00:00:01.126 --> 00:00:02.919
VIEWERS LIKE YOU MAKE
THIS PROGRAM POSSIBLE.

00:00:03.002 --> 00:00:05.422
SUPPORT YOUR LOCAL PBS STATION.

00:00:07.632 --> 00:00:10.969
CAPTAIN JUAN SEGUIN,
SON OF A LEADING MEXICAN FAMILY

00:00:11.052 --> 00:00:13.972
IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS,
WAS A SURVIVOR

00:00:14.055 --> 00:00:20.353
AMONG THE DEFENDERS
AT EL ALAMO IN 1836.

00:00:20.437 --> 00:00:22.689
[GUNFIRE AND MEN SHOUTING]

00:00:22.772 --> 00:00:30.280
Man as Seguin: TRAVIS, BOWIE,
CROCKETT ARE OUR BROTHERS.

00:00:30.363 --> 00:00:33.992
Narrator: SEGUIN BECAME
A HERO, MAYOR OF SAN ANTONIO,

00:00:34.075 --> 00:00:37.203
AND A SENATOR
OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.

00:00:37.287 --> 00:00:39.497
BUT HIS STORY
WOULD BE BURIED

00:00:39.581 --> 00:00:43.668
ALONG WITH THE ASHES
OF HIS FALLEN COMRADES.

00:00:43.752 --> 00:00:46.045
Montejano: HIS ANGLO ALLIES
WILL SELL HIM OUT.

00:00:46.129 --> 00:00:48.923
THEY WILL NOT PROTECT HIM
WHEN HE NEEDED PROTECTION.

00:00:50.592 --> 00:00:52.844
Narrator: MORE
THAN A CENTURY WOULD PASS

00:00:52.927 --> 00:00:54.888
BEFORE A GENERATION
OF LATINOS,

00:00:54.971 --> 00:00:56.639
SEARCHING FOR
THEIR IDENTITY,

00:00:56.723 --> 00:00:59.100
WOULD UNEARTH THE MEMORY
OF JUAN SEGUIN

00:00:59.184 --> 00:01:02.187
AND THE STORIES OF THE EARLIEST
LATINOS IN AMERICA.

00:01:02.270 --> 00:01:03.897
Montejano: WHAT IS
OUR HISTORY?

00:01:03.980 --> 00:01:06.691
WHAT IS OUR PAST?
WHAT IS THE CLAIM THAT WE HAVE

00:01:06.775 --> 00:01:09.652
TO BEING MEMBERS
OF THIS SOCIETY?

00:01:09.736 --> 00:01:13.114
Narrator: THEY DISCOVERED
THE MEMOIRS OF AN ORPHAN GIRL

00:01:13.198 --> 00:01:16.159
THAT SHED NEW LIGHT
ON THE LONG-FORGOTTEN WORLD

00:01:16.242 --> 00:01:19.245
OF SPANISH CALIFORNIA.

00:01:20.538 --> 00:01:22.791
THEY REVEALED THE STORY
OF MARIANO VALLEJO,

00:01:22.874 --> 00:01:26.252
THE MOST POWERFUL MAN
IN MEXICAN CALIFORNIA.

00:01:26.336 --> 00:01:28.838
VALLEJO WELCOMED
AMERICAN SETTLERS,

00:01:28.922 --> 00:01:33.134
ONLY TO FIND HIMSELF
THEIR PRISONER.

00:01:33.218 --> 00:01:36.554
THEY RECLAIMED THE LEGEND
OF LAS GORRAS BLANCAS

00:01:36.638 --> 00:01:38.181
OF NEW MEXICO.

00:01:38.264 --> 00:01:40.433
RIDING UNDER THE COVER
OF DARKNESS,

00:01:40.517 --> 00:01:44.437
THE WHITE CAPS TORE DOWN FENCES
AND BURNED RANCHES

00:01:44.521 --> 00:01:46.523
TO PROTEST THE TAKING
OF THEIR LANDS.

00:01:46.606 --> 00:01:48.691
Madrid: WE DISCOVERED
THAT, IN FACT,

00:01:48.775 --> 00:01:50.527
THERE HAD BEEN
RESISTANCE

00:01:50.610 --> 00:01:53.363
AND SOME OF IT
EVEN ARMED RESISTANCE.

00:01:53.446 --> 00:01:55.365
Montejano: WE'RE TRYING
TO CONSTRUCT

00:01:55.448 --> 00:01:57.617
THE HISTORY THAT HAS NOT
BEEN WRITTEN.

00:01:57.700 --> 00:02:01.329
WE HAD A BLANK SLATE
THAT HAD TO BE RECAPTURED,

00:02:01.412 --> 00:02:02.664
RECOVERED.

00:02:43.371 --> 00:02:46.791
Narrator: APOLINARIA LORENZANA
WAS AMONG 21 ORPHAN CHILDREN

00:02:46.875 --> 00:02:50.128
SENT BY THE SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO

00:02:50.211 --> 00:02:54.382
TO POPULATE THE FARTHEST REACHES
OF ITS AMERICAN EMPIRE.

00:03:05.059 --> 00:03:09.314
BY THE TIME APOLINARIA
SETTLED IN MONTEREY,

00:03:09.397 --> 00:03:11.357
THE SPANISH HAD DOMINATED
THE NEW WORLD

00:03:11.441 --> 00:03:14.152
FOR MORE THAN 3 CENTURIES.

00:03:14.235 --> 00:03:16.779
Ruiz: MANY PEOPLE HAVE
THIS POPULAR VISION OF LATINOS

00:03:16.863 --> 00:03:19.449
AS PEOPLE WHO ARRIVED
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY.

00:03:19.532 --> 00:03:22.327
BUT WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT
THE FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

00:03:22.410 --> 00:03:24.370
IN WHAT WOULD BECOME
THE UNITED STATES,

00:03:24.454 --> 00:03:28.374
IT'S ST. AUGUSTINE
IN 1565.

00:03:28.458 --> 00:03:33.212
THAT PREDATES
JAMESTOWN IN 1607.

00:03:33.296 --> 00:03:36.049
THE FIRST EUROPEAN
LANGUAGE SPOKEN

00:03:36.132 --> 00:03:39.886
IN WHAT WOULD BECOME
THE UNITED STATES, IT'S SPANISH.

00:03:39.969 --> 00:03:43.222
[THUNDER RUMBLING]

00:03:43.306 --> 00:03:46.309
Narrator: 100 YEARS
AFTER COLUMBUS' ARRIVAL

00:03:46.392 --> 00:03:50.229
IN THE NEW WORLD, SPANISH
CONQUISTADORS AND PRIESTS

00:03:50.313 --> 00:03:52.649
PUSHED INTO NORTH AMERICA,

00:03:52.732 --> 00:03:56.235
CROSSING THE RIO GRANDE
TO SEARCH FOR GOLD

00:03:56.319 --> 00:03:58.738
AND SPREAD CATHOLICISM.

00:04:04.410 --> 00:04:07.956
IN 1610, THEY ESTABLISHED
SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO,

00:04:08.039 --> 00:04:12.710
BRUTALLY CRUSHING A REVOLT
BY THE PUEBLO INDIANS.

00:04:12.794 --> 00:04:14.879
THE BRITISH AND THE DUTCH
SETTLED

00:04:14.963 --> 00:04:18.424
ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST
IN PLYMOUTH AND NEW AMSTERDAM.

00:04:18.508 --> 00:04:22.887
THE FRENCH ARRIVED AT THE MOUTH
OF THE MISSISSIPPI IN 1682,

00:04:22.971 --> 00:04:26.349
WHILE THE RUSSIANS MADE
THEIR WAY SOUTH FROM ALASKA

00:04:26.432 --> 00:04:28.851
AND WELL INTO CALIFORNIA.

00:04:28.935 --> 00:04:30.895
Suarez: SPAIN IS
VERY KEENLY AWARE

00:04:30.979 --> 00:04:33.564
OF OTHER EMPIRES
THAT ARE ROAMING ACROSS

00:04:33.648 --> 00:04:35.108
WHAT'S NOW NORTH AMERICA

00:04:35.191 --> 00:04:37.860
AND WANTS TO PROTECT
ITS NORTHERN BORDER.

00:04:37.944 --> 00:04:41.322
SO THEY HAVE TO SEND
PEOPLE NORTH

00:04:41.406 --> 00:04:45.576
TO BUILD OUT
A SPANISH CIVILIZATION

00:04:45.660 --> 00:04:49.288
IN THESE PLACES THAT HAD BEEN
THE SPANISH EMPIRE ON A MAP

00:04:49.372 --> 00:04:53.501
BUT HADN'T REALLY HAD ANY MORE
DURABLE CLAIM TO THE LAND.

00:04:55.712 --> 00:04:57.547
Gonzalez: WHO WAS GOING
TO POPULATE

00:04:57.630 --> 00:04:59.716
THESE FAR-OFF FRONTIER
SETTLEMENTS

00:04:59.799 --> 00:05:04.679
IN ARIZONA, IN TEXAS,
AND IN CALIFORNIA?

00:05:04.762 --> 00:05:06.556
IT WAS THE MISSIONARIES.

00:05:06.639 --> 00:05:09.308
IT WAS THE FRANCISCANS.
IT WAS THE JESUITS.

00:05:09.392 --> 00:05:13.396
IT WAS THE DOMINICANS.
THEY ALL WENT OUT TO FOUND

00:05:13.479 --> 00:05:18.818
TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS
AND ESTABLISH MISSIONS.

00:05:18.901 --> 00:05:21.946
Narrator: IN 1808,
APOLINARIA LORENZANA,

00:05:22.030 --> 00:05:26.200
NOW IN HER TEENS, WAS BROUGHT
TO MISSION SAN DIEGO,

00:05:26.284 --> 00:05:28.494
THE FIRST MISSION FOUNDED
BY SPANISH PRIESTS

00:05:28.578 --> 00:05:31.706
AS THEY MOVED NORTH
THROUGH CALIFORNIA.

00:05:49.515 --> 00:05:53.686
NEARING THE END OF HER LIFE
AND ALMOST BLIND,

00:05:53.770 --> 00:05:56.856
APOLINARIA SHARED HER MEMORIES
WITH THOMAS SAVAGE,

00:05:56.939 --> 00:05:59.317
AN AMERICAN HISTORIAN,
AS SHE RECALLED

00:05:59.400 --> 00:06:04.072
THE ONCE-FLOURISHING WORLD OF
CALIFORNIA'S SPANISH MISSIONS.

00:06:06.449 --> 00:06:10.620
BUILT ALONG EL CAMINO REAL
FROM SAN DIEGO TO SONOMA,

00:06:10.703 --> 00:06:13.456
3 DAYS' HORSEBACK RIDE
FROM ONE ANOTHER,

00:06:13.539 --> 00:06:16.209
SPAIN'S 21 MISSIONS
WERE THE BIRTHPLACE

00:06:16.292 --> 00:06:19.587
OF THE GREAT COASTAL CITIES
OF CALIFORNIA.

00:06:19.670 --> 00:06:21.130
Gonzalez:
ALL THESE PEOPLE

00:06:21.214 --> 00:06:23.966
WHO LIVE IN THESE TOWNS
IN CALIFORNIA--

00:06:24.050 --> 00:06:28.638
SANTA CRUZ AND, UH...
SAN FRANCISCO--

00:06:28.721 --> 00:06:31.557
ALL OF THESE
WERE MISSION TOWNS.

00:06:34.143 --> 00:06:37.230
Narrator: IN THE 1800's,
MISSIONS WERE THE CENTERPIECE

00:06:37.313 --> 00:06:39.315
OF SPANISH COLONIAL LIFE.

00:06:39.398 --> 00:06:41.818
Beebe: A MISSION
IS A LOT OF THINGS.

00:06:41.901 --> 00:06:45.988
IT'S A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY
WHERE THEY ARE HOPING

00:06:46.072 --> 00:06:49.992
TO CHRISTIANIZE
THE NATIVE PEOPLES,

00:06:50.076 --> 00:06:52.161
BRINGING THEM
INTO THE SYSTEM

00:06:52.245 --> 00:06:56.290
TO MAKE THEM GOOD
SPANISH CITIZENS.

00:06:56.374 --> 00:07:00.086
IT'S AN ENTERPRISE
WHERE INDIANS ARE BROUGHT IN

00:07:00.169 --> 00:07:03.005
TO WORK OUT
IN THE FIELDS,

00:07:03.089 --> 00:07:06.592
TO WEAVE, TO DO
BLACKSMITH WORK.

00:07:09.262 --> 00:07:11.556
Ruiz: YOU THINK
OF THE MISSIONS,

00:07:11.639 --> 00:07:14.100
AND YOU THINK OF THE--
THERE'S, LIKE, ONE PRIEST,

00:07:14.183 --> 00:07:15.768
AND THIS ONE PRIEST
HAS THE POWER

00:07:15.852 --> 00:07:17.854
TO HARNESS
NATIVE AMERICAN LABOR,

00:07:17.937 --> 00:07:19.397
UH, TO EDUCATE.

00:07:19.480 --> 00:07:24.026
BUT ACTUALLY PRIESTS,
PARTICULARLY IN CALIFORNIA,

00:07:24.110 --> 00:07:26.487
RELIED ON LOCAL WOMEN.

00:07:26.571 --> 00:07:30.199
YOU HAD PEOPLE LIKE
APOLINARIA LORENZANA.

00:07:30.283 --> 00:07:32.118
THE PADRES TRUSTED HER
TO BOARD SHIPS,

00:07:32.201 --> 00:07:34.912
TO GET THE NECESSARY SUPPLIES
FOR THE MISSIONS.

00:07:34.996 --> 00:07:37.623
SHE SUPERVISED
INDIAN SEAMSTRESSES

00:07:37.707 --> 00:07:40.585
OR SUPERVISED THE COOKING.

00:08:10.531 --> 00:08:12.325
Pitti: TO UNDERSTAND
THE POSITION

00:08:12.408 --> 00:08:14.452
OF NATIVES
IN THE MISSION SYSTEM,

00:08:14.535 --> 00:08:18.080
YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND
THE TREMENDOUS LOSS OF LIFE

00:08:18.164 --> 00:08:21.375
THAT INDIAN COMMUNITIES
IN CALIFORNIA HAD EXPERIENCED.

00:08:21.459 --> 00:08:24.420
WHEN THE SPANISH COME
AND INTRODUCE DISEASE,

00:08:24.503 --> 00:08:28.799
UM, THOSE POPULATIONS GO INTO
ENORMOUS DEMOGRAPHIC DECLINE,

00:08:28.883 --> 00:08:30.676
LEAVING THEM
VERY VULNERABLE.

00:08:30.760 --> 00:08:33.638
THE MISSIONS OFFER
THE OPPORTUNITY

00:08:33.721 --> 00:08:39.977
FOR INDIAN COMMUNITIES
TO HAVE BREAD ON THE TABLE.

00:08:40.061 --> 00:08:43.022
SOME INDIANS WERE TAKEN
BY CATHOLICISM

00:08:43.105 --> 00:08:46.317
AND BY THE PROMISE
OF SALVATION,

00:08:46.400 --> 00:08:48.277
BUT WE KNOW
THAT MANY INDIANS

00:08:48.361 --> 00:08:51.530
OFTENTIMES REBELLED.

00:09:23.604 --> 00:09:25.690
[BELL TOLLING]

00:09:27.858 --> 00:09:32.280
Narrator: IN 1821,
NEWS REACHED CALIFORNIA

00:09:32.363 --> 00:09:34.991
THAT AFTER A HARD-FOUGHT
10-YEAR WAR,

00:09:35.074 --> 00:09:39.078
MEXICO HAD WON
ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN.

00:09:39.161 --> 00:09:43.499
Pitti: LIBERAL IDEAS ABOUT
GOVERNANCE AND ABOUT EQUALITY,

00:09:43.582 --> 00:09:46.377
ABOUT OPPORTUNITY
WERE VERY MUCH IN THE AIR,

00:09:46.460 --> 00:09:48.170
IN WHICH THERE WERE
LOTS OF QUESTIONS

00:09:48.254 --> 00:09:49.714
ABOUT THE POWER
OF INSTITUTIONS.

00:09:49.797 --> 00:09:54.218
IN THAT ATMOSPHERE, PEOPLE BEGIN
TO LOOK AT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

00:09:54.302 --> 00:09:56.762
WITH A CRITICAL EYE,
THINKING,

00:09:56.846 --> 00:09:59.932
"WHY DOES THIS CHURCH,
WHY DOES THIS INSTITUTION

00:10:00.016 --> 00:10:01.434
OWN SO MUCH LAND?"

00:10:01.517 --> 00:10:04.603
Narrator: THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO

00:10:04.687 --> 00:10:08.190
CHALLENGED THE POWER
OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

00:10:08.274 --> 00:10:12.611
IN 1833, IT ORDERED
ALL MISSIONS SECULARIZED,

00:10:12.695 --> 00:10:15.740
THEIR LAND HOLDINGS
BROKEN UP.

00:10:15.823 --> 00:10:20.119
THE VAST MISSION HOLDINGS
WERE DIVIDED INTO RANCHOS

00:10:20.202 --> 00:10:24.623
AND GIVEN AS LAND GRANTS
TO A FEW HUNDRED FAMILIES,

00:10:24.707 --> 00:10:28.919
MANY OF THEM THE ORIGINAL
SPANISH SETTLERS OF CALIFORNIA,

00:10:29.003 --> 00:10:32.381
CALIFORNIOS,
AS THEY WERE CALLED.

00:10:32.465 --> 00:10:35.551
Beebe: THE INDIANS
WERE SUPPOSED TO

00:10:35.634 --> 00:10:37.011
GET THE MISSION LANDS.

00:10:37.094 --> 00:10:38.637
THAT WAS THE PLAN
WITH SECULARIZATION.

00:10:38.721 --> 00:10:42.808
BUT IT DIDN'T HAPPEN,
AND MANY OF THE INDIANS

00:10:42.892 --> 00:10:44.268
WERE...WERE LOST.

00:10:44.352 --> 00:10:49.231
SOME OF THEM WENT BACK
TO THEIR PREVIOUS WAY OF LIFE.

00:10:49.315 --> 00:10:53.611
OTHERS WENT TO WORK
ON THE RANCHOS.

00:10:55.196 --> 00:10:59.367
Narrator: AND AS THE PADRES
FACED THE END OF THEIR DOMINION,

00:10:59.450 --> 00:11:01.744
THEY ENSURED THAT SOME
OF THE MISSION LANDS

00:11:01.827 --> 00:11:04.205
STAYED WITH PEOPLE
THEY TRUSTED.

00:11:04.288 --> 00:11:06.248
FOR HER DEVOTION
TO THE MISSIONS,

00:11:06.332 --> 00:11:10.628
APOLINARIA, KNOWN AS THE PIOUS,
WAS GIVEN TWO RANCHOS.

00:11:10.711 --> 00:11:13.255
SHE BOUGHT A THIRD.

00:11:34.693 --> 00:11:36.612
Narrator:
BY THE EARLY 1800's,

00:11:36.695 --> 00:11:39.949
AMERICANS WERE MOVING WEST,
DRIVEN BY THE BELIEF

00:11:40.032 --> 00:11:44.245
IN A GOD-GIVEN RIGHT TO EXPAND
ACROSS THE CONTINENT.

00:11:46.288 --> 00:11:48.165
Gerstle: THIS VISION
OF CONQUEST

00:11:48.249 --> 00:11:51.377
WAS TIED TO VISIONS
OF LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY.

00:11:51.460 --> 00:11:55.840
IT WAS A PROVIDENTIAL MISSION.
IT WAS A PROTESTANT MISSION.

00:11:55.923 --> 00:11:57.716
THE PROBLEM,
HOWEVER, WAS

00:11:57.800 --> 00:12:00.469
THE LANDS THAT AMERICA
WANTED TO OCCUPY,

00:12:00.553 --> 00:12:03.222
IN THEIR IMAGINATIONS,
THEY WERE EMPTY,

00:12:03.305 --> 00:12:05.349
BUT IN REALITY
THEY WERE NOT.

00:12:05.433 --> 00:12:07.393
THEY WERE FULL
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

00:12:07.476 --> 00:12:08.978
OF ONE SORT OR ANOTHER,

00:12:09.061 --> 00:12:11.105
AND IN VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY,

00:12:11.188 --> 00:12:15.276
THEY WERE FULL OF SPANIARDS
AND THEIR DESCENDANTS.

00:12:15.359 --> 00:12:18.028
Narrator: HAVING PUSHED
THE NATIVE POPULATION WEST,

00:12:18.112 --> 00:12:21.949
THE UNITED STATES NOW STRETCHED
ACROSS ILLINOIS TO THE FRONTIER

00:12:22.032 --> 00:12:26.996
AND DOWN THROUGH LOUISIANA
TO THE BORDER WITH MEXICO.

00:12:29.123 --> 00:12:32.168
THE FIRST ANGLO SETTLERS
TO CROSS THE BORDER

00:12:32.251 --> 00:12:37.214
VENTURED INTO THE MEXICAN
STATE OF TEJAS, TEXAS, IN 1821,

00:12:37.298 --> 00:12:40.176
INVITED BY
THE GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO.

00:12:40.259 --> 00:12:42.845
Gonzalez: MEXICO NEEDS
TO POPULATE THE AREA,

00:12:42.928 --> 00:12:46.182
SO IT AGREES THAT ANYONE
CAN COME INTO MEXICO

00:12:46.265 --> 00:12:51.812
WHO WANTS TO SETTLE THERE
AS LONG AS THEY'RE CATHOLIC

00:12:51.896 --> 00:12:55.149
AND THEY PLEDGE ALLEGIANCE
TO THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT.

00:12:55.232 --> 00:12:57.526
Montejano: THE COMANCHES
AND THE APACHES

00:12:57.610 --> 00:13:01.280
ARE BASICALLY IN CONTROL,
AND AS A MATTER OF FACT,

00:13:01.363 --> 00:13:03.949
THERE WERE SEVERAL SPANISH
SETTLEMENTS THAT WERE ABANDONED

00:13:04.033 --> 00:13:07.912
AS THE COMANCHES IN PARTICULAR
BECOME MORE POWERFUL.

00:13:07.995 --> 00:13:10.080
SO THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT
WANTS TO CREATE

00:13:10.164 --> 00:13:11.540
THESE BUFFER ZONES

00:13:11.624 --> 00:13:15.419
WITH THESE
ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONISTS.

00:13:15.503 --> 00:13:18.839
Narrator: 300 FAMILIES,
MOST FROM THE AMERICAN SOUTH,

00:13:18.923 --> 00:13:21.800
WERE LED INTO TEXAS
BY STEPHEN AUSTIN,

00:13:21.884 --> 00:13:26.222
A YOUNG BUSINESSMAN
ORIGINALLY FROM VIRGINIA.

00:13:26.305 --> 00:13:29.725
De La Teja: MEN LIKE
STEPHEN AUSTIN ARE INTERESTED

00:13:29.808 --> 00:13:32.561
IN TRANSFORMING TEXAS
FROM WHAT THEY BELIEVE TO BE

00:13:32.645 --> 00:13:36.941
A WILDERNESS INTO THE NEXT
GREAT COTTON-GROWING PART

00:13:37.024 --> 00:13:39.318
OF THE UNITED STATES,
BUT THEY UNDERSTAND

00:13:39.401 --> 00:13:41.862
THAT THEY HAVE TO WORK
WITH MEXICAN AUTHORITIES,

00:13:41.946 --> 00:13:45.282
THEY HAVE TO WORK
WITH MEXICAN LAW,

00:13:45.366 --> 00:13:47.785
THEY HAVE TO WORK
WITH TEJANO PARTNERS

00:13:47.868 --> 00:13:50.663
IN DEVELOPING TEXAS.

00:13:50.746 --> 00:13:53.916
A LOT OF THE SETTLERS
OF TEXAS AT THIS TIME

00:13:53.999 --> 00:13:56.627
ARE COMING OUT
OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH.

00:13:56.710 --> 00:13:59.463
THEY'RE IMAGINING
AT LEAST PART OF TEXAS

00:13:59.547 --> 00:14:01.590
AS BEING A SLAVEHOLDING
SOCIETY.

00:14:01.674 --> 00:14:04.134
THEY ARE NEVER WITHOUT
THESE SENTIMENTS

00:14:04.218 --> 00:14:05.844
OF A SPECIAL SUPERIORITY

00:14:05.928 --> 00:14:10.516
THAT ADHERES
IN THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE.

00:14:11.892 --> 00:14:14.103
Suarez: ONCE THEY START
TO GET CRITICAL MASS,

00:14:14.186 --> 00:14:18.190
THEY'RE NOT NECESSARILY READY
TO ACCEPT MEXICAN GOVERNMENT,

00:14:18.274 --> 00:14:20.025
AND THEY START
TO FIND FAULT

00:14:20.109 --> 00:14:23.153
WITH THE DEMANDS THAT MEXICANS
ARE MAKING OF THEM

00:14:23.237 --> 00:14:27.866
IN ORDER TO BE ACCEPTED
IN TEXAS SOCIETY.

00:14:27.950 --> 00:14:30.286
Narrator: MEXICAN TEXANS,
TEJANOS,

00:14:30.369 --> 00:14:37.042
WERE ALSO CHAFING UNDER THE RULE
OF MEXICO CITY, 900 MILES AWAY.

00:14:37.126 --> 00:14:40.796
PROMINENT AMONG THEM
WAS JUAN SEGUIN,

00:14:40.879 --> 00:14:43.674
A THIRD-GENERATION TEJANO
WHOSE FAMILY TRACED

00:14:43.757 --> 00:14:50.806
ITS ROOTS IN SAN ANTONIO TO THE
EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS IN 1712.

00:14:50.889 --> 00:14:53.809
Montejano: JUAN SEGUIN,
VERY EARLY ON IN THE 1830's,

00:14:53.892 --> 00:14:55.978
ALREADY IS STARTING
TO IDENTIFY HIMSELF

00:14:56.061 --> 00:14:59.481
AS SOMEONE ELSE OTHER THAN
A MEXICANO, AS A TEJANO,

00:14:59.565 --> 00:15:04.236
AS A MEMBER
OF AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC.

00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:06.405
HE HAS A CONFLICTED IDENTITY.

00:15:06.488 --> 00:15:10.367
I MEAN, HE CALLS HIMSELF
JOHN, JOHN SEGUIN.

00:15:10.451 --> 00:15:13.162
Narrator:
SEGUIN'S FATHER, ERASMO,

00:15:13.245 --> 00:15:16.665
SAN ANTONIO'S POSTMASTER,
HAD PERSONALLY CONDUCTED

00:15:16.749 --> 00:15:21.962
STEPHEN AUSTIN ACROSS
THE TEXAS BORDER IN 1821.

00:15:22.046 --> 00:15:24.006
De La Teja: ERASMO
AND JUAN SEGUIN

00:15:24.089 --> 00:15:26.133
SEE ANGLO-AMERICAN
SETTLEMENT IN TEXAS

00:15:26.216 --> 00:15:31.680
AS IMPORTANT TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THIS FRONTIER,

00:15:31.764 --> 00:15:33.474
OUTLYING PART OF MEXICO

00:15:33.557 --> 00:15:37.728
THAT ISN'T ABLE TO GET
THE RESOURCES FROM MEXICO CITY

00:15:37.811 --> 00:15:41.023
TO PROPERLY DEVELOP
THE REGION.

00:15:41.106 --> 00:15:43.275
THE TEJANOS FELT
THAT GOVERNMENT

00:15:43.359 --> 00:15:46.236
WHICH LEFT DECISIONS
IN THEIR OWN HANDS

00:15:46.320 --> 00:15:50.032
WA VITAL TO THE PROGRESS
OF TEXAS,

00:15:50.115 --> 00:15:52.284
AND ANGLO-AMERICANS,
WHO HAD GROWN UP

00:15:52.368 --> 00:15:55.204
WITH THE TRADITION
OF STRONG PERSONAL RIGHTS,

00:15:55.287 --> 00:15:59.625
ALSO WANTED A STRONG
LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

00:16:01.168 --> 00:16:03.045
Narrator: WHEN, IN 1834,

00:16:03.128 --> 00:16:05.756
MEXICO'S NEW PRESIDENT,
ANTONIO LOPEZ SANTA ANNA,

00:16:05.839 --> 00:16:09.551
DISSOLVED THE CONGRESS TO RULE
ALL MEXICO WITH AN IRON HAND,

00:16:09.635 --> 00:16:15.557
TEXANS AND TEJANOS
UNITED IN OPPOSITION.

00:16:15.641 --> 00:16:20.771
IN THE FALL OF 1835,
THEY ROSE IN OPEN REBELLION.

00:16:22.064 --> 00:16:24.400
SANTA ANNA LED
AN ARMY OF THOUSANDS

00:16:24.483 --> 00:16:28.737
ACROSS THE RIO GRANDE
TO PUT DOWN THE REVOLT.

00:16:29.863 --> 00:16:32.282
IT'S FUNNY HOW I HAVE TO
REMIND MY STUDENTS THAT...

00:16:32.366 --> 00:16:35.452
YOU KNOW, THEY THINK SOMETIMES
THAT SANTA ANNA

00:16:35.536 --> 00:16:40.040
INVADED THE UNITED STATES, AND I
HAVE TO DISABUSE THEM OF THAT,

00:16:40.124 --> 00:16:41.500
SAYING, "WELL, WAIT
A MINUTE. NO.

00:16:41.583 --> 00:16:45.337
SANTA ANNA WAS MARCHING
INTO WHAT WAS STILL MEXICO."

00:16:45.421 --> 00:16:48.465
Narrator: ON THE 23rd
OF FEBRUARY 1836,

00:16:48.549 --> 00:16:52.469
SANTA ANNA TOOK POSSESSION
OF THE CITY OF SAN ANTONIO.

00:16:52.553 --> 00:16:55.597
200 TEXANS FELL BACK
TO AN OLD SPANISH MISSION

00:16:55.681 --> 00:16:58.267
CALLED EL ALAMO,

00:16:58.350 --> 00:17:00.811
AMONG THEM, RENOWNED
FRONTIERSMAN DAVID CROCKETT

00:17:00.894 --> 00:17:02.938
OF TENNESSEE,

00:17:03.021 --> 00:17:05.482
JIM BOWIE OF KENTUCKY,

00:17:05.566 --> 00:17:10.112
AND LIEUTENANT COLONEL
WILLIAM TRAVIS OF ALABAMA.

00:17:10.195 --> 00:17:12.865
THERE WERE ALSO TEJANOS
AT EL ALAMO,

00:17:12.948 --> 00:17:18.996
MEN WITH NAMES LIKE BADILLO,
ESPARZA, NAVAS, AND JUAN SEGUIN.

00:17:19.079 --> 00:17:22.040
[BUGLES PLAYING FANFARE]

00:17:22.124 --> 00:17:26.462
SANTA ANNA LAID SIEGE
TO EL ALAMO.

00:17:26.545 --> 00:17:29.339
[EXPLOSION]

00:17:29.423 --> 00:17:32.468
ON THE 25th OF FEBRUARY,
SEGUIN WAS SENT

00:17:32.551 --> 00:17:35.512
BEHIND ENEMY LINES
TO GATHER REINFORCEMENTS.

00:17:40.267 --> 00:17:44.438
AT DAWN ON MARCH 6th,
DAY 13 OF THE SIEGE,

00:17:44.521 --> 00:17:48.859
SANTA ANNA'S FORCES BREACHED
THE EL ALAMO DEFENSES.

00:17:48.942 --> 00:17:51.069
[BUGLES PLAYING FANFARE]

00:17:58.994 --> 00:18:04.833
LATER THAT DAY, JUAN SEGUIN
HEADED BACK TO EL ALAMO.

00:18:04.917 --> 00:18:07.795
SEGUIN LISTENED IN VAIN
FOR THE SIGNAL GUNSHOT

00:18:07.878 --> 00:18:10.506
THAT WAS TO BE FIRED
EVERY 15 MINUTES

00:18:10.589 --> 00:18:12.674
AS LONG AS THE FORT HELD.

00:18:14.802 --> 00:18:21.266
ALL THE DEFENDERS AT EL ALAMO,
189 MEN, HAD BEEN KILLED.

00:18:21.350 --> 00:18:25.687
SEGUIN WAS LEFT
TO BURY THEIR ASHES.

00:18:25.771 --> 00:18:32.194
Man as Seguin: TRAVIS, BOWIE,
CROCKETT ARE OUR BROTHERS,

00:18:32.277 --> 00:18:36.448
WHOSE VALOR PLACES THEM
IN THE RANK OF MY HEROES.

00:18:36.532 --> 00:18:39.993
Narrator: TO THE CRY
OF "REMEMBER THE ALAMO,"

00:18:40.077 --> 00:18:42.246
SEGUIN GATHERED
A COMPANY OF TEJANOS

00:18:42.329 --> 00:18:45.624
AND JOINED GENERAL SAM HOUSTON'S
ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

00:18:45.707 --> 00:18:49.211
AT THE BATTLE
OF SAN JACINTO.

00:18:50.629 --> 00:18:54.383
THE MEXICAN ARMY
WAS TAKEN BY SURPRISE.

00:18:54.466 --> 00:18:57.386
THE DECISIVE BATTLE
OF THE TEXAS REVOLUTION

00:18:57.469 --> 00:19:00.597
LASTED ALL OF 18 MINUTES.

00:19:00.681 --> 00:19:03.475
SANTA ANNA SURRENDERED,
HANDING OVER TEXAS

00:19:03.559 --> 00:19:08.105
TO HOUSTON'S ARMY
OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.

00:19:09.940 --> 00:19:14.111
JUAN SEGUIN WAS NAMED MILITARY
COMMANDER OF WEST TEXAS,

00:19:14.194 --> 00:19:16.780
ELECTED SENATOR
OF THE NEW REPUBLIC,

00:19:16.864 --> 00:19:19.658
AND LATER MAYOR
OF SAN ANTONIO.

00:19:21.159 --> 00:19:24.454
BUT THE SURVIVOR OF EL ALAMO
WOULD SOON FIND HIMSELF

00:19:24.538 --> 00:19:28.166
TORN BETWEEN HIS ALLEGIANCE
TO THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS

00:19:28.250 --> 00:19:31.461
AND HIS LOYALTY
TO HIS OWN PEOPLE.

00:19:31.545 --> 00:19:34.464
Montejano: YOU HAVE AN INFLUX
OF ANGLO NEWCOMERS,

00:19:34.548 --> 00:19:36.967
AND WHAT THEY REMEMBER
IS THEIR COUNTRYMEN

00:19:37.050 --> 00:19:40.053
BEING SLAUGHTERED
BY SANTA ANNA.

00:19:42.848 --> 00:19:47.811
SO REPRISALS ARE TAKEN
AGAINST ALL MEXICANS,

00:19:47.895 --> 00:19:52.024
INCLUDING THOSE WHO FOUGHT ON
THE SIDE OF THE ANGLO SETTLERS.

00:19:52.107 --> 00:19:54.192
PEOPLE ARE BEING
RANDOMLY MURDERED

00:19:54.276 --> 00:19:56.612
SIMPLY FOR BEING MEXICAN.

00:19:56.695 --> 00:20:00.115
THEY'RE BEING PUSHED
OFF THEIR LANDS BY SQUATTERS

00:20:00.198 --> 00:20:03.869
WHO ARE TRYING TO LAY CLAIM
TO THESE LANDS.

00:20:05.203 --> 00:20:08.498
Montejano: THEY'RE TAKING
CATTLE, THEY'RE TAKING HORSES.

00:20:08.582 --> 00:20:11.209
IT'S A ROUGH TIME.

00:20:11.293 --> 00:20:13.170
Man as Seguin:
DAY AND NIGHT,

00:20:13.253 --> 00:20:15.631
MY COUNTRYMEN RUN TO ME
FOR PROTECTION.

00:20:15.714 --> 00:20:18.967
COULD I LEAVE THEM DEFENSELESS,
EXPOSED TO THE ASSAULTS

00:20:19.051 --> 00:20:23.388
OF FOREIGNERS WHO TREATED THEM
WORSE THAN BRUTES?

00:20:23.472 --> 00:20:25.140
Montejano: THESE ARE
LANDOWNERS.

00:20:25.223 --> 00:20:27.684
THESE ARE MEXICAN
ELITE MEMBERS

00:20:27.768 --> 00:20:30.520
COMING TO JUAN SEGUIN
AND ASKING HIM FOR PROTECTION

00:20:30.604 --> 00:20:34.274
FROM THE AGGRESSIONS
OF THESE NEWCOMERS.

00:20:34.358 --> 00:20:36.360
JUAN SEQUIN IS POWERLESS
TO DO THAT.

00:20:37.569 --> 00:20:40.072
De La Teja: HE'S TRYING
TO UPHOLD THE LAW,

00:20:40.155 --> 00:20:42.741
AND THESE BRIGANDS,
IF YOU WILL,

00:20:42.824 --> 00:20:45.702
ARE REFUSING TO ABIDE
BY THE LAW.

00:20:45.786 --> 00:20:49.748
IN FACT, THEY'VE
THREATENED HIM PERSONALLY.

00:20:49.831 --> 00:20:51.333
THE PEOPLE
WHO JUST ARRIVED

00:20:51.416 --> 00:20:54.503
SEE THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE
BEEN HERE FOR A LONG TIME

00:20:54.586 --> 00:20:56.588
AS THE OUTSIDERS.

00:20:59.925 --> 00:21:03.845
Man as Seguin: A CONSPIRACY
WAS ORGANIZED TO RUIN ME.

00:21:03.929 --> 00:21:07.140
EVERY PARTY OF VOLUNTEERS
EN ROUTE TO SAN ANTONIO

00:21:07.224 --> 00:21:10.936
DECLARED THAT THEY WANTED
TO KILL JUAN SEGUIN.

00:21:11.019 --> 00:21:14.022
Montejano: HIS ANGLO ALLIES
WILL SELL HIM OUT.

00:21:14.106 --> 00:21:16.942
THEY WILL NOT PROTECT HIM
WHEN HE NEEDED PROTECTION.

00:21:17.025 --> 00:21:20.320
HE HAS TO GIVE UP THE MAYORAL
POSITION IN SAN ANTONIO.

00:21:23.073 --> 00:21:24.950
Man as Seguin:
ON THE 30th OF APRIL,

00:21:25.033 --> 00:21:27.703
A FRIEND SENT ME WORD
THAT A COMPANY WAS COMING

00:21:27.786 --> 00:21:30.539
DOWN THE RIVER, BURNING
RANCHOS ON THEIR WAY.

00:21:30.622 --> 00:21:34.376
UNABLE ANY LONGER
TO SUFFER THE PERSECUTION

00:21:34.459 --> 00:21:39.047
OF UNGRATEFUL AMERICANS,
I HAD TO LEAVE TEXAS,

00:21:39.131 --> 00:21:42.384
ABANDON ALL FOR WHICH
I HAD FOUGHT

00:21:42.467 --> 00:21:44.553
TO BECOME A WANDERER.

00:21:44.636 --> 00:21:48.807
Narrator: JUAN SEGUIN
FLED TO MEXICO IN 1842.

00:21:48.890 --> 00:21:53.311
IN THE 20 YEARS SINCE HIS FATHER
LED 300 FAMILIES INTO TEXAS,

00:21:53.395 --> 00:21:56.481
THE LINE THAT WOULD DIVIDE
LATINOS AND ANGLOS

00:21:56.565 --> 00:21:58.942
HAD BEEN DRAWN.

00:22:04.906 --> 00:22:06.867
[BIRD SCREECHES]

00:22:08.869 --> 00:22:11.663
IN THE MEXICAN PROVINCE
OF CALIFORNIA,

00:22:11.747 --> 00:22:13.665
THE SECULARIZATION
OF THE MISSIONS

00:22:13.749 --> 00:22:15.834
HAD TRANSFORMED
THE LANDSCAPE,

00:22:15.917 --> 00:22:18.170
THE VAST MISSION LANDS
NOW OWNED

00:22:18.253 --> 00:22:21.965
BY A FEW HUNDRED
CALIFORNIO FAMILIES,

00:22:22.049 --> 00:22:25.093
AND MUCH LIKE THE TEJANOS
IN THE YEARS TO COME,

00:22:25.177 --> 00:22:29.598
THE CALIFORNIOS WOULD STRUGGLE
TO HOLD ONTO THEIR LAND.

00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:36.980
FOR MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO,
A RANCHERO IN SONOMA,

00:22:37.064 --> 00:22:40.067
THAT STRUGGLE WOULD LAST
A LIFETIME.

00:22:40.150 --> 00:22:43.111
Pitti: MARIANO
VALLEJO IS ONE

00:22:43.195 --> 00:22:45.989
OF THE MOST INTERESTING FIGURES
IN 19th-CENTURY CALIFORNIA.

00:22:46.073 --> 00:22:50.452
HE GREW UP IN MONTEREY
AND WAS A WELL-KNOWN MEMBER

00:22:50.535 --> 00:22:52.245
OF MONTEREY SOCIETY.

00:22:52.329 --> 00:22:55.582
HE WAS A KIND OF
BARONIAL FIGURE,

00:22:55.665 --> 00:22:58.460
VERY INTERESTED
IN EUROPEAN CULTURE,

00:22:58.543 --> 00:23:00.712
WHO LIKED THE FINER
THINGS IN LIFE,

00:23:00.796 --> 00:23:03.632
WHO ENJOYED HIS WINE
AND GREW GRAPES.

00:23:03.715 --> 00:23:08.095
LIKE OTHER CALIFORNIO FAMILIES,
HE WAS VERY INTERESTED

00:23:08.178 --> 00:23:11.139
IN MODERNIZING CALIFORNIA.

00:23:11.223 --> 00:23:13.934
Narrator: SON OF A SPANISH
MILITARY OFFICER,

00:23:14.017 --> 00:23:18.396
MARIANO VALLEJO PRESIDED
OVER A VAST EMPIRE.

00:23:18.480 --> 00:23:19.773
HIS RANCHO PETALUMA,

00:23:19.856 --> 00:23:23.443
RECEIVED AS A LAND GRANT WHEN
THE MISSIONS WERE BROKEN UP,

00:23:23.527 --> 00:23:25.779
COVERED 65,000 ACRES

00:23:25.862 --> 00:23:30.909
AND INCLUDED 10,000
HEAD OF CATTLE, 4,000 HORSES,

00:23:30.992 --> 00:23:35.497
AND THE LARGEST ADOBE STRUCTURE
EVER BUILT IN CALIFORNIA.

00:23:35.580 --> 00:23:37.249
Pitti: LAND WAS REALLY
VERY IMPORTANT

00:23:37.332 --> 00:23:40.001
TO CALIFORNIO IDENTITIES.

00:23:40.085 --> 00:23:45.715
ACCESS TO LAND MEANT ACCESS
TO HONOR, TO DIGNITY.

00:23:45.799 --> 00:23:48.802
IT MEANT BEING ABLE
TO FLAUNT ONE'S WEALTH.

00:23:48.885 --> 00:23:52.013
[MARIACHI MUSIC PLAYING]

00:23:54.599 --> 00:23:55.851
THEY SPENT LIKE MAD.

00:23:55.934 --> 00:24:00.730
YOU KNOW, THERE'S ALL THESE
HORSE RACES AND FANDANGOS.

00:24:03.859 --> 00:24:07.696
Pitti: LIFE REALLY DOES
REVOLVE AROUND RURAL CULTURE.

00:24:07.779 --> 00:24:10.949
THEY'RE PROUD OF THEIR
CAPACITIES AS HORSEMEN,

00:24:11.032 --> 00:24:13.285
AS VAQUEROS.

00:24:13.368 --> 00:24:16.037
THESE ARE PEOPLE
WHO TOOK GREAT PRIDE

00:24:16.121 --> 00:24:20.834
IN THEIR CLOTHING, THE WAY
THEY BORE THEMSELVES IN PUBLIC.

00:24:20.917 --> 00:24:23.920
THESE ARE PEOPLE
WHO THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES

00:24:24.004 --> 00:24:25.463
AS A PROUD PEOPLE,

00:24:25.547 --> 00:24:27.257
AN EMERGING PEOPLE.

00:24:27.340 --> 00:24:30.844
Narrator: PEOPLE LIKE PIO PICO,
CALIFORNIA'S GOVERNOR;

00:24:30.927 --> 00:24:32.971
THE RAMIREZES
OF SANTA BARBARA;

00:24:33.054 --> 00:24:36.641
THE SEPULVEDAS AND THE LUGOS
OF LOS ANGELES.

00:24:36.725 --> 00:24:39.644
Beebe: SO MANY OF THESE FAMILIES
VIEW THEMSELVES

00:24:39.728 --> 00:24:42.063
AS MEXICAN BUT NOT MEXICAN.

00:24:42.147 --> 00:24:46.776
THEY LIVED IN AN AREA
FAR AWAY FROM MEXICO CITY,

00:24:46.860 --> 00:24:49.362
FAR AWAY FROM
THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT,

00:24:49.446 --> 00:24:52.908
AND SO THEY HAD
ESTABLISHED IN SOME WAYS

00:24:52.991 --> 00:24:56.661
THEIR OWN HYBRID CULTURE.

00:24:56.745 --> 00:25:00.582
MOST OF THE SPANISH
THAT CAME TO THE REGION

00:25:00.665 --> 00:25:04.836
WERE THEMSELVES MESTIZOS
OR MULATOS FROM MEXICO.

00:25:04.920 --> 00:25:09.299
SO THE GROUP HERE IS ALREADY
MIXED FROM THE VERY BEGINNING

00:25:09.382 --> 00:25:12.594
AND THEN BECOMES MIXED
WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION.

00:25:12.677 --> 00:25:14.429
SO IT'S NEVER ANY KIND

00:25:14.512 --> 00:25:18.433
OF RACIALLY PURE
EUROPEAN POPULATION.

00:25:18.516 --> 00:25:21.686
Montejano: THE LANDHOLDING ELITE
INSISTED ON BEING SEEN

00:25:21.770 --> 00:25:23.605
AS EUROPEAN OR SPANISH.

00:25:23.688 --> 00:25:26.399
CERTAINLY THEY SAW THEMSELVES
AS VERY DIFFERENT

00:25:26.483 --> 00:25:28.151
FROM THE CHRISTIANIZED INDIANS,

00:25:28.235 --> 00:25:32.572
THE NATIVES WHO WERE
THEIR SERVANTS.

00:25:35.367 --> 00:25:37.577
Narrator: VALLEJO'S WIFE,
FRANCISCA BENECIA,

00:25:37.661 --> 00:25:39.120
WOULD RECALL...

00:25:39.204 --> 00:25:40.914
Woman as Francisca Benecia:
EACH OF MY CHILDREN

00:25:40.997 --> 00:25:42.457
HAS A PERSONAL ATTENDANT.

00:25:42.540 --> 00:25:44.793
I HAVE TWO
FOR MY OWN NEEDS,

00:25:44.876 --> 00:25:46.461
6 OR 7 IN THE KITCHEN,

00:25:46.544 --> 00:25:49.714
AND 5 OR 6 ARE ALWAYS
WASHING CLOTHES.

00:25:49.798 --> 00:25:51.841
Narrator:
THE VALLEJOS' SERVANTS

00:25:51.925 --> 00:25:54.803
WERE AMONG 10,000
FORMER MISSION INDIANS

00:25:54.886 --> 00:26:00.308
WHO ARE NOW BOUND TO A FEW DOZEN
CALIFORNIO FAMILIES.

00:26:00.392 --> 00:26:03.395
Pitti: THESE KEY FAMILIES
REALLY ARE THE POWERHOLDERS,

00:26:03.478 --> 00:26:05.730
THE STAKEHOLDERS
IN THE ECONOMY

00:26:05.814 --> 00:26:08.066
AND THE POLITICS
OF THE REGION.

00:26:10.777 --> 00:26:12.737
WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS
TO THOSE ELITES

00:26:12.821 --> 00:26:16.241
HELPS TO DICTATE
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO PROPERTY.

00:26:16.324 --> 00:26:19.160
IT HELPED TO DEFINE
HOW MEXICANS AND OTHERS

00:26:19.244 --> 00:26:24.249
ARE GOING TO BE TREATED
FROM THAT MOMENT FORWARD.

00:26:26.084 --> 00:26:30.588
Narrator: AT DAWN
ON THE 14th OF JUNE 1846,

00:26:30.672 --> 00:26:32.716
MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO,

00:26:32.799 --> 00:26:35.176
NOW THE MILITARY COMMANDER
OF CALIFORNIA

00:26:35.260 --> 00:26:37.929
AND A GENERAL
IN THE MEXICAN ARMY,

00:26:38.013 --> 00:26:41.433
WAS AWAKENED BY AN ARMED MOB
AT HIS CASA GRANDE

00:26:41.516 --> 00:26:43.226
IN SONOMA PLAZA.

00:26:43.310 --> 00:26:45.395
Man as Vallejo:
I HAD MY UNIFORM BROUGHT,

00:26:45.478 --> 00:26:49.190
DRESSED QUICKLY, AND THEN
ORDERED THE DOOR THROWN OPEN.

00:26:49.274 --> 00:26:50.400
[DOOR OPENS]

00:26:50.483 --> 00:26:52.068
Narrator: IN HIS PARLOR,

00:26:52.152 --> 00:26:54.279
VALLEJO ENCOUNTERED
A GROUP OF AMERICANS,

00:26:54.362 --> 00:26:57.949
THE LIKES OF WHICH
HE HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE.

00:26:59.451 --> 00:27:01.870
Man as Vallejo:
I ASKED WHAT THE TROUBLE WAS

00:27:01.953 --> 00:27:04.289
AND WHO WAS HEADING
THEIR PARTY.

00:27:04.372 --> 00:27:06.750
I WANTED TO KNOW
TO WHAT HAPPY CIRCUMSTANCE

00:27:06.833 --> 00:27:09.961
I OWED THE VISIT
OF SO MANY INDIVIDUALS.

00:27:10.045 --> 00:27:12.630
Pitti: MARIANO VALLEJO
HAD LONG THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

00:27:12.714 --> 00:27:15.300
AS THE MOST HOSPITABLE
OF CALIFORNIOS,

00:27:15.383 --> 00:27:19.220
A PERSON WHO HAD
WELCOMED AMERICANS

00:27:19.304 --> 00:27:21.765
WHO WERE VISITING THE REGION,
LOOKING TO SETTLE IN THE REGION.

00:27:21.848 --> 00:27:24.893
Narrator: AMERICANS HAD BEEN
COMING TO CALIFORNIA

00:27:24.976 --> 00:27:28.563
SINCE THE 1830's,
MOSTLY TRADERS FROM BOSTON

00:27:28.646 --> 00:27:30.398
WHO CAME BY SHIP,

00:27:30.482 --> 00:27:33.735
LOOKING TO BUY HIDES FOR
THE NEW ENGLAND SHOE INDUSTRY.

00:27:33.818 --> 00:27:36.571
Pitti: THEY'RE INTEGRATING
INTO CALIFORNIO FAMILIES,

00:27:36.654 --> 00:27:38.073
INTO CALIFORNIO LIFESTYLE.

00:27:38.156 --> 00:27:41.117
THEY'RE BECOMING RANCHEROS.
THEY'RE LEARNING SPANISH.

00:27:41.201 --> 00:27:44.662
THEY'RE MARRYING CALIFORNIA
WOMEN, CALIFORNIANAS.

00:27:44.746 --> 00:27:48.666
MANY OF THEM ARE
ADOPTING CATHOLICISM.

00:27:48.750 --> 00:27:51.127
THEY'RE ASSIMILATING
INTO CALIFORNIO SOCIETY.

00:27:51.211 --> 00:27:53.630
AND SO WITH THIS BACKDROP,

00:27:53.713 --> 00:27:57.342
VALLEJO HAD REASON
TO BE SOMEWHAT OPTIMISTIC

00:27:57.425 --> 00:27:59.344
ABOUT THE CAPACITY
FOR AMERICANS

00:27:59.427 --> 00:28:01.846
AND CALIFORNIOS
TO WORK TOGETHER.

00:28:03.223 --> 00:28:06.476
Narrator: BUT THESE WERE
NO SEAFARING BOSTONIANS.

00:28:06.559 --> 00:28:08.478
THEY WERE TRAPPERS
AND FARMERS,

00:28:08.561 --> 00:28:11.898
PIONEERS WHO HAD CROSSED
THE ROCKIES AND THE SIERRAS

00:28:11.981 --> 00:28:15.819
AND LAID CLAIM TO LAND
IN THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY.

00:28:18.196 --> 00:28:21.282
ORGANIZED BY U.S. CAPTAIN
JOHN C. FREEMONT,

00:28:21.366 --> 00:28:26.329
THEY CALLED THEMSELVES
THE BEAR FLAG REVOLT.

00:28:26.413 --> 00:28:28.456
THEY HAD COME
TO ARREST VALLEJO

00:28:28.540 --> 00:28:32.877
AND DECLARE CALIFORNIA
AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC.

00:28:34.087 --> 00:28:36.965
VALLEJO HAD LONG FELT
THAT MEXICO STOOD IN THE WAY

00:28:37.048 --> 00:28:39.843
OF CALIFORNIA'S PROGRESS
AND WAS EVEN THOUGHT

00:28:39.926 --> 00:28:44.514
TO FAVOR ANNEXATION
TO THE UNITED STATES.

00:28:44.597 --> 00:28:47.976
BUT NOW, AS HE SIGNED
THE ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION,

00:28:48.059 --> 00:28:53.022
HE FEARED FOR HIS LIFE
AND THE SAFETY OF HIS FAMILY.

00:28:55.900 --> 00:28:57.777
Man as Vallejo:
I THOUGHT FOR A MOMENT

00:28:57.861 --> 00:29:00.196
THAT THROUGH SOME SACRIFICE,
I MIGHT GET RID OF

00:29:00.280 --> 00:29:02.031
OF SUCH LITTLE-DESIRED GUESTS,

00:29:02.115 --> 00:29:04.325
BUT ONCE UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL,

00:29:04.409 --> 00:29:07.412
THEY FORGOT THE CHIEF
OBJECT OF THEIR MISSION

00:29:07.495 --> 00:29:11.624
AND BROKE INTO SHOUTS
OF "RANSACK! RANSACK!"

00:29:12.876 --> 00:29:14.836
Narrator:
VALLEJO'S SISTER, ROSALIA,

00:29:14.919 --> 00:29:18.006
WATCHED FROM HER HOME
ACROSS THE PLAZA.

00:29:41.696 --> 00:29:44.199
Narrator: VALLEJO WAS IMPRISONED
AT SUTTER'S FORT

00:29:44.282 --> 00:29:45.992
ON THE SACRAMENTO RIVER

00:29:46.075 --> 00:29:49.370
UNDER THE COMMAND
OF CAPTAIN FREEMONT.

00:29:51.831 --> 00:29:54.042
Pitti: THIS IS A TURNING-POINT
MOMENT FOR VALLEJO.

00:29:54.125 --> 00:29:59.756
HE REALLY WAS THE DON OF ALTA
CALIFORNIA IN MANY RESPECTS.

00:29:59.839 --> 00:30:05.094
THIS WAS A DEEP INSULT
TO VALLEJO'S SENSE OF WHO HE WAS

00:30:05.178 --> 00:30:07.889
AND WHO HE THOUGHT
THE AMERICANS WERE.

00:30:07.972 --> 00:30:10.350
Beebe: WHAT'S HAPPENING TO US?

00:30:10.433 --> 00:30:12.477
WHAT'S OUR CULTURE
GOING TO TURN INTO?

00:30:12.560 --> 00:30:15.396
ARE THEY GOING TO COME OVER
AND TAKE OVER EVERYTHING?

00:30:15.480 --> 00:30:21.903
THE FEAR, THE FOREBODING--
WHAT'S NEXT?

00:30:21.986 --> 00:30:25.573
Man as Vallejo:
JULY 10, 1846.

00:30:25.657 --> 00:30:28.535
DEAR CAPTAIN FREEMONT,
I WISH THAT YOU...

00:30:28.618 --> 00:30:31.079
Narrator: ONE MONTH
INTO HIS IMPRISONMENT,

00:30:31.162 --> 00:30:34.207
HIS BODY WRACKED
WITH MALARIA,

00:30:34.290 --> 00:30:37.502
VALLEJO LEARNED THAT
THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

00:30:37.585 --> 00:30:39.754
WERE AT WAR.

00:30:43.508 --> 00:30:45.426
[EXPLOSIONS
AND HORSES NEIGHING]

00:30:50.348 --> 00:30:54.811
THE WAR HAD BEGUN IN APRIL 1846
OVER DISPUTED TERRITORY

00:30:54.894 --> 00:30:57.397
ALONG THE BORDER
BETWEEN MEXICO AND TEXAS,

00:30:57.480 --> 00:31:00.149
NOW A STATE
OF THE AMERICAN UNION.

00:31:00.233 --> 00:31:03.069
BUT UNDERLYING THE CONFLICT
WAS THE DETERMINATION

00:31:03.152 --> 00:31:05.822
OF NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT
JAMES POLK

00:31:05.905 --> 00:31:09.993
TO PUSH THE AMERICAN BORDER ALL
THE WAY TO THE PACIFIC COAST.

00:31:10.076 --> 00:31:11.786
Garcia: AMERICANS
WERE ALREADY LOOKING

00:31:11.869 --> 00:31:15.164
TOWARDS THE FUTURE
AND TOWARDS TRADE WITH ASIA,

00:31:15.248 --> 00:31:20.003
AND SO THERE WAS THIS BELIEF
THAT WE NEEDED TO EXPAND, UM...

00:31:20.086 --> 00:31:22.964
KEEP PUSHING
THAT WESTERN BOUNDARY.

00:31:24.549 --> 00:31:26.509
Narrator: POLK HAD FIRST
OFFERED TO PURCHASE

00:31:26.593 --> 00:31:29.679
NEW MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA
FOR $25 MILLION,

00:31:29.762 --> 00:31:33.433
BUT NOW, AS THE U.S. ARMY
MARCHED WEST,

00:31:33.516 --> 00:31:36.477
IT EASILY TOOK
NEW MEXICO.

00:31:36.561 --> 00:31:40.440
CALIFORNIA WAS NEXT.

00:31:40.523 --> 00:31:42.859
IN LOS ANGELES
AND SAN DIEGO,

00:31:42.942 --> 00:31:47.572
THE CALIFORNIOS
PUT UP STIFF RESISTANCE.

00:31:47.655 --> 00:31:49.741
IN THE NORTH,
MONTEREY FELL

00:31:49.824 --> 00:31:52.368
WITHOUT A SINGLE SHOT
BEING FIRED.

00:31:52.452 --> 00:31:53.536
[HORSE NEIGHS]

00:31:53.620 --> 00:31:58.666
THE MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR
LASTED NEARLY TWO YEARS.

00:31:58.750 --> 00:32:01.919
WITH MEXICO'S SURRENDER
IN FEBRUARY 1848,

00:32:02.003 --> 00:32:05.173
THE UNITED STATES
DOUBLED IN SIZE,

00:32:05.256 --> 00:32:08.217
ADDING TO ITS TERRITORY
A FULL HALF

00:32:08.301 --> 00:32:10.386
OF WHAT HAD ONCE BEEN MEXICO.

00:32:10.470 --> 00:32:15.016
Gonzalez: THE ENORMOUS WEALTH
THAT CAME TO THE UNITED STATES,

00:32:15.099 --> 00:32:18.102
THE SILVER THAT CAME
OUT OF NEVADA.

00:32:18.186 --> 00:32:22.899
ARIZONA BECAME THE CENTER
OF COPPER IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:32:22.982 --> 00:32:26.527
NEW MEXICO SUPPLIED A HUGE
PORTION OF AMERICA'S WOOL.

00:32:26.611 --> 00:32:29.697
ALL OF THIS WAS
MEXICAN TERRITORY

00:32:29.781 --> 00:32:31.532
SEIZED BY
THE UNITED STATES

00:32:31.616 --> 00:32:34.369
AS A RESULT OF WINNING
THE MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR.

00:32:34.452 --> 00:32:37.955
Narrator: 80,000 MEXICANS
WERE GIVEN THE CHOICE

00:32:38.039 --> 00:32:40.208
TO BECOME
AMERICAN CITIZENS

00:32:40.291 --> 00:32:43.419
UNDER THE TREATY
OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO.

00:32:43.503 --> 00:32:45.380
Montejano: THE TREATY
OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO

00:32:45.463 --> 00:32:47.298
PROVIDED CERTAIN RIGHTS
AND PROTECTIONS

00:32:47.382 --> 00:32:50.885
FOR THE NEWLY MADE AMERICAN
CITIZENS OF MEXICAN DESCENT.

00:32:50.968 --> 00:32:54.889
THAT INCLUDED PROTECTION OF
THEIR LAND RIGHTS, FOR EXAMPLE.

00:32:54.972 --> 00:32:56.891
THEY WERE TO BE TREATED
AS CITIZENS,

00:32:56.974 --> 00:32:58.476
ENTITLED TO
THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

00:32:58.559 --> 00:33:01.688
Narrator: "AMERICANS
AND MEXICANS WILL NOW BE

00:33:01.771 --> 00:33:04.399
ONE AND THE SAME PEOPLE,"
THE MILITARY GOVERNOR

00:33:04.482 --> 00:33:07.235
OF CALIFORNIA,
RICHARD MASON, DECLARED,

00:33:07.318 --> 00:33:09.153
"SUBJECT TO THE SAME LAWS,

00:33:09.237 --> 00:33:11.322
"ENJOYING THE SAME
RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES.

00:33:11.406 --> 00:33:15.660
THEY SHOULD BECOME
A BAND OF BROTHERS."

00:33:17.286 --> 00:33:20.081
MARIANO VALLEJO HAD RETURNED
HOME TO SONOMA

00:33:20.164 --> 00:33:22.166
AFTER TWO MONTHS
IN PRISON

00:33:22.250 --> 00:33:24.627
ONLY TO FIND SQUATTERS
ON HIS LAND,

00:33:24.711 --> 00:33:29.549
HIS CATTLE SLAUGHTERED,
HIS HORSES STOLEN.

00:33:29.632 --> 00:33:33.511
CONFIDENT THAT HIS RIGHTS WOULD
BE PROTECTED UNDER AMERICAN LAW,

00:33:33.594 --> 00:33:36.264
HE VOWED TO BURN
HIS MEXICAN ARMY UNIFORM

00:33:36.347 --> 00:33:39.767
AS A GESTURE OF ALLEGIANCE
TO THE UNITED STATES.

00:33:41.728 --> 00:33:43.312
Garcia: AS IT WORKED OUT,

00:33:43.396 --> 00:33:47.191
THOSE RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES
WERE CONTINUALLY TESTED.

00:33:53.990 --> 00:33:56.868
Narrator: IN JANUARY 1848,
A CHANCE DISCOVERY

00:33:56.951 --> 00:33:59.954
AT A WATER CHANNEL
NEAR SACRAMENTO

00:34:00.037 --> 00:34:03.791
WOULD CHALLENGE VALLEJO'S
CONFIDENCE IN THE FUTURE,

00:34:03.875 --> 00:34:08.004
AS THE GOLD RUSH FOREVER
TRANSFORMED CALIFORNIA.

00:34:08.087 --> 00:34:10.173
Montejano: CALIFORNIA.
MY GOD. CALIFORNIA.

00:34:10.256 --> 00:34:13.968
THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD,
I MEAN, BASICALLY OVERWHELMS

00:34:14.051 --> 00:34:16.971
THE OLD MEXICAN FAMILIES
OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.

00:34:17.054 --> 00:34:19.182
THEY'RE OVERWHELMED
ALMOST IMMEDIATELY.

00:34:21.058 --> 00:34:23.019
Narrator: THE FIRST
TO PROFIT FROM THE BOOM

00:34:23.102 --> 00:34:25.229
WERE THOSE WHO LIVED
NEAR SACRAMENTO,

00:34:25.313 --> 00:34:28.524
MOSTLY MEXICANS
AND CALIFORNIOS.

00:34:28.608 --> 00:34:31.527
A JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
FROM LOS ANGELES,

00:34:31.611 --> 00:34:34.238
ANTONIO CORONEL,
RUSHED TO THE GOLD FIELDS

00:34:34.322 --> 00:34:35.990
TO TRY HIS LUCK.

00:34:36.074 --> 00:34:39.076
Man as Coronel: EVERYONE
BEGAN TO WORK AT DAYBREAK.

00:34:39.160 --> 00:34:42.413
SOON, AFTER A LITTLE DIGGING,
WE CAME TO THE GOLD DEPOSITS,

00:34:42.497 --> 00:34:46.125
AND EVERYONE WHO WAS WORKING
WAS HAPPY WITH THE RESULTS.

00:34:47.627 --> 00:34:50.254
Narrator: AS WORD SPREAD
AROUND THE WORLD,

00:34:50.338 --> 00:34:52.548
YOUNG MEN FROM CHINA TO CHILE

00:34:52.632 --> 00:34:54.884
AND EVERY CORNER
OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT

00:34:54.967 --> 00:34:58.179
LEFT EVERYTHING BEHIND
AND FLOCKED TO CALIFORNIA.

00:34:58.262 --> 00:35:03.267
WITH THE AMERICANS CAME
A NEW HIERARCHY BASED ON RACE.

00:35:04.852 --> 00:35:07.271
Gerstle: WHAT WE SEE
BEING IMPORTED INTO CALIFORNIA

00:35:07.355 --> 00:35:11.067
VERY POWERFULLY IS A SENSE
OF, "WELL, THE ANGLOS,

00:35:11.150 --> 00:35:12.735
"THIS IS THEIR DESTINY.

00:35:12.819 --> 00:35:15.029
"THIS IS ONE
OF THE EXPRESSIONS

00:35:15.112 --> 00:35:17.657
"OF THE PROVIDENTIAL MISSION

00:35:17.740 --> 00:35:20.034
"TO CONQUER AND CIVILIZE
ALL AMERICA

00:35:20.117 --> 00:35:21.661
"FOR THE ANGLO PEOPLES,

00:35:21.744 --> 00:35:25.331
"AND THEY SHOULD BE GIVEN
FIRST CRACK, FIRST OPPORTUNITY

00:35:25.414 --> 00:35:26.791
TO GET THIS GOLD."

00:35:26.874 --> 00:35:29.502
THIS IS A MOMENT
IN WHICH

00:35:29.585 --> 00:35:31.295
THE SPANISH-SPEAKING INHABITANTS
OF CALIFORNIA

00:35:31.379 --> 00:35:33.840
FIND THEMSELVES BEING
DISCRIMINATED AGAINST.

00:35:35.883 --> 00:35:38.094
Narrator: ANTONIO CORONEL
NOTED HOW THE WEAKER

00:35:38.177 --> 00:35:41.973
WERE DISLODGED FROM THEIR
DIGGINGS BY THE STRONGER.

00:35:42.056 --> 00:35:43.599
Man as Coronel:
ONE SUNDAY, NOTICES APPEARED

00:35:43.683 --> 00:35:47.895
IN SEVERAL PLACES THAT ANYONE
WHO WAS NOT AN AMERICAN CITIZEN

00:35:47.979 --> 00:35:52.275
MUST ABANDON THE PLACE
WITHIN 24 HOURS.

00:35:52.358 --> 00:35:55.862
THIS WAS SUPPORTED
BY A GATHERING OF ARMED MEN

00:35:55.945 --> 00:36:00.533
READY TO MAKE
THAT WARNING EFFECTIVE.

00:36:02.326 --> 00:36:04.287
Montejano: LYNCHING
WAS COMMONPLACE.

00:36:04.370 --> 00:36:06.414
YOU FIND MANY
TRAVELER ACCOUNTS

00:36:06.497 --> 00:36:08.749
OF INDIVIDUALS RIDING
THROUGH THE COUNTRYSIDE

00:36:08.833 --> 00:36:12.712
AND COMING ACROSS AN INDIVIDUAL
WHO WAS HANGING FROM A TREE.

00:36:14.338 --> 00:36:17.258
Narrator: AS MANY AS 300
MEXICANS WERE LYNCHED

00:36:17.341 --> 00:36:20.469
IN CALIFORNIA IN THE YEARS
OF THE GOLD RUSH.

00:36:20.553 --> 00:36:23.347
Pitti: LYNCHINGS WERE MEANT
TO BE PUBLIC DISPLAYS

00:36:23.431 --> 00:36:25.516
OF THE POWER
OF AMERICAN SOCIETY

00:36:25.600 --> 00:36:28.811
AND OF ANGLOS
IN AMERICAN SOCIETY.

00:36:28.895 --> 00:36:32.023
THEY WERE INTENDED
TO SEND A MESSAGE TO LATINOS

00:36:32.106 --> 00:36:36.736
ABOUT THEIR PLACE
IN AMERICAN CALIFORNIA.

00:36:38.362 --> 00:36:41.657
Narrator: MADE INTO POSTCARDS
AND SOLD AS SOUVENIRS,

00:36:41.741 --> 00:36:43.451
LYNCHINGS WERE
THE MOST GROTESQUE

00:36:43.534 --> 00:36:46.203
BUT NOT THE ONLY DEMONSTRATION
OF RACIAL VIOLENCE

00:36:46.287 --> 00:36:48.956
IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST.

00:36:49.040 --> 00:36:50.625
LATINOS ARE SEEN
AS GREASERS,

00:36:50.708 --> 00:36:55.671
AS KNIFE-WIELDING,
DANGEROUS, DIRTY, SWARTHY,

00:36:55.755 --> 00:36:59.425
THREATENING FIGURES
IN GOLD RUSH SOCIETY.

00:36:59.508 --> 00:37:01.219
ON THE OTHER HAND,

00:37:01.302 --> 00:37:04.513
THERE ARE STEREOTYPES
ABOUT CALIFORNIOS,

00:37:04.597 --> 00:37:06.182
ABOUT VALLEJO AND OTHERS

00:37:06.265 --> 00:37:09.852
WHO ARE SEEN AS BARONIAL
ESTATE HOLDERS,

00:37:09.936 --> 00:37:12.313
FEUDAL LORDS
OF THE MIDDLE AGES

00:37:12.396 --> 00:37:14.815
WHO HAVE LANDED
IN THIS 19th CENTURY

00:37:14.899 --> 00:37:18.611
BUT WHO ARE REALLY PRODUCTS
OF ANOTHER TIME.

00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:24.325
Narrator: SAN FRANCISCO,
THE GATEWAY TO THE GOLD FIELDS,

00:37:24.408 --> 00:37:26.953
GREW FROM A PUEBLO
OF 200 PEOPLE

00:37:27.036 --> 00:37:31.457
TO A CITY OF 36,000
IN THE YEARS OF THE GOLD RUSH.

00:37:31.540 --> 00:37:35.044
BY THE LATE 1850's,
IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA,

00:37:35.127 --> 00:37:41.133
13,000 MEXICANS WERE OUTNUMBERED
BY 300,000 ANGLOS.

00:37:41.217 --> 00:37:43.344
AND AS THE GOLD RAN OUT,

00:37:43.427 --> 00:37:45.972
PROSPECTORS BEGAN
TO SQUAT ON LAND

00:37:46.055 --> 00:37:49.475
OWNED BY RANCHERO FAMILIES.

00:37:49.558 --> 00:37:52.186
Garcia: THEY ARE
CHALLENGING THE LAND GRANTS,

00:37:52.269 --> 00:37:54.063
AND THE SPANISH
MEXICAN LAND GRANTS

00:37:54.146 --> 00:37:55.731
WERE VERY EASY
TO CHALLENGE

00:37:55.815 --> 00:37:58.234
BECAUSE THE BOUNDARIES
WERE SO VAGUE,

00:37:58.317 --> 00:38:00.861
UNDEFINED IN MANY CASES.

00:38:00.945 --> 00:38:03.322
Ruiz: IF YOU LOOK
AT THE OLDER GRANTS,

00:38:03.406 --> 00:38:06.617
IT WILL SAY, YOU KNOW,
"30 LEAGUES THIS WAY

00:38:06.701 --> 00:38:09.120
"ACROSS THE CREEK
BY THE OAK TREE

00:38:09.203 --> 00:38:12.081
WITH THE HATCHET
EMBLAZONED IN IT."

00:38:12.164 --> 00:38:15.876
WHEREAS LOOK AT THE GRID SYSTEM
FROM THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE.

00:38:15.960 --> 00:38:18.754
EVERYTHING'S LAID OUT.
EVERYTHING'S MEASURED TO A "T."

00:38:18.838 --> 00:38:22.633
AND SO YOU HAVE PEOPLE WHO HAVE
THAT SORT OF GRID OUTLOOK

00:38:22.717 --> 00:38:25.094
OF HOW PROPERTY,
YOU KNOW, IS CLAIMED,

00:38:25.177 --> 00:38:26.554
AND THEN THEY SEE THESE.

00:38:26.637 --> 00:38:29.348
THE MEXICANOS WHO ARE LIVING
IN THE CONQUERED TERRITORY,

00:38:29.432 --> 00:38:32.143
THOSE WHO HAVE BECOME
AMERICAN BY CONQUEST,

00:38:32.226 --> 00:38:34.562
THEY BELIEVE
IN THE AMERICAN SYSTEM,

00:38:34.645 --> 00:38:37.064
AND THEY FIRST TURN
TO THE COURTS.

00:38:37.148 --> 00:38:39.233
THESE COURT CASES
OFTENTIMES TOOK

00:38:39.317 --> 00:38:41.402
A VERY LONG TIME
TO DECIDE,

00:38:41.485 --> 00:38:43.904
AND IN THE PROCESS,
THE LANDOWNERS,

00:38:43.988 --> 00:38:46.490
THE MEXICAN LANDOWNERS
HAD TO PAY FOR LAWYERS.

00:38:46.574 --> 00:38:48.075
THEY HAD TO PAY
FOR COURT COSTS.

00:38:48.159 --> 00:38:50.327
THEY HAD TO PAY FOR TRANSLATORS
BECAUSE, OF COURSE,

00:38:50.411 --> 00:38:52.455
THEY DON'T SPEAK
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

00:38:52.538 --> 00:38:54.623
THEY HAVE TO PAY TAXES.

00:38:54.707 --> 00:38:57.001
SO THAT EVEN IN THE BEST
OF CIRCUMSTANCES,

00:38:57.084 --> 00:38:59.837
WHEN THE COURTS DO RULE
IN THEIR FAVOR,

00:38:59.920 --> 00:39:01.839
THEY HAVE TO SELL
THEIR LANDS ANYWAY

00:39:01.922 --> 00:39:04.592
IN ORDER TO PAY
FOR ALL THESE COSTS.

00:39:08.387 --> 00:39:11.807
Montejano: MARIANO VALLEJO
DOESN'T KNOW WHAT TO DO.

00:39:11.891 --> 00:39:14.518
HE HAS TO DEAL WITH
SQUATTERS, YOU KNOW.

00:39:14.602 --> 00:39:17.730
HE COMPLAINS
ABOUT SQUATTERS.

00:39:17.813 --> 00:39:20.775
SO WHAT DOES THE NEW CALIFORNIA
STATE LEGISLATURE DO?

00:39:20.858 --> 00:39:23.694
THEY PASS A LAW
PROTECTING THE SQUATTERS.

00:39:23.778 --> 00:39:25.154
HA HA HA! SO...

00:39:25.237 --> 00:39:28.908
SO MUCH FOR THE TREATY
OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO, YOU KNOW.

00:39:28.991 --> 00:39:31.077
I MEAN...

00:39:32.495 --> 00:39:34.997
Narrator: VALLEJO TOOK
THE FIGHT TO KEEP HIS LAND

00:39:35.081 --> 00:39:38.292
ALL THE WAY
TO THE SUPREME COURT,

00:39:38.375 --> 00:39:41.712
BUT IN 1864,
TO PAY HIS COURT COSTS,

00:39:41.796 --> 00:39:43.672
VALLEJO WAS FORCED
TO SELL THE LAST

00:39:43.756 --> 00:39:47.218
OF HIS 65,000 ACRES
AT RANCHO PETALUMA

00:39:47.301 --> 00:39:50.971
TO A SAN FRANCISCO BANKER.

00:39:51.055 --> 00:39:55.684
Montejano: MEXICAN AMERICANS
WERE SEEN AS A CONQUERED PEOPLE.

00:39:55.768 --> 00:39:57.561
EVEN THE ELITES
COULD NOT STAND

00:39:57.645 --> 00:40:01.023
IN ANY POSITION OF AUTHORITY
OVER THE ANGLO NEWCOMERS.

00:40:01.107 --> 00:40:05.152
Man as Vallejo: THE LANGUAGE
NOW SPOKEN IN THIS COUNTRY,

00:40:05.236 --> 00:40:09.323
THE LAWS THAT GOVERN US,
THE FACES WE ENCOUNTER

00:40:09.406 --> 00:40:12.493
ARE THOSE OF THE MASTERS
OF THE LAND,

00:40:12.576 --> 00:40:15.663
ANTAGONISTIC TO OUR INTERESTS
AND OUR RIGHTS.

00:40:15.746 --> 00:40:18.833
BUT WHAT DOES THAT MATTER
TO THE CONQUEROR?

00:40:18.916 --> 00:40:23.754
HE WISHES HIS OWN
WELL-BEING, NOT OURS.

00:40:26.090 --> 00:40:29.343
Pitti: THE EASE WITH WHICH
ANGLOS WERE ABLE

00:40:29.426 --> 00:40:33.264
TO CONQUER MEXICANS WAS,
FOR MANY ANGLO OBSERVERS,

00:40:33.347 --> 00:40:35.766
PROOF OF ANGLO SUPERIORITY.

00:40:35.850 --> 00:40:40.146
AN INFERIOR PEOPLE HAD BEEN
CONQUERED BY A SUPERIOR PEOPLE.

00:40:40.229 --> 00:40:44.358
DEMOCRACY HAD WON OUT
OVER FEUDALISM AND BACKWARDNESS.

00:40:44.442 --> 00:40:47.069
PROGRESS WAS IN THE HANDS
OF THE AMERICANS,

00:40:47.153 --> 00:40:51.782
AND LATINOS WERE DESTINED
TO EXTINCTION.

00:40:53.117 --> 00:40:55.619
Sanchez: THERE'S A SENSE
OF THE INEVITABILITY

00:40:55.703 --> 00:40:57.246
OF WHITE SUPREMACY.

00:40:57.329 --> 00:40:58.956
IT'S VERY MUCH
LIKE THE THINKING

00:40:59.039 --> 00:41:00.541
TOWARDS NATIVE AMERICANS,

00:41:00.624 --> 00:41:03.085
THAT THEY WILL EVENTUALLY
WITHER AWAY

00:41:03.169 --> 00:41:05.546
BECAUSE THEY CAN'T
SUSTAIN THEMSELVES

00:41:05.629 --> 00:41:08.257
WITH THE PRESENCE
OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CULTURE.

00:41:08.340 --> 00:41:10.467
[BELL TOLLING]

00:41:36.368 --> 00:41:40.247
Narrator: CHEATED OUT OF HER
LAND BY AN AMERICAN COLONEL,

00:41:40.331 --> 00:41:42.249
APOLINARIA LORENZANA,
THE ORPHAN GIRL

00:41:42.333 --> 00:41:44.501
WHO HAD DEVOTED HER LIFE
TO THE MISSIONS,

00:41:44.585 --> 00:41:47.922
COULD NOT HOLD ON
TO HER HARD-EARNED WEALTH.

00:42:12.404 --> 00:42:16.242
[TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWING]

00:42:18.827 --> 00:42:20.329
Narrator: IN 1878,

00:42:20.412 --> 00:42:23.332
THE ATCHISON-TOPEKA,
AND SANTA FE RAILROAD

00:42:23.415 --> 00:42:25.501
STEAMED ACROSS
THE AMERICAN PLAINS

00:42:25.584 --> 00:42:28.587
INTO THE U.S. TERRITORY
OF NEW MEXICO.

00:42:33.717 --> 00:42:37.680
SETTLED IN 1598,
NEW MEXICO WAS THE LARGEST

00:42:37.763 --> 00:42:40.516
AND OLDEST SPANISH SETTLEMENT
IN THE SOUTHWEST

00:42:40.599 --> 00:42:45.729
AND WHERE THE CULTURE
OF LATINOS REMAINED STRONG.

00:42:45.813 --> 00:42:48.023
Madrid: THE INSTITUTIONS
OF THE SOCIETY

00:42:48.107 --> 00:42:49.567
WERE DEEP IN NEW MEXICO.

00:42:49.650 --> 00:42:51.986
THERE WAS A DEEPLY ROOTED
INSISTENCE

00:42:52.069 --> 00:42:54.029
ON MAINTAINING
THE SPANISH LANGUAGE,

00:42:54.113 --> 00:42:56.198
SPANISH CULTURAL TRADITIONS,

00:42:56.282 --> 00:42:59.451
SPANISH RELIGIOUS
TRADITIONS.

00:43:04.164 --> 00:43:06.041
Narrator:
IN THE 30 YEARS

00:43:06.125 --> 00:43:08.294
SINCE THE END
OF THE MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR,

00:43:08.377 --> 00:43:10.796
THE HISPANO ELITE
IN NEW MEXICO HAD PRESERVED

00:43:10.879 --> 00:43:14.049
MUCH OF ITS ECONOMIC
AND POLITICAL STANDING,

00:43:14.133 --> 00:43:16.385
EVEN AS CALIFORNIOS
AND TEJANOS

00:43:16.468 --> 00:43:21.390
HAD BEEN OVERWHELMED
BY AMERICAN EXPANSION.

00:43:22.891 --> 00:43:25.185
Montejano: NEW MEXICO IS,
IN A SENSE, SPARED

00:43:25.269 --> 00:43:28.272
THE VIOLENCE OF TEXAS
AND OF CALIFORNIA

00:43:28.355 --> 00:43:29.898
BECAUSE IT'S A DESERT.

00:43:29.982 --> 00:43:31.734
I MEAN, THERE'S
BASICALLY NOTHING THERE

00:43:31.817 --> 00:43:37.072
THAT THESE NEW SETTLERS, THESE
INCOMING ANGLO SETTLERS WANT.

00:43:37.156 --> 00:43:39.950
Pitti: THERE ARE SO MANY MORE
MEXICAN AMERICANS IN NEW MEXICO

00:43:40.034 --> 00:43:42.870
THAN THERE WERE
IN CALIFORNIA OR IN TEXAS

00:43:42.953 --> 00:43:45.289
AT THE DAWN
OF THE U.S. MEXICO WAR.

00:43:45.372 --> 00:43:47.124
THESE ARE COMMUNITIES
THAT ARE BIGGER,

00:43:47.207 --> 00:43:48.459
THAT ARE SETTLED,

00:43:48.542 --> 00:43:50.711
THAT HAVE BEEN THERE LONGER,

00:43:50.794 --> 00:43:52.963
AND THAT REALLY
MADE A DIFFERENCE.

00:43:53.047 --> 00:43:56.425
Madrid: THERE WERE FAMILIES
THAT WERE LANDHOLDING FAMILIES

00:43:56.508 --> 00:43:58.552
WHO SENT THEIR CHILDREN
OFF TO SCHOOL

00:43:58.635 --> 00:44:01.555
AT HARVARD, IN ST. LOUIS,
IN THE MIDWEST,

00:44:01.638 --> 00:44:04.350
AND WHO CAME BACK
LITERATE IN ENGLISH

00:44:04.433 --> 00:44:07.436
AND LITERATE IN SPANISH,
WHO TOOK THEIR PLACE

00:44:07.519 --> 00:44:09.063
AND HAD
LEADERSHIP POSITIONS.

00:44:09.146 --> 00:44:11.899
Narrator:
MIGUEL ANTONIO OTERO,

00:44:11.982 --> 00:44:14.276
A WEALTHY HISPANO,
HAD STUDIED LAW

00:44:14.360 --> 00:44:16.737
AT ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.

00:44:16.820 --> 00:44:19.490
ELECTED DELEGATE
TO THE U.S. CONGRESS,

00:44:19.573 --> 00:44:22.076
OTERO WAS INSTRUMENTAL
IN BRINGING THE RAILROAD

00:44:22.159 --> 00:44:24.912
INTO NORTHERN NEW MEXICO.

00:44:24.995 --> 00:44:26.246
[TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS]

00:44:26.330 --> 00:44:28.374
FOR OTERO
AND THE NEW MEXICAN ELITES,

00:44:28.457 --> 00:44:31.418
THE RAILROAD BROUGHT
ECONOMIC PROGRESS,

00:44:31.502 --> 00:44:36.090
CONNECTING THE TERRITORY
TO KANSAS AND CHICAGO.

00:44:37.341 --> 00:44:41.804
BUT FOR MANY NUEVO MEXICANOS,
IT WAS A THREAT.

00:44:41.887 --> 00:44:45.933
Madrid: IN OTHER PLACES,
ONLY GENTRY HAD LAND,

00:44:46.016 --> 00:44:50.896
BUT IN NEW MEXICO, THE LANDS
THAT WERE NOT PRIVATELY HELD

00:44:50.979 --> 00:44:53.607
WERE HELD IN COMMON,
AND THEY WERE OPEN.

00:44:53.690 --> 00:44:56.777
THEY WERE OPEN TO BE USED
BY WHOMEVER.

00:44:58.779 --> 00:45:01.949
Narrator: WITH THE RAILROAD
CAME ANGLO CATTLE RANCHERS,

00:45:02.032 --> 00:45:05.160
AND WITH THE RANCHERS
CAME BARBED WIRE

00:45:05.244 --> 00:45:09.957
THAT NOW CUT THROUGH LANDS HELD
IN COMMON BY NUEVO MEXICANOS.

00:45:10.040 --> 00:45:13.127
Madrid: THERE'S A SAYING
IN SPANISH...

00:45:13.210 --> 00:45:14.711
[SPEAKING SPANISH]

00:45:14.795 --> 00:45:17.172
WITH BARBED WIRE
CAME HUNGER,

00:45:17.256 --> 00:45:20.551
BECAUSE THE LANDS
THAT HAVE BEEN USED

00:45:20.634 --> 00:45:23.011
TO GRAZE ANIMALS
AND TO RAISE CROPS

00:45:23.095 --> 00:45:24.888
WERE FENCED OFF.

00:45:26.306 --> 00:45:29.977
WHEN PEOPLE CAME TO REALIZE THAT
THEY WERE LOSING THEIR LANDS,

00:45:30.060 --> 00:45:31.353
THEY FOUGHT BACK.

00:45:31.437 --> 00:45:33.480
Narrator:
THREE BROTHERS--

00:45:33.564 --> 00:45:36.358
PABLO, NICANOR,
AND JUAN JOSE HERRERA--

00:45:36.442 --> 00:45:38.360
ORGANIZED A RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

00:45:38.444 --> 00:45:41.363
TO PROTECT HALF A MILLION
ACRES OF LAND

00:45:41.447 --> 00:45:43.490
FROM ENCROACHMENT
BY CATTLE RANCHERS.

00:45:43.574 --> 00:45:46.285
THEY WORE HOODS
TO MASK THEIR IDENTITY

00:45:46.368 --> 00:45:49.621
AND CALLED THEMSELVES
LAS GORRAS BLANCAS,

00:45:49.705 --> 00:45:52.291
THE WHITE CAPS.

00:45:52.374 --> 00:45:55.544
Garcia: THE GORRAS BLANCAS
MAY HAVE BEEN AS LARGE

00:45:55.627 --> 00:45:57.838
AS 1,100 MEN.

00:45:57.921 --> 00:46:00.382
THEY DON'T HESITATE TO TAKE
MATTERS INTO THEIR OWN HAND

00:46:00.466 --> 00:46:02.801
AND TO DEFEND THEIR RIGHTS
WITH A GUN.

00:46:04.970 --> 00:46:07.806
Narrator: RIDING BY MOONLIGHT,
THEY TORE UP TRACK,

00:46:07.890 --> 00:46:09.850
BURNED RAILROAD BRIDGES
AND BARNS,

00:46:09.933 --> 00:46:13.228
CUT MILES OF BARBED WIRE.

00:46:13.312 --> 00:46:17.524
MY GREAT-GRANDFATHER
HAD TO LEAVE HIS HOME COMMUNITY

00:46:17.608 --> 00:46:19.193
AND MOVE UPSTREAM
TO LAS VEGAS

00:46:19.276 --> 00:46:22.863
ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL
BECAUSE HIS LANDS

00:46:22.946 --> 00:46:29.036
HAD BEEN EXPROPRIATED
BY ANGLO-AMERICAN OCCUPIERS.

00:46:29.119 --> 00:46:32.289
AND THOUGH THERE ARE NO STORIES
IN THE FAMILY

00:46:32.372 --> 00:46:35.083
ABOUT THEM RESISTING THAT,
THE LIKELIHOOD IS

00:46:35.167 --> 00:46:37.544
THAT THEY WERE PART
OF THE FENCE-CUTTERS

00:46:37.628 --> 00:46:39.379
AND THE BARN-BURNERS.

00:46:49.681 --> 00:46:51.141
Narrator:
LETTERS FROM RANCHERS

00:46:51.225 --> 00:46:53.393
COMPLAINING ABOUT
THE OUTRAGES OF FENCE-CUTTERS

00:46:53.477 --> 00:46:55.854
IN SAN MIGUEL COUNTY
RAINED ON THE GOVERNOR

00:46:55.938 --> 00:46:58.607
OF THE U.S. TERRITORY
OF NEW MEXICO.

00:46:58.690 --> 00:47:01.276
"CRIMES WERE BEING COMMITTED,
AND THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE

00:47:01.360 --> 00:47:03.403
HAS LITTLE
OR NO PROTECTION,"

00:47:03.487 --> 00:47:06.406
WROTE COUNTY CLERK
MIGUEL ANTONIO OTERO,

00:47:06.490 --> 00:47:10.994
SON OF THE MAN WHO BROUGHT
THE RAILROAD TO NEW MEXICO.

00:47:11.078 --> 00:47:16.333
BUT OTHERS BLAMED THE VIOLENCE
ON THE GREED OF LAND GRABBERS.

00:47:16.416 --> 00:47:18.377
WHEN IN NOVEMBER 1889

00:47:18.460 --> 00:47:21.797
THE HERRERA BROTHERS AND 44
OTHER SO-CALLED FENCE-CUTTERS

00:47:21.880 --> 00:47:24.758
WERE ARRESTED,
THE LOCAL NEWSPAPER NOTED,

00:47:24.841 --> 00:47:27.177
"IT WILL BE
A VERY DIFFICULT MATTER

00:47:27.261 --> 00:47:29.513
"TO OBTAIN A JURY
WHO CAN BE PERSUADED

00:47:29.596 --> 00:47:31.431
"TO PUNISH
THEIR FELLOW CITIZENS

00:47:31.515 --> 00:47:34.268
"FOR ACTS, THOUGH ILLEGAL,
THEY IN THEIR OWN HEARTS

00:47:34.351 --> 00:47:37.604
FEEL TO BE RIGHT."

00:47:37.688 --> 00:47:41.108
THE CHARGES AGAINST LAS GORRAS
BLANCAS WERE DISMISSED.

00:47:41.191 --> 00:47:45.195
THEY DISBANDED IN 1891.

00:47:45.279 --> 00:47:48.323
THE FENCING
AT SAN MIGUEL COUNTY STOPPED.

00:47:48.407 --> 00:47:51.785
BUT IN A MATTER OF DECADES,
ONLY A FEW THOUSAND ACRES

00:47:51.868 --> 00:47:55.914
REMAINED OF THE HALF-MILLION
ACRE LAS VEGAS LAND GRANT.

00:47:55.998 --> 00:47:59.626
Griego: EVERY FAMILY
IN NEW MEXICO HAS A STORY ABOUT

00:47:59.710 --> 00:48:01.837
"OH, WE USED TO OWN
A LOT OF LAND."

00:48:01.920 --> 00:48:03.380
"WELL, WHAT HAPPENED
TO THAT LAND?"

00:48:03.463 --> 00:48:05.382
"WELL, WE DON'T OWN IT ANYMORE."

00:48:05.465 --> 00:48:06.842
"WELL, WHAT
HAPPENED TO IT?"

00:48:06.925 --> 00:48:09.928
"WELL, WE DON'T KNOW.
IT WAS LOST SOMEHOW."

00:48:11.346 --> 00:48:13.515
Narrator: LAS GORRAS BLANCAS
COULD NOT PROTECT

00:48:13.599 --> 00:48:15.684
THE LANDS OF NUEVO MEXICANOS,

00:48:15.767 --> 00:48:18.186
BUT THEY MADE HISTORY
IN A DIFFERENT WAY,

00:48:18.270 --> 00:48:23.233
HELPING TO SET A PRECEDENT OF
LATINO RESISTANCE TO INJUSTICE.

00:48:28.864 --> 00:48:31.283
NUEVO MEXICANOS CONTINUED
TO FIGHT FOR THEIR RIGHTS

00:48:31.366 --> 00:48:35.245
AS AMERICAN CITIZENS
IN A CONQUERED TERRITORY.

00:48:36.663 --> 00:48:39.333
COUNTY CLERK
MIGUEL ANTONIO OTERO

00:48:39.416 --> 00:48:40.667
WAS APPOINTED GOVERNOR

00:48:40.751 --> 00:48:42.919
BY U.S. PRESIDENT
WILLIAM McKINLEY

00:48:43.003 --> 00:48:45.589
AND SERVED FOR TWO TERMS.

00:48:45.672 --> 00:48:48.508
THE LEADER
OF LAS GORRAS BLANCAS,

00:48:48.592 --> 00:48:51.845
JUAN JOSE HERRERA,
TRADED HIS WHITE CAP

00:48:51.928 --> 00:48:54.681
FOR A VESTED SUIT
AND WAS ELECTED

00:48:54.765 --> 00:48:58.685
PROBATE JUDGE
OF SAN MIGUEL COUNTY.

00:48:58.769 --> 00:49:02.856
NEW MEXICO IS UNIQUE AMONG ALL
THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

00:49:02.939 --> 00:49:05.859
IN HAVING SUBSTANTIAL
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

00:49:05.942 --> 00:49:10.364
ON THE PART
OF THE HISPANIC PEOPLE.

00:49:12.240 --> 00:49:14.826
Garcia: WELL INTO
THE 20th CENTURY,

00:49:14.910 --> 00:49:17.621
PEOPLE OF MEXICAN ANCESTRY
CONTINUE TO BE

00:49:17.704 --> 00:49:20.123
THE NUMERICAL MAJORITY
IN NEW MEXICO,

00:49:20.207 --> 00:49:22.292
AND BECAUSE THEY ARE
THE MAJORITY,

00:49:22.376 --> 00:49:24.753
THEY HAVE A VERY DIFFERENT
EXPERIENCE

00:49:24.836 --> 00:49:28.048
THAN, SAY, THE TEJANOS
OR THE CALIFORNIOS.

00:49:34.554 --> 00:49:37.974
Narrator:
IN SONOMA, CALIFORNIA,

00:49:38.058 --> 00:49:40.894
ON A SMALL ESTATE
HE CALLED LAGRIMA MONTIS,

00:49:40.977 --> 00:49:42.479
TEARS OF THE MOUNTAIN,

00:49:42.562 --> 00:49:46.066
MARIANO VALLEJO
SPENT HIS WANING YEARS.

00:49:47.818 --> 00:49:50.195
STRIPPED OF HIS INFLUENCE
AND FORTUNE,

00:49:50.278 --> 00:49:52.280
HE MADE A MODEST LIVING
SELLING WATER

00:49:52.364 --> 00:49:55.909
FROM A RESERVOIR
BEHIND HIS HOME.

00:49:55.992 --> 00:49:59.162
VALLEJO DIED IN 1890
AFTER COMPLETING

00:49:59.246 --> 00:50:03.250
A 5-VOLUME HISTORY TO UPHOLD
THE LEGACY OF CALIFORNIOS

00:50:03.333 --> 00:50:08.088
AND HIS OWN PLACE AS ONE OF
CALIFORNIA'S FOUNDING FATHERS.

00:50:13.093 --> 00:50:16.471
THE SURVIVOR OF EL ALAMO,
JUAN SEGUIN,

00:50:16.555 --> 00:50:21.977
RETIRED TO MEXICO, WHERE HE
DIED, FORGOTTEN, IN 1890.

00:50:22.060 --> 00:50:25.605
80 YEARS LATER, HIS REMAINS
WERE BROUGHT TO TEXAS

00:50:25.689 --> 00:50:27.399
AND BURIED WITH HONORS.

00:50:27.482 --> 00:50:30.485
IN HIS MEMOIR,
SEGUIN CALLED HIMSELF

00:50:30.569 --> 00:50:32.696
"A FOREIGNER
IN MY OWN LAND"

00:50:32.779 --> 00:50:35.282
AND SPOKE FOR TENS
OF THOUSANDS OF LATINOS,

00:50:35.365 --> 00:50:40.912
NOW SECOND-CLASS CITIZENS IN A
LAND THAT HAD ONCE BEEN THEIRS.