:40:34:17

10:40:38:10

THE CZERNOWITZ JEWISH SCHOOL

0260

10:40:44:04

10:40:44:14

0100

10:42:08:18

10:42:09:03

0101

10:44:50:08

10:44:53:06

FIRST GRADE

0102

10:45:06:08

10:45:10:10

We'd like to sing a little song

we've learned in Hebrew.           .

0103

10:47:29:12

10:47:31:06

Life goes on.

0104

10:47:31:16

10:47:36:16

In the first ten years

after that tragedy, I was ashamed.

0105

10:47:37:01

10:47:42:01

Ashamed that I was still alive.

0106

10:47:44:07

10:47:48:13

Later, I began to work,

0107

10:47:48:23

10:47:51:10

and I got married 10 years after that.

0108

10:47:52:10

10:47:56:12

And when I was 41, I had another child.

0109

10:47:57:05

10:48:01:02

Felix ...

And life became a routine again.

0110

10:48:01:16

10:48:06:20

But this time, it wasn't

what I'd imagined as a young girl.

0111

10:48:07:05

10:48:12:09

It wasn't my first love,

and it wasn't even my second love.

0112

10:48:12:19

10:48:15:09

It was more like ...

0113

10:48:15:19

10:48:19:18

I wanted to enjoy family life again.

0114

10:48:20:03

10:48:25:08

My husband was a good man.

I can't complain.

0115

10:48:25:18

10:48:31:18

Sure, I always worked,

and that was my great fortune.

0116

10:48:32:03

10:48:37:21

That I always had students

and was always with young people.

0117

10:48:38:09

10:48:41:15

And that's still true today.

0118

10:48:53:14

10:48:56:24

You once told us you were a monarchist.

0119

10:48:57:09

10:48:59:17

Yes, that's meant ironically.

0120

10:49:00:02

10:49:05:06

Of course, I'm a monarchist

for the simple reason

0121

10:49:05:16

10:49:11:19

that my parents really admired

Kaiser Franz Josef,

0122

10:49:12:05

10:49:16:02

and not without reason.

During Kaiser Franz Josef's reign

0123

10:49:16:12

10:49:20:20

the Jews were finally able

to spread out.

0124

10:49:21:05

10:49:26:01

Not only geographically speaking,

but also in an emotional sense.

0125

10:49:26:11

10:49:30:14

For the first time,

they were able to acquire things.

0126

10:49:32:19

10:49:37:20

Under Kaiser Franz Josef, Bukovina's

Jews owned land for the first time.

0127

10:49:38:05

10:49:40:03

It had been unthinkable before.

0128

10:49:40:13

10:49:45:15

They worked in the field.

My parents also had a large field,

0129

10:49:46:00

10:49:50:14

and they really enjoyed

working in the field.

0130

10:49:50:24

10:49:56:13

People used to say that Jews

weren't able to work in the field.

0131

10:49:56:23

10:50:02:16

My parents had the loveliest tomatoes.

They'd bought the seeds somewhere,

0132

10:50:03:01

10:50:07:02

and they were very proud

that they had the loveliest tomatoes,

0133

10:50:07:12

10:50:13:10

or the loveliest potatoes,

carrots or other things.

0134

10:50:13:20

10:50:18:08

We had a very lovely garden,

and I worked in it as a child.

0135

10:50:19:00

10:50:25:14

I was always very proud when I succeeded

in growing something in that garden.

0136

10:50:26:14

10:50:32:22

We actually had a small farm

with a cow and even a horse.

0137

10:50:33:07

10:50:36:14

The horse was especially charming.

A sorrel.

0138

10:50:37:08

10:50:41:09

Your father was a devout Jew.

- Yes, that's right.

0139

10:50:41:19

10:50:47:03

When my parents got married,

my mother had a sheitel.

0140

10:50:47:13

10:50:52:03

She couldn't show her own hair.

She had to wear a sheitel,

0141

10:50:52:13

10:50:55:18

which was what the Jews called a wig.

0142

10:50:56:03

10:51:00:14

That's how they married, and they raised

their children in the Jewish faith.

0143

10:51:01:18

10:51:05:10

Unfortunately,

none of their four children

0144

10:51:05:20

10:51:11:02

remained true believers.

They all remained Jews,

0145

10:51:11:12

10:51:14:18

but they no longer obeyed

all the commandments.

0146

10:51:15:03

10:51:19:20

Only the most important ones:

Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not ...

0147

10:51:20:05

10:51:24:15

They had a happy life.

I really had a very nice family.

0148

10:51:25:00

10:51:29:15

I believe our family motto

was "honesty,"

0149

10:51:30:00

10:51:31:17

"togetherness."

0150

10:51:32:02

10:51:34:16

It was a nice family.

I had three brothers.

0151

10:51:35:18

10:51:41:16

They all had a college education, though

we lived in the poorest conditions.

0152

10:51:42:09

10:51:46:05

The cow was already gone by then.

0153

10:51:46:15

10:51:50:19

The times were really bad then,

and yet everyone studied.

0154

10:51:52:18

10:51:55:06

And I did, too.

0155

10:52:34:08

10:52:37:23

You're sure you haven't forgotten

anything? Here, take this.

0156

10:52:38:08

10:52:39:18

Stay healthy.

0157

10:52:42:19

10:52:44:12

Next, please.

0158

10:52:45:06

10:52:47:21

Who's next?

- Come in!

0159

10:52:56:06

10:52:58:20

All the best. Goodbye.

- Goodbye.

0160

10:53:01:24

10:53:05:17

What's wrong?

- Oh, everything possible.

0161

10:53:06:09

10:53:10:06

Don't you have

any nice things for me?

0162

10:53:17:01

10:53:19:16

You know what we have and what we don't.

0163

10:53:20:01

10:53:22:24

Do you have something for my stomach?

0164

10:53:37:03

10:53:39:19

I love your hands. They're so fine.

0165

10:53:42:23

10:53:46:19

All right, all right.

- I have great respect for you.

0166

10:53:51:18

10:53:54:08

What's your name?

- Rossoshansky.

0167

10:53:57:17

10:54:02:10

I live at 89 Shevtshenko St.,

apartment 6a. I don't have a phone.

0168

10:54:12:06

10:54:14:11

Try this.

- Okay.

0169

10:54:18:02

10:54:21:18

We'll try this. If it doesn't work,

we'll try something else.

0170

10:54:24:03

10:54:27:24

This is for your stomach.

- Oh, I see.

0171

10:54:28:09

10:54:31:05

We'll see what happens.

You'll be coming back.

0172

10:54:32:15

10:54:35:07

I have a headache, too.

0173

10:54:37:15

10:54:39:22

What's that?

- It's minalon.

0174

10:54:40:07

10:54:42:04

What's it for?

- Sclerosis.

0175

10:54:42:14

10:54:47:18

Now he has medication for gastritis,

sclerosis and headaches.

0176

10:54:49:02

10:54:50:17

Next, please.

0177

10:54:55:16

10:54:56:16

Come in.

0178

10:54:57:23

10:55:00:12

Hello. Have a seat.

0179

10:55:04:03

10:55:10:22

I have heart problems,

and sciatica, and my knees hurt.

0180

10:55:12:20

10:55:14:14

Get well soon.

0181

10:55:34:06

10:55:35:20

Please, sign this.

0182

10:55:39:07

10:55:41:20

Here?

- Yes, a bit further down.

0183

10:55:46:05

10:55:47:22

That was it. Very good.

0184

10:55:49:21

10:55:53:11

Very good. I hope you get better soon.

- Thank you.

0185

10:55:53:21

10:55:57:17

Stay healthy.

- Be careful. It's slippery.

0186

10:56:02:24

10:56:06:05

Goodbye.

- Goodbye. All the best.

0187

10:56:15:01

10:56:17:10

This place is full of memories for you.

0188

10:56:17:20

10:56:22:11

Yes, my mother worked

in the x-ray department for a few years.

0189

10:56:23:10

10:56:27:21

In fact, several relatives of mine

worked here as doctors.

0190

10:56:28:06

10:56:33:18

The director of the Jewish hospital was

my mother's uncle, Dr. Josef Ohrenstein.

0191

10:56:34:03

10:56:37:21

He was the head of the hospital

for over 30 years.

0192

10:56:38:18

10:56:41:23

Dr. Hermann Greif,

a cousin of my mother's,

0193

10:56:42:08

10:56:47:03

headed the department of dermatology

and sexually transmitted diseases.

0194

10:56:48:07

10:56:51:04

Dr. Jacob Landau

0195

10:56:51:21

10:56:55:00

headed the ophthalmology department.

0196

10:56:55:11

10:56:59:07

And many other friends and relatives.

0197

10:56:59:17

10:57:02:05

When was the first time you were here?

0198

10:57:02:15

10:57:06:22

I'd say it was about 1937.

0199

10:57:17:08

10:57:22:12

Dr. Martin Kraft, my mother's friend,

headed the dept. of internal medicine.

0200

10:57:24:14

10:57:27:14

The surgical department

was headed by Dr. Frieda Vilenko,

0201

10:57:27:24

10:57:30:14

a close friend of my father's.

0202

10:57:35:00

10:57:41:06

A week before the war began, my mother's

boss, the head of the x-ray department,

0203

10:57:41:16

10:57:46:22

Dr. Paul Katz, was deported

by the Russians and died in Siberia.

0204

10:57:48:19

10:57:50:10

And the other doctors?

0205

10:57:51:11

10:57:56:01

Dr. Greif survived

and died in New York.

0206

10:57:56:11

10:57:58:17

He worked in New York.

0207

10:57:59:16

10:58:05:21

Dr. Jacob Landau was a professor of

ophthalmology at Jerusalem University.

0208

11:02:18:20

11:02:19:05

0100

11:24:09:24

11:24:10:09

0101

11:24:17:23

11:24:21:24

Hello, I'm Mrs. Rosa.

0102

11:24:22:09

11:24:24:15

Liebermann.

- Yes, Liebermann.

0103

11:24:26:17

11:24:30:16

I'll be expecting you at four

at Manya's.

0104

11:24:31:05

11:24:33:05

Who's that woman?

0105

11:24:34:23

11:24:37:14

Is she with you? ... Come closer.

0106

11:24:38:21

11:24:40:03

Come closer.

0107

11:24:41:00

11:24:43:18

How do we live? We have a good life.

0108

11:24:44:04

11:24:47:18

We haven't gotten our pension

for 6 or 7 months.

0109

11:24:48:19

11:24:54:06

We live well, very well.

0110

11:24:55:16

11:24:58:16

What can I say?

0111

11:24:59:01

11:25:00:08

That's life.

0112

11:25:00:20

11:25:04:19

"That's life," as they say

in Russian or Ukrainian.

0113

11:25:05:04

11:25:08:18

What I speak is more Hutzul.

Neither Russian nor Ukrainian.

0114

11:25:09:03

11:25:11:19

I speak the way

people usually speak here.

0115

11:25:12:02

11:25:14:14

I was born here.

0116

11:25:15:04

11:25:20:09

I'm the only Vashkoutzer.

0117

11:25:20:19

11:25:26:09

The only Vashkoutzer Jew?

- Jewish woman, Jewish person.

0118

11:25:30:10

11:25:33:00

Come closer, so you're in the picture.

0119

11:25:36:24

11:25:41:08

What did you want to tell us?

- I told her to stand next to me.

0120

11:25:42:23

11:25:49:00

You should take her picture, too.

She asked if we've become friends.

0121

11:25:50:14

11:25:53:08

Rosa, do you think

that without a representative

0122

11:25:53:18

11:25:58:06

the authorities will let you talk?

- We're talking about personal things.

0123

11:26:00:02

11:26:03:17

We're Jews, Bukovina Jews.

0124

11:26:05:11

11:26:09:11

This town of Vashkoutz

was a Jewish town.

0125

11:26:10:07

11:26:14:22

The whole center of town,

no matter where you looked,

0126

11:26:15:07

11:26:18:19

every house, every building,

0127

11:26:19:04

11:26:21:09

it was all Jewish.

0128

11:26:21:19

11:26:25:00

They killed very many Jews here.

0129

11:26:26:02

11:26:30:02

Who killed the Jews?

- Our ...

0130

11:26:30:12

11:26:33:08

The neighbors?

- Not the neighbors.

0131

11:26:33:21

11:26:37:12

It was simply

the local peasants.

0132

11:26:39:17

11:26:44:10

My mother was killed here in Vashkoutz.

0133

11:26:44:20

11:26:50:08

Here ... my mother.

And they killed a brother in Banila,

0134

11:26:50:18

11:26:52:11

in Banilov.

0135

11:26:52:21

11:26:58:05

They killed the whole village.

There were only Jews.

0136

11:27:00:04

11:27:02:24

And here in Vashkoutz.

- In Vashkoutz?

0137

11:27:03:20

11:27:06:17

In Banilov. I'm talking about Banila.

0138

11:27:07:02

11:27:11:00

In Vashkoutz, they killed everybody

here. They're all lying here.

0139

11:27:16:03

11:27:18:22

Weren't you there last year?

0140

11:27:21:01

11:27:23:08

What year was that?

0141

11:27:23:18

11:27:27:11

It was in '41 when the war began.

0142

11:27:29:19

11:27:33:11

When the war began in '41.

0143

11:28:09:04

11:28:13:01

Should I laugh?

- I'd love you to. - Laugh, huh?

0144

11:28:22:14

11:28:24:04

My laughter is so sad.

0145

11:28:28:19

11:28:31:19

Talk some Yiddish!

0146

11:28:37:14

11:28:40:23

Can you speak Yiddish?

- Of course.

0147

11:28:41:20

11:28:44:14

My mother tongue is Yiddish.

0148

11:28:44:24

11:28:49:13

My father and mother spoke Yiddish.

All the children spoke Yiddish.

0149

11:28:49:23

11:28:56:03

We learned Yiddish, Romanian,

Jewish, German.

0150

11:28:58:08

11:29:04:05

Ukrainian?

- Yes. I can even speak Polish.

0151

11:29:05:04

11:29:09:19

I used to be able to, but now

I don't know if I could speak Polish.

0152

11:29:12:17

11:29:15:20

Romanian, too?

- I speak good Romanian.

0153

11:29:22:24

11:29:25:09

I learned Romanian.

0154

11:29:28:08

11:29:29:18

At school.

0155

11:29:31:00

11:29:32:23

Us two scarecrows.

0156

11:29:36:07

11:29:38:17

Come closer. Don't be afraid.

0157

11:29:39:02

11:29:40:22

Look at me.

0158

11:29:48:03

11:29:49:20

What a life.

0159

11:29:52:14

11:29:54:14

There's nothing you can do.

0160

11:29:55:24

11:29:58:11

When love wants to laugh,

0161

11:29:58:21

11:30:00:20

you'll laugh, too.

0162

11:30:03:08

11:30:05:05

You're quiet. Don't be quiet.

0163

11:30:16:03

11:30:19:08

Look at that. Thank goodness.

0164

11:30:21:05

11:30:24:07

I'm not going to give you

any more information.

0165

11:30:28:06

11:30:30:16

In the year of 1946 ...

0166

11:30:31:01

11:30:33:17

In 1946 I came here.

0167

11:30:34:02

11:30:38:12

My husband's sister was living here.

She wanted to go to Romania.

0168

11:30:38:22

11:30:41:00

We came here to say goodbye

and stayed.

0169

11:30:41:10

11:30:44:11

I come from the area of Vinnitza.

We came here in 1946.

0170

11:30:44:21

11:30:47:10

I've been living here since 1946.

It's been 52 years.

0171

11:30:48:07

11:30:51:11

I've already lived here for 52 years.

0172

11:30:52:23

11:30:56:17

Rosa is a friend of mine.

She's known me since 1946.

0173

11:30:57:17

11:31:01:18

She may be eleven years older,

but we're still friends.

0174

11:31:02:15

11:31:05:12

I don't have anybody else.

- Tell about our work!

0175

11:31:05:22

11:31:09:24

We worked together. And that's it.

What can I say?

0176

11:31:31:18

11:31:33:23

Everything's all right.

0177

11:31:42:14

11:31:45:16

It's written in German. Look.

0178

11:31:53:15

11:31:56:10

It's been like this since 1932.

0179

11:32:34:02

11:32:37:03

Nussem Diener.

0180

11:32:37:12

11:32:40:14

Written in Latin script.

0181

11:33:39:23

11:33:41:09

Where is he?

0182

11:33:42:21

11:33:44:23

Nussem Diener, my father.

0183

11:33:45:08

11:33:48:19

My dear father!

My heart is filled with pain.

0184

11:33:55:22

11:33:59:01

Go pray for me, for Manya's children

and for all the others.

0185

11:33:59:11

11:34:03:14

Go pray, Father.

Pray for Manya Shkolnikov.

0186

11:34:03:24

11:34:07:04

She helped me.

0187

11:34:14:06

11:34:16:06

Forgive me, Father.

0188

11:34:34:01

11:34:39:23

I have stayed alone like a stone.

0189

11:34:46:17

11:34:50:10

Your only daughter Rosa

has come to see you.

0190

11:34:52:03

11:34:56:12

Go pray for me. Forgive me

for not coming to see you for so long.

0191

11:34:56:22

11:34:59:00

I have trouble walking.

0192

11:35:00:22

11:35:03:16

I beg you, Father.

Pray for your children.

0193

11:35:04:01

11:35:07:09

Pray for Manya Shkolnikov.

She helps me so much.

0194

11:35:07:19

11:35:09:21

Only two Jewish children were left

0195

11:35:10:06

11:35:12:16

in Vashkoutz, that Jewish shtetl.

0196

11:35:13:01

11:35:16:08

That's it. That's our whole life.

0197

11:41:56:09

11:41:59:15

Yes?

- It's me, Mrs. Zuckermann.

0198

11:42:00:00

11:42:02:24

Are you alone?

- No, I'm not alone.

0199

11:42:03:10

11:42:10:06

Ladies and gentlemen? Or only gentlemen?

- Only gentlemen.

0200

11:42:10:16

11:42:14:01

Come in. I'll finish up with my student.

0201

11:42:16:04

11:42:16:14

0100

11:50:50:12

11:50:50:22

0101

11:50:56:21

11:50:58:21

He's going to be eighty.

In honor of his birthday,

0102

11:50:59:06

11:51:02:08

they wrote a very nice article

about him.

0103

11:51:31:06

11:51:36:06

Speaking of autumn poems,

I know one that suits us all.

0104

11:51:36:16

11:51:39:02

Should I recite it?

- Yes. - It goes like this:

0105

11:51:39:12

11:51:43:11

Like the autumn wind

0106

11:51:43:21

11:51:47:09

that drives the leaves

which fall from the tree,

0107

11:51:47:19

11:51:53:10

people meet, fleetingly,

like a beautiful dream.

0108

11:51:53:20

11:51:57:15

Like the wind that scatters the leaves,

0109

11:51:58:00

11:52:02:20

people will scatter.

And only memories will remain.

0110

11:52:09:03

11:52:11:12

There are lots more, too.

0111

11:52:12:17

11:52:13:22

Corona.

0112

11:52:15:16

11:52:19:16

The autumn eats its leaf from my hand.

0113

11:52:20:08

11:52:22:03

We are friends.

0114

11:52:22:13

11:52:26:09

We take time from the nutshells

and teach it to yawn.

0115

11:52:26:19

11:52:31:19

Time returns to the shells.

In the mirror ...

0116

11:52:32:04

11:52:33:04

Paul Celan!

0117

11:52:34:03

11:52:40:10

We sleep in dreams.

Mouths speak the truth.

0118

11:52:41:16

11:52:45:13

My eye descends

upon the sex of my lover.

0119

11:52:45:23

11:52:50:08

We look at each other.

We tell each other dark things.

0120

11:52:50:24

11:52:55:24

We love each other

like poppies and memory.

0121

11:52:56:09

11:52:58:24

We sleep like wine in the shells,

0122

11:52:59:09

11:53:01:23

like the sea

in the moon's stream of blood.

0123

11:53:03:03

11:53:07:04

We embrace at the window.

They watch us from the street.

0124

11:53:07:14

11:53:10:05

It's time we knew.

0125

11:53:10:15

11:53:15:12

It's time for the stone

to bring itself to blossom.

0126

11:53:15:22

11:53:20:00

That restlessness beats a heart.

0127

11:53:20:10

11:53:23:16

It's time that it's time.

0128

11:53:24:01

11:53:25:20

It's time.

0129

11:53:28:15

11:53:32:22

I have cassettes with him speaking.

0130

11:53:37:07

11:53:41:07

I sent them all the way to Japan.

0131

11:53:42:15

11:53:46:13

To a German professor

at the University of Tokyo.

0132

11:53:46:23

11:53:50:12

I gave him the letters

and the cassettes.

0133

11:53:50:24

11:53:54:18

But my love of poetry

began with Heinrich Heine.

0134

11:53:55:11

11:54:01:13

It continued into the 20th century

with Rainer Maria Rilke.

0135

11:54:03:21

11:54:07:07

Malte Laurids Brigge ... and anyhow!

"The Blind Man."

0136

11:54:08:05

11:54:13:05

Phenomenal poems. In my opinion,

much nicer than Paul Celan's.

0137

11:54:14:05

11:54:17:05

Different birds, different songs.

0138

11:54:17:15

11:54:21:10

Only two remain in the old songs.

0139

11:54:23:07

11:54:26:12

I know innumerable Jewish songs.

0140

11:54:26:22

11:54:32:13

But it's too late now,

and I've lost my voice anyway.

0141

11:54:32:23

11:54:36:17

I always sang a lot when I was young.

0142

11:54:38:16

11:54:42:03

Some lyrics perhaps? ... Some lyrics?

0143

11:54:43:24

11:54:45:03

A Jewish one?

0144

11:54:47:05

11:54:48:22

It's very sentimental,

0145

11:54:49:07

11:54:53:11

and following "Two Lonelinesses,"

it would be a bit too much.

0146

11:55:00:21

11:55:06:10

It's difficult to say how life

will turn out. Who can foresee it?

0147

11:55:07:05

11:55:10:01

Who can say what will be?

0148

11:55:13:04

11:55:17:02

There will not be another Hitler

or another Stalin.

0149

11:55:18:11

11:55:21:19

There will probably be a harsh winter.

0150

11:55:22:04

11:55:26:00

Perhaps that loan will help somehow.

0151

11:55:41:10

11:55:44:13

These are pictures of my grandparents.

0152

11:55:45:15

11:55:48:16

My grandfather was an imperial official.

0153

11:55:49:20

11:55:51:04

Like this?

0154

11:55:53:12

11:55:57:18

Until 1914, he was the mayor of Putilla.

0155

11:55:58:03

11:56:02:02

He was reelected three times

by the peasants.

0156

11:56:02:12

11:56:07:22

In 1914, my family fled from Russia

and went to Vienna

0157

11:56:08:07

11:56:12:14

and stayed in Vienna.

My mother finished high school in Vienna

0158

11:56:12:24

11:56:17:06

and attended the school of medicine

at the University of Vienna.

0159

11:56:18:24

11:56:23:06

And she worked in Vienna for 8 years,

including St. Anna Children's Hospital

0160

11:56:24:17

11:56:27:17

and Professor Pirquet's clinic.

0161

11:56:28:10

11:56:32:24

And then she married a man from Bukovina

and returned to Czernowitz.

0162

11:56:33:20

11:56:38:04

Her brothers and sisters

and my grandparents stayed in Vienna.

0163

11:56:40:11

11:56:44:18

Did your grandparents survive?

- No, they didn't survive.

0164

11:56:45:03

11:56:48:12

In 1943 they were deported

to Theresienstadt.

0165

11:56:49:00

11:56:53:01

My grandfather died immediately.

My grandmother survived for a year

0166

11:56:53:17

11:56:57:05

and was deported to Ravensbrück in 1944.

0167

11:56:58:06

11:57:03:12

This is the card

she sent to my uncle ...

0168

11:57:04:10

11:57:08:21

from Theresienstadt, informing my uncle

that my grandfather had died.

0169

11:57:09:15

11:57:15:03

She didn't have our address. We had just

been thrown out of our apartment,

0170

11:57:15:13

11:57:19:24

so she wrote to my mother's uncle,

0171

11:57:20:09

11:57:25:01

Dr. Ohrenstein.

0172

11:57:25:11

11:57:29:10

He was the director of

the Jewish hospital for over 30 years.

0173

11:57:29:20

11:57:33:20

And he brought us this sad news.

0174

11:57:37:12

11:57:39:11

My father was a civil engineer.

0175

11:57:39:21

11:57:43:19

He graduated from the Imperial Institute

of Technology in Vienna.

0176

11:57:45:02

11:57:48:08

My father's father was a master builder.

0177

11:57:48:18

11:57:55:11

My grandfather and my father built

several public buildings in Czernowitz.

0178

11:57:58:22

11:58:04:15

For example, they were contracted

to build apartments for railroaders.

0179

11:58:19:07

11:58:21:11

And the others?

- The others.

0180

11:58:24:15

11:58:30:14

This is the water tower the Russians

blew up in 1941 before retreating.

0181

11:58:30:24

11:58:32:24

It wasn't rebuilt.

0182

11:58:36:16

11:58:42:15

This is a house in University Lane which

my father built after Grandfather died.

0183

11:58:43:07

11:58:45:18

It's still there?

- Yes, of course.

0184

11:58:57:04

11:58:59:11

My father was a leading member

0185

11:58:59:21

11:59:03:08

of Bukovina's and Romania's

Zionistic organizations.

0186

11:59:03:18

11:59:08:12

He was the vice president

of Bukovina's Kerem Hajessod

0187

11:59:08:22

11:59:13:23

and a member of the central council

of Romania's Zionist organizations.

0188

11:59:14:19

11:59:17:23

Following his death in 1936,

0189

11:59:18:08

11:59:22:05

we remained

in a very poor financial situation.

0190

11:59:22:19

11:59:27:19

Romania owed my father 10 million leu,

after he had built something for them.

0191

11:59:28:04

11:59:30:15

But they didn't pay.

0192

11:59:31:00

11:59:35:12

On the other hand, they demanded

6 million leu in inheritance tax.

0193

11:59:36:10

11:59:43:22

From 1936 to 1940, my mother

tried to sue the Romanian government.

0194

11:59:44:07

11:59:49:09

We were lucky to have friends,

lawyers who helped us,

0195

11:59:49:19

11:59:53:17

because we were completely broke.

0196

11:59:54:08

11:59:57:16

So in 1940, when the Russians invaded,

0197

11:59:58:01

12:00:01:08

my mother felt relieved.

0198

12:00:01:18

12:00:06:11

We didn't know what was in store.

We thought we were rid of the Romanians

0199

12:00:06:21

12:00:09:21

and all those debts

so we could start to work.

0200

12:00:10:20

12:00:14:21

And at the beginning,

it wasn't all that bad.

0201

12:00:16:00

12:00:21:18

The first time was on June 13th, 1941.

0202

12:00:22:03

12:00:24:15

Nine days before the war began.

0203

12:00:25:11

12:00:31:03

They started deporting people.

3,500 Jews were sent to Siberia.

0204

12:00:31:24

12:00:35:18

Among them were several relatives

of my mother's:

0205

12:00:36:03

12:00:39:07

her cousin Josef

and his wife and daughter.

0206

12:00:40:20

12:00:45:21

Sekler and lots of others were deported,

and almost none of them survived.

0207

12:00:46:20

12:00:51:10

We weren't deported,

because my father had already died.

0208

12:00:51:20

12:00:53:12

He had died four years before.

0209

12:00:53:22

12:00:58:03

And they forgot

that he had been a leading Zionist.

0210

12:01:00:10

12:01:06:10

And then the Romanians came,

and that was a terrible time.

0211

12:01:08:12

12:01:11:04

The invasion before the invasion.

0212

12:01:11:14

12:01:14:09

We'd been declared outlaws.

0213

12:01:15:08

12:01:18:23

We didn't have any food.

We couldn't buy anything.

0214

12:01:19:13

12:01:26:14

And that continued

until October 11th, 1941.

0215

12:01:27:10

12:01:32:23

Suddenly, we had to go

to the so-called ghetto by 6 p.m.

0216

12:01:34:18

12:01:40:11

It was a very small part of town

where 5,000 Jews had lived before.

0217

12:01:40:21

12:01:44:00

About 50,000 had to join them.

0218

12:01:45:05

12:01:48:05

We had no idea where we were going.

0219

12:01:48:15

12:01:52:21

My mother remembered

she had worked with a certain nurse.

0220

12:01:53:06

12:01:58:07

She was a Hager daughter,

from the famous Hager family,

0221

12:01:58:17

12:02:00:13

the rabbi from Vizhnitz.

0222

12:02:00:23

12:02:04:19

We went to him in Brewery Lane,

and he took us in.

0223

12:02:06:07

12:02:09:23

We even had a bed for two, which was ...

0224

12:02:10:08

12:02:15:02

People were sleeping in the open,

in cellars ...

0225

12:02:15:23

12:02:18:10

Wherever they could find a place.

0226

12:02:18:20

12:02:21:24

It was a very harsh winter.

0227

12:02:22:09

12:02:24:18

It had already snowed in October.

0228

12:02:25:20

12:02:27:07

Then the deportations began.

0229

12:02:27:17

12:02:32:22

They sent off one or two trainloads

to Transnistria every day.

0230

12:02:35:08

12:02:42:02

Most of the people weren't aware

that it meant annihilation.

0231

12:02:42:12

12:02:46:08

My mother had a strong sense of danger.

0232

12:02:46:18

12:02:52:19

She tried everything to get a permit

to stay in Czernowitz.

0233

12:02:56:09

12:03:02:12

The king had permitted 20,000 Jews

from over 50,000 to stay in Czernowitz,

0234

12:03:02:22

12:03:05:18

because otherwise

nothing would have worked in town.

0235

12:03:06:03

12:03:11:17

We had the permission

of Governor Calotescu.

0236

12:03:12:03

12:03:14:12

It was called the "L" card.

0237

12:03:14:24

12:03:18:04

On the other side,

there's a big "L."

0238

12:03:18:14

12:03:22:09

That was our permit to stay,

and it saved our lives.

0239

12:03:22:24

12:03:25:20

We were only able to get it,

because my mother was a doctor,

0240

12:03:27:05

12:03:31:11

and my father's friends helped us.

Otherwise,

0241

12:03:31:21

12:03:34:18

we probably would have died

somewhere in Transnistria.

0242

12:03:37:11

12:03:41:22

How old were you at that time?

- I was eleven.

0243

12:03:42:13

12:03:43:18

Approximately.

0244

12:03:44:10

12:03:48:00

And I had to wear a star like this.

0245

12:03:48:22

12:03:52:20

All six ends of it had to be sewn on ...

0246

12:03:53:21

12:03:55:18

All six corners.

0247

12:03:56:06

12:04:00:18

We were only allowed to go out

on the street for 3 hours a day,

0248

12:04:01:03

12:04:03:02

from ten a.m. to one p.m.

0249

12:04:03:12

12:04:07:03

You could only buy things

from ten to twelve.

0250

12:04:07:13

12:04:12:19

If you went out at a different time,

you were deported or abused.

0251

12:04:16:14

12:04:21:15

Were there only Romanian troops in town,

or were there German troops as well?

0252

12:04:23:01

12:04:27:16

German troops were only there at first:

Special Unit Ohlendorf.

0253

12:04:28:01

12:04:30:08

They caused a bloodbath here.

0254

12:04:31:13

12:04:37:14

They had a list of 2,000 people

they gathered at the Cultural Center

0255

12:04:37:24

12:04:41:05

which is now next to the Jewish House.

0256

12:04:41:15

12:04:44:00

They were then sorted

according to professions.

0257

12:04:44:10

12:04:47:16

I know it from my uncle

who survived it all.

0258

12:04:48:03

12:04:52:12

They asked, "What do you do?"

"I'm an engineer at the sugar refinery."

0259

12:04:52:22

12:04:57:06

"To the left. And you?"

"A lawyer." "To the right, the left ..."

0260

12:04:57:16

12:05:03:11

And the lawyers, the teachers,

strong, good-looking young people ...

0261

12:05:03:21

12:05:07:24

They were killed near the Pruth,

at the old shooting range.

0262

12:05:09:00

12:05:12:07

Over 400 people were killed.

0263

12:05:12:18

12:05:15:00

Clubbed, stabbed or shot to death.

0264

12:05:15:10

12:05:20:10

Or they just hung a stone around their

necks and threw them into the Pruth.

0265

12:06:05:16

12:06:08:08

My God, what is this?

0266

12:06:08:18

12:06:10:14

Come in.

0267

12:06:10:24

12:06:12:06

Hello.

0268

12:06:15:03

12:06:19:19

Come in and look around my school.

Take a look around.

0269

12:06:20:04

12:06:23:12

Look at this. It's the first lesson.

0270

12:06:25:15

12:06:29:23

I wish you all the best

for the New Year.

0271

12:06:33:00

12:06:36:24

My goodness!

My God, look at all this!

0272

12:06:39:20

12:06:42:19

Now I can treat you to tea with lemon.

0273

12:06:43:13

12:06:48:07

This is a student who hasn't been here

for months. It's the first hour again.

0274

12:06:49:18

12:06:52:04

Oh, my little boy, my dear.

0275

12:06:52:19

12:06:55:00

My sweetheart.

0276

12:06:55:10

12:06:57:19

You haven't been here for a long time.

0277

12:06:58:04

12:07:00:01

What shall we do now?

0278

12:07:00:11

12:07:02:12

Well, let's see.

0279

12:07:03:22

12:07:07:16

How many A's did you get at school?

- Three A's.

0280

12:07:08:01

12:07:09:10

Three A's!

0281

12:07:09:20

12:07:13:19

I congratulate you!

0282

12:07:14:10

12:07:17:06

Let's see what we're going to do now.

0283

12:07:19:02

12:07:20:10

This is Fedya.

0284

12:07:21:00

12:07:23:11

How are we going to do this?

0285

12:07:23:21

12:07:26:08

Come over here a moment.

0286

12:07:26:18

12:07:29:16

They're making a film.

0287

12:07:30:01

12:07:32:05

You'll also be in it.

0288

12:07:33:24

12:07:35:22

Did you come by car?

- Yes.

0289

12:07:36:07

12:07:39:01

What should we do? Fedya,

0290

12:07:39:11

12:07:41:02

make a suggestion.

- I don't know.

0291

12:07:41:12

12:07:44:24

Make a good suggestion.

When shall we meet?

0292

12:07:45:09

12:07:46:17

Make a good suggestion.

0293

12:07:47:02

12:07:50:02

Perhaps on Saturday?

0294

12:07:54:15

12:07:56:01

Saturday is a good idea.

0295

12:07:57:11

12:07:59:02

Say, "Thank you very much, Rosa Lvovna."

0296

12:08:14:04

12:08:18:17

Perhaps you didn't learn this compound

in the middle school.

0297

12:08:19:02

12:08:21:10

It's certainly new to you.

0298

12:08:21:20

12:08:24:03

But before we

0299

12:08:24:13

12:08:27:18

begin with the new topic

we're going to review a bit:

0300

12:08:28:23

12:08:31:00

the old topic of aldehyde.

0301

12:08:31:10

12:08:32:17

First question:

0302

12:08:33:22

12:08:37:24

General information about aldehyde.

Formic aldehyde,

0303

12:08:38:09

12:08:41:13

its physical characteristics

and how it is produced.

0304

12:09:23:16

12:09:25:20

Has everyone written it down?

0305

12:09:26:15

12:09:28:11

Can I erase it?

0306

12:09:29:06

12:09:30:20

A second possibility

0307

12:09:32:14

12:09:34:19

is to heat up

0308

12:09:39:09

12:09:41:00

sodium salts

0309

12:09:43:08

12:09:46:04

or calcium salts.

0310

12:09:55:02

12:09:55:12

0100

12:18:09:00

12:18:09:10

0101

12:18:17:02

12:18:23:16

This is my dearest child,

the only thing I possess.

0102

12:18:24:01

12:18:26:03

That's why I'm the dearest.

0103

12:18:29:01

12:18:32:00

That's your last lesson for today?

0104

12:18:32:10

12:18:35:24

I still have one more

that I don't feel like giving.

0105

12:18:36:09

12:18:38:23

I'm already hungry.

0106

12:18:39:11

12:18:45:01

But I forget about it, if I have to.

- You use up so much energy in lessons.

0107

12:18:46:20

12:18:50:11

How many lessons a day?

- Today? - Yes.

0108

12:18:50:21

12:18:56:03

This is the ...

This morning I only had one.

0109

12:18:56:13

12:19:00:05

And three in the afternoon.

That would mean four, right?

0110

12:19:02:12

12:19:06:13

Not so bad. - Not today.

But sometimes you have more.

0111

12:19:06:23

12:19:11:01

I've decided not to give

more than four a day.

0112

12:19:11:11

12:19:17:14

Enough for my ninety years,

or don't you think so? - Yes, I do!

0113

12:19:17:24

12:19:19:21

I think so, too.

0114

12:19:21:12

12:19:24:21

But I still manage.

That little sweetheart just now

0115

12:19:25:06

12:19:33:13

who came with flowers, tea and lemons.

Should I make you tea with lemon?

0116

12:19:34:12

12:19:38:12

I see that no one ate

the good old piroshky.

0117

12:19:38:22

12:19:40:10

That's bothering me, too.

0118

12:19:40:20

12:19:43:11

I ate some.

- But not all of them.

0119

12:19:44:13

12:19:47:04

We'll be here a while longer.

0120

12:19:47:18

12:19:53:00

Where's my knight with the sad

countenance? - He'll be here shortly.

0121

12:19:53:16

12:19:58:20

My knight with the sad countenance,

my knight in shining armor.

0122

12:20:01:00

12:20:04:13

What did you say once?

Where is Mr. Zwilling? - Yes.

0123

12:20:04:23

12:20:08:14

Like I said, my knight in shining armor.

- Yes.

0124

12:20:10:14

12:20:14:11

When does he usually come?

- He usually comes at six.

0125

12:20:14:21

12:20:20:21

Six to ten, seven to ten. Everybody

knows he's here at that time.

0126

12:20:22:00

12:20:26:04

I always worry about what to give him

for his evening meal.

0127

12:20:27:17

12:20:32:14

My big concern.

I tell Felix to bring something special.

0128

12:20:32:24

12:20:36:03

I don't have anything for Matthias.

0129

12:20:38:17

12:20:43:15

That boy is an excellent student.

He doesn't need my tutoring,

0130

12:20:44:00

12:20:46:14

but the mother

wants to emigrate to America,

0131

12:20:46:24

12:20:51:03

so both the mother and the son

are learning English.

0132

12:20:51:13

12:20:53:14

And the reason they learn German?

0133

12:20:54:17

12:21:00:09

Ukrainians want to become

part of the West to such an extent

0134

12:21:00:19

12:21:05:05

that they understand it's important

to learn German,

0135

12:21:05:15

12:21:10:05

even if they don't want to emigrate.

They would if they could.

0136

12:21:11:18

12:21:15:22

But many are emigrating.

- Almost all the Jews.

0137

12:21:16:13

12:21:20:01

Except for people like me and ...

0138

12:21:20:21

12:21:24:03

... Zwilling.

Lots of others are staying, too.

0139

12:21:24:13

12:21:27:13

The old people stay,

the young people emigrate.

0140

12:21:30:20

12:21:35:14

Like in that poem:

"The old people were storytellers.

0141

12:21:35:24

12:21:39:05

The young people who listened for days

moved on."

0142

12:21:39:15

12:21:41:08

Very nicely put.

0143

12:21:43:16

12:21:47:05

Young people see no future here.

0144

12:21:47:21

12:21:52:20

They go to a great effort

to study something.

0145

12:21:53:05

12:21:59:01

Then suddenly, they realize

that there's no work for them.

0146

12:22:01:13

12:22:07:16

Some are lucky and find work.

- If you have connections or luck.

0147

12:22:09:24

12:22:15:02

Or if you have parents

who can get you work.

0148

12:22:16:06

12:22:20:11

I have a student like that.

She went to college

0149

12:22:20:21

12:22:26:21

and studied economics. And her father

is a high-ranking police officer.

0150

12:22:27:06

12:22:33:07

She'll find work. She's also one

of the prettiest girls in Czernowitz.

0151

12:22:33:17

12:22:38:16

I could show you my pretty girls.

I have loads of them.

0152

12:22:39:01

12:22:41:10

But they come on another day.

0153

12:22:41:22

12:22:45:18

Willi Forst sang,

and the song was ...

0154

12:22:46:03

12:22:49:20

"There will be wine,

but we won't ever be.

0155

12:22:50:05

12:22:54:02

There will be girls,

but we won't ever live."

0156

12:22:54:12

12:22:59:16

It's a song from the first

"Titanic" film which the Germans made.

0157

12:23:00:01

12:23:04:22

Have you seen the film

that the Americans made?

0158

12:23:05:07

12:23:10:17

I've seen the old version, too.

- My students went seven or eight times.

0159

12:23:11:02

12:23:14:02

And they sat there and cried every time.

0160

12:23:14:12

12:23:18:13

All the girls cried at the film,

0161

12:23:18:23

12:23:26:05

and it was that great love

between the two and all that ...

0162

12:24:51:19

12:24:54:17

You shouldn't use this ladder.

0163

12:24:55:02

12:24:57:10

There isn't any other ladder.

0164

12:25:03:01

12:25:04:21

Should I get it for you?

- Yes.

0165

12:25:05:06

12:25:07:14

Where should I put it?

0166

12:25:36:08

12:25:38:07

Where should I put it?

0167

12:25:38:17

12:25:41:23

You can put it there.

- The other ones are there, too.

0168

12:25:58:14

12:26:01:00

The telephone is ringing.

0169

12:26:03:15

12:26:06:03

I'll put it over here.

0170

12:26:06:16

12:26:09:00

Slowly, slowly. From this side.

0171

12:26:09:10

12:26:11:18

So we don't break anything up there.

- Let me do it.

0172

12:26:30:10

12:26:32:13

Where should I put it?

0173

12:26:34:04

12:26:36:03

Put it back a bit.

0174

12:26:53:03

12:26:54:03

Hello.

0175

12:26:55:08

12:26:56:10

Yes, yes.

0176

12:26:58:24

12:27:02:12

Could you speak up a bit?

0177

12:27:07:02

12:27:08:13

The calendars?

0178

12:27:08:23

12:27:10:10

They haven't arrived yet.

0179

12:27:13:06

12:27:14:18

We don't have any.

0180

12:27:17:09

12:27:20:17

Are you afraid?

Don't worry. It'll hold you.

0181

12:27:22:11

12:27:24:08

We don't want anything to break.

0182

12:27:27:23

12:27:30:05

That could break.

0183

12:27:30:15

12:27:33:04

It can brake if you shake it too much.

0184

12:27:34:12

12:27:38:11

Should we move the ladder over?

- It could get caught.

0185

12:27:38:21

12:27:40:18

Let me do it. I'll move it.

0186

12:27:45:00

12:27:48:10

Should I carry it out?

- No, leave it here.

0187

12:27:48:20

12:27:52:23

I'll leave it here until tomorrow.

Then I'll take it away myself.

0188

12:27:53:19

12:27:56:15

But not against the picture.

0189

12:28:40:17

12:28:43:10

That's enough. Just a little bit more.

0190

12:28:57:00

12:28:59:13

Should I move it?

- Take it easy.

0191

12:29:22:01

12:29:23:08

Just take it easy.

0192

12:29:28:00

12:29:29:24

Hold the ladder.

0193

12:29:31:04

12:29:33:08

That's all you should do. Thank you.

0194

12:29:33:18

12:29:34:20

Thank you.

0195

12:29:49:11

12:29:52:11

Did you turn off the electricity?

- No.

0196

12:29:52:21

12:29:55:09

That's high enough.

- That's good.

0197

12:29:59:05

12:30:01:19

I'll turn it on.

- Okay.

0198

12:30:42:08

12:30:48:20

According to the Jewish calendar,

the year 5759 is beginning.

0199

12:30:54:22

12:30:58:15

Praise to You, our eternal God,

King of the world,

0200

12:30:59:00

12:31:01:21

who has blessed us with His commandments

0201

12:31:02:06

12:31:05:20

and has directed us

to light the lights of the feast.

0202

12:32:59:08

12:33:04:22

At the major festivals,

and when I talk about them

0203

12:33:05:07

12:33:10:05

I feel a great pain in my heart,

0204

12:33:10:15

12:33:16:20

because with extremely religious parents

like I had,

0205

12:33:17:05

12:33:19:00

who believed in Mosaic law,

0206

12:33:19:10

12:33:22:14

the festivals were strictly observed.

0207

12:33:24:06

12:33:26:16

It began with Rosh Hashanah.

0208

12:33:27:01

12:33:31:21

We went into the schul for two days.

They had their own schul.

0209

12:33:32:06

12:33:38:15

That is, ten more or less affluent Jews

built a prayer house.

0210

12:33:39:00

12:33:44:07

The prayer house still stands today.

They have a grocery store in it now.

0211

12:33:44:17

12:33:50:10

And my parents strictly observed

every single custom:

0212

12:33:50:20

12:33:55:03

from kosher to prayers.

0213

12:33:55:13

12:34:00:22

And before we went into the schul,

they took each of us four children

0214

12:34:01:07

12:34:05:23

and kissed us and blessed us.

0215

12:34:10:07

12:34:14:02

And we were all left

with such a festive feeling,

0216

12:34:14:12

12:34:17:19

and our parents went into the schul.

0217

12:34:18:14

12:34:25:15

Yom Kippur was very special.

First, we had to strike a kapore.

0218

12:34:26:00

12:34:31:21

You've probably never heard of that.

Or have you? - No.

0219

12:34:32:06

12:34:35:22

Every child had a hen or a rooster.

0220

12:34:36:07

12:34:42:08

Every boy was bought a rooster,

and every girl was bought a hen.

0221

12:34:42:18

12:34:46:18

And you had to pray

that God should bless the chickens

0222

12:34:47:03

12:34:52:16

when they were butchered and eaten.

They needed God's blessing.

0223

12:34:53:01

12:34:57:12

You had to say a prayer.

I can remember those prayers very well.

0224

12:34:57:22

12:35:01:22

You had to strike the chicken

on the head and ask God

0225

12:35:02:07

12:35:05:00

to bless the meal.

0226

12:35:06:02

12:35:09:09

The festivals lasted a very long time.

0227

12:35:09:19

12:35:13:07

Rosh Hashanah lasted two days,

and eight days later was Yom Kippur.

0228

12:35:13:17

12:35:20:09

A very special holiday

for all the Jews in the entire world.

0229

12:35:21:01

12:35:27:08

For the irreligious in Czernowitz, too,

and even for the anti-religious.

0230

12:35:28:03

12:35:33:10

The entire town was deserted.

All the shops were closed.

0231

12:35:33:20

12:35:38:10

I believe, the true Christians

closed their shops, too,

0232

12:35:38:20

12:35:42:12

because the town was deserted.

I remember one Yom Kippur

0233

12:35:42:22

12:35:47:06

when I went walking with some friends.

The whole town was so quiet.

0234

12:35:47:16

12:35:53:14

It was tremendous.

All the Jews were in the temples,

0235

12:35:53:24

12:35:59:18

in the 55 synagogues in Czernowitz,

sitting and praying

0236

12:36:00:03

12:36:04:18

for a good fate.

And afterwards, God betrayed them.

0237

12:36:05:12

12:36:12:04

And He gave them the worst fate

that a person could ever have.

0238

12:36:13:02

12:36:17:14

And that is nearly anti-religious,

you could say.

0239

12:38:09:05

12:38:09:15

0100

12:44:21:10

12:44:21:20

0101

12:44:43:05

12:44:49:04

It's like a dream. I can't grasp

the fact that I once lived here.

0102

12:44:50:08

12:44:53:05

There's just no way to escape fate.

0103

12:44:55:18

12:44:57:09

That's life.

0104

12:45:05:22

12:45:10:01

In 1944, you almost left here

to go to Palestine.

0105

12:45:10:11

12:45:13:23

Yes, by way of the Swiss Red Cross,

0106

12:45:14:08

12:45:20:12

my uncle received permission

to enter the country.

0107

12:45:21:13

12:45:26:03

We had permission to leave here

and permission to enter Palestine.

0108

12:45:26:13

12:45:29:16

The English weren't letting Jews

into Palestine,

0109

12:45:30:01

12:45:33:06

but my uncle succeeded

in getting permission.

0110

12:45:33:20

12:45:36:01

He was one of Austria's leading Zionists

0111

12:45:36:11

12:45:40:09

and a personal friend of Theodor Herzl.

0112

12:45:40:23

12:45:43:13

Dr. David Rothblum.

0113

12:45:44:20

12:45:48:12

Nothing came of it?

- The Russians were there sooner.

0114

12:45:48:22

12:45:51:15

The permit was for June 1944,

0115

12:45:52:00

12:45:56:15

and the Russians came

on March 28th, 1944.