00:00:10.544 --> 00:00:13.475
(helicopter blades whirring)

00:00:13.475 --> 00:00:17.270
(people chattering)
(dramatic music)

00:00:17.270 --> 00:00:20.629
(machine gun fire)

00:00:20.629 --> 00:00:24.546
- Make no mistake about
it we are going to win.

00:00:26.310 --> 00:00:29.940
And we don't plan to let
people pressure and force us

00:00:29.940 --> 00:00:34.230
to divide our nation in
a time of national peril.

00:00:34.230 --> 00:00:35.493
The hour is here.

00:00:36.726 --> 00:00:39.890
(audience applauding)
(engines roaring)

00:00:39.890 --> 00:00:42.350
(explosions booming)

00:00:42.350 --> 00:00:44.430
- I pray to God that
America will hear this

00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:49.113
before it's too late because
today we are fighting a war.

00:00:51.330 --> 00:00:54.240
I'm convinced that it is
one of the most unjust wars

00:00:54.240 --> 00:00:58.163
that has ever been fought
in the history of the world.

00:00:58.163 --> 00:01:00.746
(somber music)

00:01:05.894 --> 00:01:08.644
(fire crackling)

00:01:10.893 --> 00:01:15.893
(engines whirring)
(somber music)

00:01:18.696 --> 00:01:21.446
(mournful music)

00:01:26.561 --> 00:01:28.972
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

00:01:28.972 --> 00:01:31.080
(somber music)

00:01:31.080 --> 00:01:34.530
- [Emcee] You may announce your
name to the mic if you wish.

00:01:34.530 --> 00:01:36.267
- Joe Stuart, New York.

00:01:38.354 --> 00:01:40.547
- Ron Rosen, New York.

00:01:40.547 --> 00:01:42.663
- [Geryl] Geryl Hutchins, New York City.

00:01:43.830 --> 00:01:46.253
- [Brian] Brian Western from
Glen Harris, New Jersey.

00:01:47.520 --> 00:01:49.070
- [Phil] Phil Murphy, New York.

00:01:50.490 --> 00:01:52.790
- [Patrick] Patrick
Cunningham, New York City.

00:01:54.750 --> 00:01:57.390
- I'd like to try and understand the act

00:01:57.390 --> 00:01:59.830
and understand what it means today

00:02:01.140 --> 00:02:04.483
to take the position of
non-cooperation with the draft.

00:02:04.483 --> 00:02:07.020
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

00:02:07.020 --> 00:02:08.940
- That moment where they decide to go

00:02:08.940 --> 00:02:13.680
and turn in their draft
card and invite prosecution,

00:02:13.680 --> 00:02:15.870
putting themselves in individual jeopardy

00:02:15.870 --> 00:02:19.620
requires a certain amount of courage,

00:02:19.620 --> 00:02:22.773
and poise, and grace.

00:02:23.970 --> 00:02:25.620
I grew up in Fresno, California,

00:02:25.620 --> 00:02:28.663
Fresno High School, boy of the year 1963.

00:02:28.663 --> 00:02:30.753
I came to Stanford on a scholarship.

00:02:31.770 --> 00:02:34.080
We registered for the
draft when we turned 18

00:02:34.080 --> 00:02:36.590
and I did that without a
second thought, really.

00:02:36.590 --> 00:02:38.760
- We were all spawned
of the Second World War

00:02:38.760 --> 00:02:40.980
where America was so great

00:02:40.980 --> 00:02:44.463
but this in Vietnam seemed to
be a betrayal of all of that.

00:02:45.480 --> 00:02:48.180
It was a full evolution from patriotism

00:02:48.180 --> 00:02:50.460
to a stance of resistance

00:02:50.460 --> 00:02:54.720
against a very ugly,
vicious, an amoral war.

00:02:54.720 --> 00:02:57.750
- I felt really good about
returning my draft card

00:02:57.750 --> 00:03:01.260
and making the decision to
resist it no matter what.

00:03:01.260 --> 00:03:03.600
And so at that point in time,

00:03:03.600 --> 00:03:07.310
I knew I was going to go to
prison, I mean, I knew it.

00:03:07.310 --> 00:03:09.671
♪ I ain't gonna study war no more ♪

00:03:09.671 --> 00:03:11.851
♪ Ain't gonna study war no more ♪

00:03:11.851 --> 00:03:16.098
♪ Ain't gonna study war no more, no more ♪

00:03:16.098 --> 00:03:18.480
♪ I ain't gonna study war no more ♪

00:03:18.480 --> 00:03:21.015
♪ Ain't gonna study war no more ♪

00:03:21.015 --> 00:03:24.015
♪ Study war no more ♪

00:03:28.710 --> 00:03:31.698
- I was an all-American
kid, I loved the country,

00:03:31.698 --> 00:03:32.850
I played left field

00:03:32.850 --> 00:03:35.250
for Garden Grove Little
League Baseball team

00:03:35.250 --> 00:03:38.130
but other than that I was
never lefty, you know. (laughs)

00:03:38.130 --> 00:03:39.810
- I was a frat boy.

00:03:39.810 --> 00:03:40.863
I was a ball player.

00:03:41.850 --> 00:03:43.710
You play USC, you run out on the field,

00:03:43.710 --> 00:03:45.600
there's 100,000 people in the stands,

00:03:45.600 --> 00:03:46.887
you know, in the stadium.

00:03:46.887 --> 00:03:50.280
The energy is just, you're
not even touching the ground,

00:03:50.280 --> 00:03:53.253
you're flying, it's just quite a moment.

00:03:54.390 --> 00:03:56.220
At the same time, the same moment,

00:03:56.220 --> 00:03:59.703
50,000 marines were hitting
the beach at Cam Ranh Bay.

00:04:01.380 --> 00:04:04.050
I mean, if we're really
at war and I'm an American

00:04:04.050 --> 00:04:06.330
and a patriot, and it challenged me,

00:04:06.330 --> 00:04:09.390
it called into question where I belong,

00:04:09.390 --> 00:04:10.540
what I should be doing.

00:04:14.040 --> 00:04:16.830
Daily the war was brought
to our front rooms

00:04:16.830 --> 00:04:19.170
on the television so, I
mean, there was no excuse.

00:04:19.170 --> 00:04:23.070
- TV was very instrumental in influencing

00:04:23.070 --> 00:04:25.140
how I felt about the war,

00:04:25.140 --> 00:04:27.690
documenting horrendous footage

00:04:27.690 --> 00:04:30.933
of Buddhist monks burning
themselves in protest.

00:04:32.190 --> 00:04:35.250
- This guy lit himself
on fire because of this?

00:04:35.250 --> 00:04:36.453
What's going on here?

00:04:37.440 --> 00:04:40.200
And that famous picture
of where the police chief

00:04:40.200 --> 00:04:42.524
was shooting the guy in the head.

00:04:42.524 --> 00:04:45.122
(gun firing)

00:04:45.122 --> 00:04:45.955
And, hm.

00:04:47.708 --> 00:04:49.380
(mournful music)

00:04:49.380 --> 00:04:51.150
- The young girl with the napalm

00:04:51.150 --> 00:04:53.460
on her back, screaming
running down the road,

00:04:53.460 --> 00:04:54.793
you know, sorry.

00:04:57.086 --> 00:04:58.620
(mournful music)

00:04:58.620 --> 00:05:00.480
- We dropped more bombs on Vietnam

00:05:00.480 --> 00:05:04.290
than were dropped in all
theaters of World War II.

00:05:04.290 --> 00:05:09.290
It was a carnage of
unbelievable scope and savagery.

00:05:09.450 --> 00:05:10.890
- The question I think we all faced

00:05:10.890 --> 00:05:12.930
is our moral responsibility

00:05:12.930 --> 00:05:15.030
to confront what was happening over there.

00:05:15.930 --> 00:05:17.943
This was not going to be my war.

00:05:19.890 --> 00:05:22.140
The issue was how do we
go about stopping it,

00:05:22.140 --> 00:05:24.723
not how do I save my ass.

00:05:26.673 --> 00:05:29.523
- I have today ordered to
Vietnam the air mobile division

00:05:30.360 --> 00:05:31.680
and certain other forces

00:05:31.680 --> 00:05:33.810
which will raise our fighting strength

00:05:33.810 --> 00:05:38.810
from 75,000 to 125,000
men almost immediately.

00:05:40.200 --> 00:05:41.670
This will make it necessary

00:05:41.670 --> 00:05:43.920
to increase our active fighting forces

00:05:43.920 --> 00:05:46.560
by raising the monthly draft call

00:05:46.560 --> 00:05:49.450
from 17,000 over a period of time

00:05:49.450 --> 00:05:53.258
to 35,000 per month.

00:05:53.258 --> 00:05:55.925
(gentle music)

00:05:59.490 --> 00:06:00.690
- [David] For those who aren't familiar

00:06:00.690 --> 00:06:02.160
with what the draft law was,

00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:05.310
you were required to keep on
your possession at all times,

00:06:05.310 --> 00:06:06.630
proof that you had registered

00:06:06.630 --> 00:06:08.310
with the Selective Service System.

00:06:08.310 --> 00:06:12.450
Not being in possession of
that proof was punishable

00:06:12.450 --> 00:06:14.297
by up to five years in prison.

00:06:14.297 --> 00:06:18.443
♪ You're old enough to
kill but not for votin' ♪

00:06:18.443 --> 00:06:21.012
♪ You don't believe in war ♪

00:06:21.012 --> 00:06:22.380
♪ But what's that gun you're totin' ♪

00:06:22.380 --> 00:06:24.600
The effect of conscription was

00:06:24.600 --> 00:06:26.430
to give the government a blank check.

00:06:26.430 --> 00:06:29.850
They never had to go to the
people and ask for permission,

00:06:29.850 --> 00:06:32.730
they already had it, they
had the law in place.

00:06:32.730 --> 00:06:36.210
- Congress passed the law with
administration's full support

00:06:36.210 --> 00:06:39.273
to make it illegal to tear up
or destroy your draft card.

00:06:40.170 --> 00:06:42.390
So naturally a form of protest

00:06:42.390 --> 00:06:45.320
against that was to
destroy your draft card.

00:06:45.320 --> 00:06:47.880
(audience applauding)

00:06:47.880 --> 00:06:48.870
- [Michael] The first person

00:06:48.870 --> 00:06:51.540
to challenge the new law is David Miller,

00:06:51.540 --> 00:06:55.380
a 22-year-old pacifist who
publicly burns his draft card

00:06:55.380 --> 00:06:58.650
outside an army induction
center in Manhattan.

00:06:58.650 --> 00:07:01.020
- I took my draft cards,
I put them in an envelope,

00:07:01.020 --> 00:07:02.610
sealed it up, put a stamp on it,

00:07:02.610 --> 00:07:06.000
walked down to the
corner mailbox, put it in

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:09.360
and walked back about feet off the ground.

00:07:09.360 --> 00:07:13.014
I mean, the eye-opener
for me was Mississippi.

00:07:13.014 --> 00:07:17.461
(gentle music)
(people chattering)

00:07:17.461 --> 00:07:18.294
I was a civil rights worker

00:07:18.294 --> 00:07:21.030
in Quitman County, Mississippi in 1964

00:07:21.030 --> 00:07:24.870
and the experience of seeing
what was under the covers

00:07:24.870 --> 00:07:28.380
in America suddenly gave
you a whole new perspective.

00:07:28.380 --> 00:07:30.330
- There are five counties in Mississippi,

00:07:30.330 --> 00:07:32.760
each at least 57% Negro

00:07:32.760 --> 00:07:35.733
in which no Negroes at all are registered.

00:07:36.630 --> 00:07:38.070
- Many of the draft resisters,

00:07:38.070 --> 00:07:40.350
they had gone south in the early '60s

00:07:40.350 --> 00:07:43.200
and so that's incredibly important

00:07:43.200 --> 00:07:47.550
as they plan their strategies and tactics.

00:07:47.550 --> 00:07:51.330
- After suddenly experiencing
America in the wrong,

00:07:51.330 --> 00:07:52.980
as one did in Mississippi,

00:07:52.980 --> 00:07:55.260
it was possible to evaluate the war

00:07:55.260 --> 00:07:57.780
they were asking us to fight
and it bore no resemblance

00:07:57.780 --> 00:08:00.333
to what I thought Americans
were supposed to do.

00:08:03.660 --> 00:08:06.720
- [David] Evil is a
participatory phenomenon

00:08:06.720 --> 00:08:10.500
and it counts on participation
in order to be successful,

00:08:10.500 --> 00:08:12.000
and the first option you have

00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:13.863
is withdrawing your participation.

00:08:15.540 --> 00:08:19.203
- So I cut up my draft
card, put it in an envelope,

00:08:20.430 --> 00:08:23.190
with a note saying that I was
no longer going to cooperate

00:08:23.190 --> 00:08:25.260
with Selective Service.

00:08:25.260 --> 00:08:27.663
- Any moment I'll be hauled off to prison.

00:08:29.173 --> 00:08:30.960
- Don't make me laugh.
How could you do this?

00:08:30.960 --> 00:08:34.770
- This was not a popular
position in Greater America.

00:08:34.770 --> 00:08:36.840
To the American public,

00:08:36.840 --> 00:08:38.910
particularly the pro-war American public,

00:08:38.910 --> 00:08:41.850
anybody who's a draft law
violator is a draft dodger

00:08:41.850 --> 00:08:44.073
and a coward and unpatriotic.

00:08:45.285 --> 00:08:50.000
- [Reporter] And there
from the crowd comes, ooh.

00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:52.770
- In South Boston they
announced in advance

00:08:52.770 --> 00:08:55.560
they were going to burn their draft cards.

00:08:55.560 --> 00:09:00.560
A mob, and this rush of 75
or so high school students

00:09:00.750 --> 00:09:04.263
storms the steps and just
starts pounding on them.

00:09:05.098 --> 00:09:07.848
(crowd shouting)

00:09:10.561 --> 00:09:13.008
And those guys all go to prison.

00:09:13.008 --> 00:09:16.470
(dramatic music)

00:09:16.470 --> 00:09:21.470
In 1965, there are 250
draft-related convictions.

00:09:21.720 --> 00:09:24.720
In 1966, there are 450,

00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:27.660
and by '67 over 750,

00:09:27.660 --> 00:09:29.583
with thousands of cases pending.

00:09:30.923 --> 00:09:32.508
(dramatic music)

00:09:32.508 --> 00:09:36.240
(audience applauding)

00:09:36.240 --> 00:09:37.470
- [Reporter] What do you
think of draft dodgers?

00:09:37.470 --> 00:09:39.653
Is that an alternative
to going to Vietnam?

00:09:39.653 --> 00:09:43.456
- I think for we
pacifists, all seven of us.

00:09:43.456 --> 00:09:45.480
(audience laughing)

00:09:45.480 --> 00:09:49.740
The most encouraging thing
is when a young man says no

00:09:49.740 --> 00:09:52.590
to Uncle Sam and will
take the jail sentence.

00:09:52.590 --> 00:09:54.810
- [Interviewer] You're
vice president of a school,

00:09:54.810 --> 00:09:56.550
the school for non-violence,

00:09:56.550 --> 00:09:58.150
what are you trying to do there?

00:10:00.330 --> 00:10:01.740
- The reason I started the school

00:10:01.740 --> 00:10:04.320
is that we try to make
available literature

00:10:04.320 --> 00:10:08.193
and things that give us ideas
of alternatives to violence.

00:10:10.410 --> 00:10:12.207
We don't have a graduation
and tests and all that,

00:10:12.207 --> 00:10:16.083
but when they leave the school
they go to jail, you know.

00:10:16.083 --> 00:10:18.856
(audience laughing)

00:10:18.856 --> 00:10:21.439
(gentle music)

00:10:22.574 --> 00:10:27.574
♪ Oh, oh, freedom ♪

00:10:28.596 --> 00:10:31.096
♪ Oh, freedom ♪

00:10:33.840 --> 00:10:34.770
- Well the first that we're talking

00:10:34.770 --> 00:10:36.450
about Kings influence on me

00:10:36.450 --> 00:10:38.100
which started when I was 16.

00:10:38.100 --> 00:10:40.086
And I was at a conference of
kids from all over the country.

00:10:40.086 --> 00:10:44.610
And Dr. King was the guest speaker.

00:10:44.610 --> 00:10:49.610
And I was dissolved in
tears for the whole speech

00:10:50.100 --> 00:10:52.320
because I had read about non-violence

00:10:52.320 --> 00:10:55.020
and I knew about non-violence
and they were doing it.

00:10:55.020 --> 00:10:56.640
- [Reporter] More than 200,000 came

00:10:56.640 --> 00:11:00.090
to Washington this morning in
the struggle for equal rights.

00:11:00.090 --> 00:11:03.540
- We hold these truths to be self-evident:

00:11:03.540 --> 00:11:05.650
that all men are created equal.

00:11:05.650 --> 00:11:07.917
(audience applauding)

00:11:07.917 --> 00:11:11.922
♪ Hold on, hold on ♪

00:11:11.922 --> 00:11:14.413
♪ Keep your eyes on the prize ♪

00:11:14.413 --> 00:11:16.580
♪ Hold on ♪

00:11:18.030 --> 00:11:21.870
- During the Christmas period of 1965,

00:11:21.870 --> 00:11:26.640
women in Macon in Mississippi
began to talk about the war.

00:11:26.640 --> 00:11:30.390
They wanted to know why
it is that their sons were

00:11:30.390 --> 00:11:35.130
in Vietnam fighting
for allegedly democracy

00:11:35.130 --> 00:11:37.860
but you don't have democracy
when you get back home.

00:11:37.860 --> 00:11:39.450
- At the beginning of 1965,

00:11:39.450 --> 00:11:42.540
there were 23,000 American
service men in Vietnam.

00:11:42.540 --> 00:11:43.530
Currently, there are

00:11:43.530 --> 00:11:47.283
about 267,000 US fighting men in Vietnam.

00:11:50.277 --> 00:11:51.150
- The situation and the system

00:11:51.150 --> 00:11:52.530
that the United States has allows

00:11:52.530 --> 00:11:55.590
for black people no alternative
but to become hired killers.

00:11:55.590 --> 00:11:56.970
They don't have jobs in the ghetto,

00:11:56.970 --> 00:11:59.580
the only out is to try
and make it in Vietnam.

00:11:59.580 --> 00:12:01.652
That's the fault of the United States.

00:12:01.652 --> 00:12:04.126
- Hell, no, I ain't going!

00:12:04.126 --> 00:12:06.876
(crowd shouting)

00:12:09.315 --> 00:12:11.871
♪ I ain't gonna go ♪

00:12:11.871 --> 00:12:13.033
♪ Ain't gonna go ♪

00:12:13.033 --> 00:12:14.919
♪ Oh, hell, no ♪

00:12:14.919 --> 00:12:17.760
♪ Hell, no ♪

00:12:17.760 --> 00:12:21.450
- I was one of the people
who decided to file suit

00:12:21.450 --> 00:12:24.420
against the Selective
Service System offices

00:12:24.420 --> 00:12:26.613
in Georgia and South Carolina.

00:12:27.780 --> 00:12:29.520
There was a disproportionate number

00:12:29.520 --> 00:12:31.863
of African-Americans
who were being drafted.

00:12:33.780 --> 00:12:36.240
We all began to feel the pressure

00:12:36.240 --> 00:12:38.943
from the FBI and the military.

00:12:39.930 --> 00:12:41.793
I was then drafted,

00:12:42.756 --> 00:12:45.000
and I did what we had
asked other people to do

00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:48.840
and that was say, "Hell,
no, I'm not going to go."

00:12:48.840 --> 00:12:50.370
They ended up sentencing me

00:12:50.370 --> 00:12:53.820
to five years in the federal penitentiary.

00:12:53.820 --> 00:12:57.180
But we also began to in our communications

00:12:57.180 --> 00:13:00.600
have more and more discussion
and dialogue with Dr. King,

00:13:00.600 --> 00:13:04.950
and began to ask when was
he going to make a statement

00:13:04.950 --> 00:13:07.020
against the war in Vietnam.

00:13:07.020 --> 00:13:09.810
He was not prepared to push
it, he had an organization,

00:13:09.810 --> 00:13:12.630
and that organization had to be willing

00:13:12.630 --> 00:13:15.300
to accept the consequences.

00:13:15.300 --> 00:13:17.995
I mean, that was a tough issue to take on.

00:13:17.995 --> 00:13:20.745
(people singing)

00:13:27.780 --> 00:13:30.420
- And we have been
wrong from the beginning

00:13:30.420 --> 00:13:35.420
of our intervention in Vietnam,
and I don't know about you,

00:13:36.750 --> 00:13:39.070
I ain't gonna study war no more.

00:13:41.223 --> 00:13:42.930
(audience applauding)

00:13:42.930 --> 00:13:44.400
- That cut the line

00:13:44.400 --> 00:13:47.160
between him and the White House overnight

00:13:47.160 --> 00:13:50.010
as soon as he left this rather safe area,

00:13:50.010 --> 00:13:52.800
for the administration, of civil rights

00:13:52.800 --> 00:13:56.117
and switch over to the not-so-safe.

00:13:56.117 --> 00:13:58.784
(pensive music)

00:14:05.520 --> 00:14:08.460
- The draft resistance
movement had picked up,

00:14:08.460 --> 00:14:09.927
the anti-war movement had picked up

00:14:09.927 --> 00:14:13.230
and all of a sudden wasn't just
a couple isolated pacifists

00:14:13.230 --> 00:14:17.010
with placards holding silent village ills,

00:14:17.010 --> 00:14:21.480
it was beginning to meld with
sex, drugs, and rock and roll.

00:14:21.480 --> 00:14:25.107
I mean it was just wild.

00:14:25.107 --> 00:14:27.840
(upbeat music)

00:14:27.840 --> 00:14:31.380
- There's a moment where it's not clear

00:14:31.380 --> 00:14:33.270
what's driving the whole movement.

00:14:33.270 --> 00:14:36.330
It's like a dance with
all these different groups

00:14:36.330 --> 00:14:38.610
doing the thing that's
most important to them

00:14:38.610 --> 00:14:41.370
and focused on the war in different ways,

00:14:41.370 --> 00:14:43.320
and then it ends up being draft resistance

00:14:43.320 --> 00:14:46.622
in a very, I think clear and obvious way.

00:14:46.622 --> 00:14:51.600
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:56.100
- Very quickly then I got
indicted for my draft resistance.

00:14:56.100 --> 00:14:58.110
So we thought we'd pioneer something new

00:14:58.110 --> 00:15:00.060
and we'd try a coffee house sanctuary.

00:15:00.060 --> 00:15:04.860
And that didn't work out
actually either. (laughs)

00:15:04.860 --> 00:15:08.850
I pled guilty and was sentenced
to three years in prison

00:15:08.850 --> 00:15:10.803
and packed off to jail.

00:15:12.499 --> 00:15:14.700
(pensive music)

00:15:14.700 --> 00:15:16.110
- I was a young guy back then

00:15:16.110 --> 00:15:18.783
and I really never talked
to anybody about the war.

00:15:20.490 --> 00:15:22.080
I didn't really know how to deal

00:15:22.080 --> 00:15:24.423
with having to go into the army.

00:15:27.090 --> 00:15:29.340
I did get my induction notice

00:15:29.340 --> 00:15:31.410
and I showed up at the induction center

00:15:31.410 --> 00:15:33.360
in downtown Los Angeles.

00:15:33.360 --> 00:15:34.350
- [Driver] Take your letter.

00:15:34.350 --> 00:15:36.993
Report for induction and
go right in this door here.

00:15:37.889 --> 00:15:38.730
(people chattering)

00:15:38.730 --> 00:15:42.480
- Well I became the one
and only staff person

00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:44.733
at the Los Angeles resistance office.

00:15:46.230 --> 00:15:49.650
- [Narrator] Women did
everything, everything.

00:15:49.650 --> 00:15:54.063
And we were not in back,
we were right there with.

00:15:55.020 --> 00:15:57.570
We would all go down,
pass the leaflets out

00:15:57.570 --> 00:16:00.153
to all of the men getting off the buses.

00:16:01.380 --> 00:16:03.453
- So there would be those
of us who would be there

00:16:03.453 --> 00:16:07.830
with a little coffee table,
donuts, coffee and an attorney.

00:16:07.830 --> 00:16:10.560
- We taught ourselves how to print.

00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:13.890
I would go to the induction
center to pass out fliers

00:16:13.890 --> 00:16:15.510
just about every day of the week

00:16:15.510 --> 00:16:17.100
that they were doing inductions,

00:16:17.100 --> 00:16:19.230
at 6:00, 6:30 in the morning.

00:16:19.230 --> 00:16:21.093
What if you can change one life.

00:16:22.650 --> 00:16:25.050
- Demonstrators were talking to draftees

00:16:25.050 --> 00:16:27.270
and passing out flowers.

00:16:27.270 --> 00:16:31.050
I did take a flower and I
stuck a flyer in my pocket

00:16:31.050 --> 00:16:31.983
and went inside.

00:16:34.290 --> 00:16:36.720
Inside the induction center,

00:16:36.720 --> 00:16:38.310
while I was going through processing,

00:16:38.310 --> 00:16:43.110
I kept thinking that I could
not in good conscience go

00:16:43.110 --> 00:16:44.670
into the army and kill somebody

00:16:44.670 --> 00:16:46.710
for a war I didn't believe in.

00:16:46.710 --> 00:16:50.460
I didn't really realize
that I could just say no.

00:16:50.460 --> 00:16:53.250
And we were instructed
to take a step forward

00:16:53.250 --> 00:16:55.893
and everyone stepped forward except me.

00:16:56.880 --> 00:16:58.680
And I don't know who was more surprised,

00:16:58.680 --> 00:17:00.723
me or the person giving the oath.

00:17:03.660 --> 00:17:06.930
- [Bob] But there's one person
just from passing out fliers

00:17:06.930 --> 00:17:09.963
and being at the induction
center changed his entire life.

00:17:10.950 --> 00:17:15.950
- This was really a both
individual act and a group act.

00:17:16.110 --> 00:17:18.780
And that's pretty powerful, I think,

00:17:18.780 --> 00:17:21.213
when those are thought of together.

00:17:23.730 --> 00:17:26.613
- My name is Marty Harris
and I refused induction.

00:17:28.350 --> 00:17:31.413
- My name's Rich Rofumo, and
I just refused induction.

00:17:32.325 --> 00:17:37.325
(gentle music)
(audience cheering)

00:17:40.710 --> 00:17:44.490
- So when I got home I
remembered about the leaflet

00:17:44.490 --> 00:17:46.137
and I pulled it out of my
pocket and looked at it

00:17:46.137 --> 00:17:47.700
and I read about the resistance

00:17:47.700 --> 00:17:50.370
for the first time, the LA resistance.

00:17:50.370 --> 00:17:51.960
So I went to one of their meetings

00:17:51.960 --> 00:17:54.570
and I really liked the community

00:17:54.570 --> 00:17:56.910
and the determination to stop the war

00:17:56.910 --> 00:17:59.400
and especially their
commitment to non-violence.

00:17:59.400 --> 00:18:01.590
So I joined the resistance

00:18:01.590 --> 00:18:04.203
and started working against
the war and the draft.

00:18:05.145 --> 00:18:07.690
- [President Johnson] America is committed

00:18:08.670 --> 00:18:11.237
to the defense of South Vietnam.

00:18:12.539 --> 00:18:17.539
(audience applauding)
(somber music)

00:18:22.224 --> 00:18:24.493
(plane engines roaring)

00:18:24.493 --> 00:18:26.550
- Meanwhile, we weren't stopping the war.

00:18:26.550 --> 00:18:29.160
The war was escalating,
it was getting worse,

00:18:29.160 --> 00:18:30.630
the movement was getting bigger,

00:18:30.630 --> 00:18:32.400
more and more people were
turning against the war,

00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:35.670
yet we seemed to have no
effect on government policy.

00:18:35.670 --> 00:18:39.300
And so to me it meant we had
to take more dramatic actions,

00:18:39.300 --> 00:18:41.880
and we need to build a mass movement.

00:18:41.880 --> 00:18:44.320
This would be a massive
rally in New York City

00:18:46.230 --> 00:18:48.150
that would make it hard for the government

00:18:48.150 --> 00:18:50.850
to get enough troops to fight in Vietnam.

00:18:50.850 --> 00:18:53.760
- [Reporter] He estimated
125,000 Manhattan marchers

00:18:53.760 --> 00:18:54.593
includes-

00:18:54.593 --> 00:18:56.790
- So somebody handed me,
I have who handed me,

00:18:56.790 --> 00:18:59.220
a Maxwell House coffee can.

00:18:59.220 --> 00:19:00.897
It was burning and I held it up

00:19:00.897 --> 00:19:03.033
and I said let's burn our draft cards.

00:19:04.472 --> 00:19:08.550
So we had around 175 to 185
people burn their draft cards,

00:19:08.550 --> 00:19:11.850
which made this the largest
act of civil disobedience

00:19:11.850 --> 00:19:14.520
against the draft, I
guess, since the Civil War.

00:19:14.520 --> 00:19:16.140
It was a great first step

00:19:16.140 --> 00:19:18.390
to build a mass movement
against the draft.

00:19:18.390 --> 00:19:20.040
- [Reporter] A companion
peace demonstration

00:19:20.040 --> 00:19:23.880
brings out 50,000 marchers
in downtown San Francisco.

00:19:23.880 --> 00:19:26.040
- [Michael] That's a first
coming out of this idea

00:19:26.040 --> 00:19:28.743
of the resistance being
a nation-wide movement.

00:19:29.820 --> 00:19:34.053
- If you want to make
a statement, join us!

00:19:34.892 --> 00:19:36.339
(audience cheering)

00:19:36.339 --> 00:19:37.620
(dramatic music)

00:19:37.620 --> 00:19:39.397
- [Muhammad Ali] It has been said

00:19:39.397 --> 00:19:41.430
that I have two alternatives.

00:19:41.430 --> 00:19:44.537
Either go to jail, or go to the army.

00:19:44.537 --> 00:19:46.140
- [Reporter] Ladies and gentlemen,

00:19:46.140 --> 00:19:49.620
Mr. Muhammad Ali has just
refused to be inducted

00:19:49.620 --> 00:19:51.690
into the United States Armed Forces.

00:19:51.690 --> 00:19:54.450
- I just don't think I should
go 10,000 miles from here

00:19:54.450 --> 00:19:57.150
and shoot some black people
that never called me nigger,

00:19:57.150 --> 00:19:59.220
never lynched me, never put dogs on me,

00:19:59.220 --> 00:20:01.830
never enslaved me and I
just can't go over there

00:20:01.830 --> 00:20:03.420
and shoot them people.

00:20:03.420 --> 00:20:06.150
- It took an all-white
jury less than a half hour

00:20:06.150 --> 00:20:07.860
to find Muhammad Ali guilty

00:20:07.860 --> 00:20:10.350
of all charges and specifications.

00:20:10.350 --> 00:20:13.470
He was sentenced to the
maximum five years in prison

00:20:13.470 --> 00:20:16.229
and was fined $10,000.

00:20:16.229 --> 00:20:19.844
♪ No, I won't be afraid ♪

00:20:19.844 --> 00:20:21.030
♪ No, I won't ♪

00:20:21.030 --> 00:20:22.950
- I find nothing amusing or interesting

00:20:22.950 --> 00:20:25.980
or tolerable about this man.

00:20:25.980 --> 00:20:28.140
He's a disgrace to his country.

00:20:28.140 --> 00:20:30.990
He will inevitably go to
prison, as well he should.

00:20:30.990 --> 00:20:32.850
- Do you share the same concern

00:20:32.850 --> 00:20:35.460
that Muhammad has for his draft status?

00:20:35.460 --> 00:20:37.290
- Oh, I certainly do.

00:20:37.290 --> 00:20:40.410
My views on the draft are
very clear. I'm against it.

00:20:40.410 --> 00:20:44.970
And I think the sooner our
country does away with the draft,

00:20:44.970 --> 00:20:47.428
the better it would be for everybody.

00:20:47.428 --> 00:20:51.060
♪ Ain't gonna let nobody ♪

00:20:51.060 --> 00:20:53.760
♪ Turn me around, turn me ♪

00:20:53.760 --> 00:20:57.180
- Well, the week from October 16th 1967

00:20:57.180 --> 00:20:59.640
to October 21st was extraordinary

00:20:59.640 --> 00:21:01.440
in both American political history

00:21:01.440 --> 00:21:03.318
and in the anti-war movement

00:21:03.318 --> 00:21:04.500
and the draft resistance movement.

00:21:04.500 --> 00:21:07.300
It was part of an event they
called Stop the Draft Week.

00:21:08.280 --> 00:21:10.470
- [Reporter] Stop the Draft, the object

00:21:10.470 --> 00:21:12.900
to prevent the orderly
induction of recruits.

00:21:12.900 --> 00:21:15.990
- Nonviolent resistance-
- Get back! Down, down!

00:21:15.990 --> 00:21:19.713
- It's the willingness to go
under our own style of battle.

00:21:20.792 --> 00:21:22.800
♪ Na, na, na, na ♪

00:21:22.800 --> 00:21:24.081
♪ Na, na, na, na ♪

00:21:24.081 --> 00:21:25.942
♪ Want my freedom now ♪

00:21:25.942 --> 00:21:30.319
♪ So Paul and Silas, oh yeah ♪

00:21:30.319 --> 00:21:31.680
And then I'm aware that when I'm singing

00:21:31.680 --> 00:21:34.290
it's giving other people
courage and then they sing too

00:21:34.290 --> 00:21:37.620
and your example is
going to mean something.

00:21:37.620 --> 00:21:39.870
- Row after row of people locking arms,

00:21:39.870 --> 00:21:43.230
singing songs, peacefully
blocking the roads

00:21:43.230 --> 00:21:46.470
with these buses of
inductees trying to get

00:21:46.470 --> 00:21:48.233
to the induction center in Oakland.

00:21:48.233 --> 00:21:50.970
After a while I just couldn't
stand there and watch.

00:21:50.970 --> 00:21:52.230
I jumped into the lines.

00:21:52.230 --> 00:21:53.910
Next thing I know I'm hauled off

00:21:53.910 --> 00:21:56.460
to jail for a 10-day sentence.

00:21:56.460 --> 00:21:58.290
- [Reporter] Demonstrators
protested the draft,

00:21:58.290 --> 00:22:01.590
and some were arrested
by police who kept order

00:22:01.590 --> 00:22:05.883
and inductees went into the
service, all very peacefully.

00:22:07.470 --> 00:22:09.720
- [Michael] So while protesters
in Oakland are trying

00:22:09.720 --> 00:22:11.550
to shut down the induction center

00:22:11.550 --> 00:22:14.670
using non-violent civil disobedience,

00:22:14.670 --> 00:22:17.160
that afternoon in San Francisco,

00:22:17.160 --> 00:22:20.613
David Harris kicks off the
national draft card turn in day.

00:22:21.480 --> 00:22:23.790
- Well, October 16th had
been the date we had set

00:22:23.790 --> 00:22:25.500
when we first started the resistance

00:22:25.500 --> 00:22:27.480
for the first national draft card return,

00:22:27.480 --> 00:22:28.890
during which all around the country

00:22:28.890 --> 00:22:30.780
and as it turned out
in 18 different cities,

00:22:30.780 --> 00:22:31.920
there would be demonstrations

00:22:31.920 --> 00:22:34.110
at which people would collect draft cards

00:22:34.110 --> 00:22:35.970
and give them to the federal government.

00:22:35.970 --> 00:22:37.890
2,000 of us gathered on the steps

00:22:37.890 --> 00:22:39.810
of the Federal Building in San Francisco.

00:22:39.810 --> 00:22:41.550
And as the basket moves around the crowd,

00:22:41.550 --> 00:22:44.640
all these hands coming
up holding draft cards.

00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:46.680
And what we say to a society

00:22:46.680 --> 00:22:50.220
of murder and racism is a very simple no.

00:22:50.220 --> 00:22:53.400
And what we say to our
brothers around this country

00:22:53.400 --> 00:22:56.700
and around the world
is a very simple word.

00:22:56.700 --> 00:22:58.083
That word is resist.

00:22:59.196 --> 00:23:01.140
(audience cheering)

00:23:01.140 --> 00:23:03.930
- On October 16th there are
kind of clear differences

00:23:03.930 --> 00:23:06.300
in tactics and tenor.

00:23:06.300 --> 00:23:11.250
In Boston it takes on almost
a kind of sacramental tone.

00:23:11.250 --> 00:23:14.040
- We decided to do it in a church.

00:23:14.040 --> 00:23:16.590
After all it's a solemn
and almost religious act

00:23:16.590 --> 00:23:20.280
to turn in your draft card
and vow to go to prison.

00:23:20.280 --> 00:23:22.290
We had 5,000 come out

00:23:22.290 --> 00:23:25.350
and then we marched to the
Arlington Street Church.

00:23:25.350 --> 00:23:26.640
As we approached the church,

00:23:26.640 --> 00:23:29.640
the bells started playing
"We Shall Overcome,"

00:23:29.640 --> 00:23:32.155
so I was like already in tears.

00:23:32.155 --> 00:23:35.405
(church bells chiming)

00:23:36.390 --> 00:23:38.760
I gave a short sermon on behalf

00:23:38.760 --> 00:23:41.460
of the guys turning in the cards.

00:23:41.460 --> 00:23:44.433
We broke bread, almost
as if it were a mass.

00:23:45.340 --> 00:23:49.003
♪ That saved a wretch like me ♪

00:23:49.003 --> 00:23:50.610
We did that to get the word out

00:23:50.610 --> 00:23:53.460
that something remarkable
was happening on both coasts

00:23:53.460 --> 00:23:56.043
but it was rather, I think,
an electrifying moment.

00:23:58.112 --> 00:23:59.640
(bright music)

00:23:59.640 --> 00:24:00.960
And then at the end of that week,

00:24:00.960 --> 00:24:04.320
I carried the bag of draft
cards to Washington DC,

00:24:04.320 --> 00:24:06.060
which was part of the national plan

00:24:06.060 --> 00:24:07.920
to gather them all together

00:24:07.920 --> 00:24:09.480
and then they were carried

00:24:09.480 --> 00:24:11.040
into the Justice Department building

00:24:11.040 --> 00:24:13.562
and turned over to the
Attorney General's office.

00:24:13.562 --> 00:24:14.550
(audience applauding)

00:24:14.550 --> 00:24:16.770
Michael Server from the Boston resistance,

00:24:16.770 --> 00:24:20.926
I bring from the Ottogan
Street Church 437 cards.

00:24:20.926 --> 00:24:24.398
(audience cheering)

00:24:24.398 --> 00:24:27.660
- Lenny for the Berkeley
Resistance, Palo Alto Resistance,

00:24:27.660 --> 00:24:29.850
San Jose Resistance, San Francisco,

00:24:29.850 --> 00:24:34.850
David, California, Sacramento,
Santa Barbara, 298 cards.

00:24:35.414 --> 00:24:37.949
(audience cheering)

00:24:37.949 --> 00:24:39.150
- We thought we were bringing the war home

00:24:39.150 --> 00:24:41.163
in a humane and democratic way.

00:24:42.990 --> 00:24:45.690
We weren't dodging the
draft, we were resisting it,

00:24:45.690 --> 00:24:48.243
confronting it, and taking punishment.

00:24:49.350 --> 00:24:51.300
- [Michael] The president
himself is bewildered

00:24:51.300 --> 00:24:52.860
about draft resistance, right?

00:24:52.860 --> 00:24:54.780
He didn't understand why his officials

00:24:54.780 --> 00:24:57.480
in his own administration
would accept those draft cards

00:24:57.480 --> 00:24:59.340
without arresting people immediately.

00:24:59.340 --> 00:25:01.050
- [Advisor] We found most of them, really,

00:25:01.050 --> 00:25:02.200
were mentally diseased.

00:25:03.048 --> 00:25:05.730
Hoover's taken 256 that
turned in, supposedly,

00:25:05.730 --> 00:25:06.630
their draft card,

00:25:06.630 --> 00:25:09.090
so you're dealing with
mental problems sir.

00:25:09.090 --> 00:25:10.710
But I think we are in more danger

00:25:10.710 --> 00:25:12.690
from these left-wing influencers now

00:25:12.690 --> 00:25:15.573
than we have ever been in
37 years I've been here.

00:25:16.662 --> 00:25:18.000
(people screaming)

00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:18.833
- [Reporter] Good evening.

00:25:18.833 --> 00:25:21.750
Stop the Draft Week continue
today across the land,

00:25:21.750 --> 00:25:23.460
along with the violence and the arrests

00:25:23.460 --> 00:25:25.470
that have become part of the protests.

00:25:25.470 --> 00:25:27.350
- [Crowd] Stop the draft now!

00:25:27.350 --> 00:25:30.120
- [Reporter] It turned into a
riot by these young militants

00:25:30.120 --> 00:25:32.190
who want peace in Vietnam.

00:25:32.190 --> 00:25:35.250
- That was a turning point
for many in the movement.

00:25:35.250 --> 00:25:36.750
By the end of the week,

00:25:36.750 --> 00:25:39.780
some people who were not part
of the resistance started

00:25:39.780 --> 00:25:40.860
to fight the cops,

00:25:40.860 --> 00:25:42.270
and we had to think about

00:25:42.270 --> 00:25:45.780
are we gonna pursue a peaceful
path of civil disobedience,

00:25:45.780 --> 00:25:48.390
or are we gonna take
more militant actions.

00:25:48.390 --> 00:25:49.983
I disagreed with that tactic.

00:25:51.433 --> 00:25:53.640
(sirens blaring)

00:25:53.640 --> 00:25:55.800
- The conservatives and
the establishment like it

00:25:55.800 --> 00:25:59.040
when we go violent because
they know what to do about it

00:25:59.040 --> 00:26:00.780
and they know we lose support

00:26:00.780 --> 00:26:03.510
from the general public when we do that.

00:26:03.510 --> 00:26:06.660
But in a political movement
it's got to be nonviolent

00:26:06.660 --> 00:26:09.333
or we're simply gonna
fail, and deserve to fail.

00:26:10.298 --> 00:26:13.860
(people screaming)
(somber music)

00:26:13.860 --> 00:26:16.863
- It was an extraordinary
waste of an opportunity.

00:26:18.852 --> 00:26:21.435
(somber music)

00:26:23.730 --> 00:26:25.743
The name of the game was changing minds.

00:26:27.060 --> 00:26:29.700
You don't change minds with violence,

00:26:29.700 --> 00:26:32.147
at least nobody's
succeeded in doing it yet.

00:26:32.147 --> 00:26:34.410
- And so it became one
of the real struggles

00:26:34.410 --> 00:26:36.750
in the nonviolent movement was how to deal

00:26:36.750 --> 00:26:41.193
with the attraction and the
charisma of violent struggle.

00:26:42.051 --> 00:26:44.801
(crowd shouting)

00:26:46.423 --> 00:26:48.030
- And I'm looking at Stop the Draft Week

00:26:48.030 --> 00:26:51.210
and I'm thinking "Wow, that was cool!"

00:26:51.210 --> 00:26:55.590
It was cool to be breaking
windows and blocking buses

00:26:55.590 --> 00:26:57.420
and doing a rampage.

00:26:57.420 --> 00:27:00.240
It was so militant, fighting cops

00:27:00.240 --> 00:27:02.130
and I wanted to do that too.

00:27:02.130 --> 00:27:03.870
- To me, as an organizer,

00:27:03.870 --> 00:27:05.970
precisely the people who
we were gonna frighten

00:27:05.970 --> 00:27:08.430
with those kind of tactics
were the people we needed

00:27:08.430 --> 00:27:10.689
in order to stop the war.

00:27:10.689 --> 00:27:13.522
(crowd screaming)

00:27:14.725 --> 00:27:18.917
- I don't know how you had
your head screwed on so right.

00:27:18.917 --> 00:27:21.217
- Well, I don't know-
- 'Cause I did succumb.

00:27:22.740 --> 00:27:25.050
I helped found an organization

00:27:25.050 --> 00:27:27.060
called The Weather Underground.

00:27:27.060 --> 00:27:30.270
The goal of that organization
was the violent overthrow

00:27:30.270 --> 00:27:32.283
of the government of the United States.

00:27:33.330 --> 00:27:35.180
And I was a fugitive for 7 1/2 years.

00:27:39.482 --> 00:27:43.530
If the people don't want
it, leave it that way!

00:27:43.530 --> 00:27:48.120
David's right, non-violence
was a much better strategy.

00:27:48.120 --> 00:27:52.440
If you have 10,000 people but
one person breaks a window

00:27:52.440 --> 00:27:57.440
then the entire coalition
gets tainted by violence.

00:27:58.758 --> 00:28:02.432
(crowd shouting)
(gentle music)

00:28:02.432 --> 00:28:06.415
(camera flash clicking)

00:28:06.415 --> 00:28:09.165
(crowd shouting)

00:28:10.860 --> 00:28:12.630
The idea of political non-violence,

00:28:12.630 --> 00:28:16.417
that's the gift of the
20th century to the world.

00:28:20.386 --> 00:28:21.540
- [Reporter] You
doubtless, Joan, have heard

00:28:21.540 --> 00:28:24.420
about the demonstrations
which followed the one

00:28:24.420 --> 00:28:25.860
in which you were arrested.

00:28:25.860 --> 00:28:29.820
What's your opinion about
the week of Stop The Draft?

00:28:29.820 --> 00:28:33.180
- I was hoping that the
nonviolence would continue

00:28:33.180 --> 00:28:35.100
but it's much harder.

00:28:35.100 --> 00:28:36.210
- Oh, this is interesting

00:28:36.210 --> 00:28:38.520
because we thought we should go back

00:28:38.520 --> 00:28:41.160
and do a Christmas time nonviolent sit-in

00:28:41.160 --> 00:28:42.303
at the draft board.

00:28:43.209 --> 00:28:46.376
(audience applauding)

00:28:47.804 --> 00:28:51.876
♪ Someone's praying, Lord ♪

00:28:51.876 --> 00:28:54.030
♪ Kumbaya ♪

00:28:54.030 --> 00:28:56.970
So at that time because I
was then a repeat offender,

00:28:56.970 --> 00:28:58.320
I and those who were doing this

00:28:58.320 --> 00:29:00.603
for the second time got 45 days sentence.

00:29:01.729 --> 00:29:06.151
♪ Kumbaya ♪

00:29:06.151 --> 00:29:08.572
♪ Oh, Lord ♪

00:29:08.572 --> 00:29:10.980
♪ Kumbaya ♪

00:29:10.980 --> 00:29:13.665
- The Alameda County
Prison Farm has been home

00:29:13.665 --> 00:29:18.090
to diehard anti-war demonstrators
ever since their arrest

00:29:18.090 --> 00:29:21.120
at the draft induction
center in Oakland last week.

00:29:21.120 --> 00:29:23.683
- Of all the women arrested
on December of 1967,

00:29:23.683 --> 00:29:26.100
I was the only woman of color.

00:29:26.100 --> 00:29:28.590
But all the women who were
in Santa Rita at that time,

00:29:28.590 --> 00:29:30.930
99% of them were black women.

00:29:30.930 --> 00:29:33.930
And they came up to me and
said, "Well, why are you here?"

00:29:33.930 --> 00:29:36.270
Well, Dr. King came and visited Joan

00:29:36.270 --> 00:29:38.940
and when they heard the
Dr. King was at Santa Rita

00:29:38.940 --> 00:29:40.807
for the reason why we
were all there they went,

00:29:40.807 --> 00:29:42.567
"Now we really, really get it."

00:29:43.830 --> 00:29:46.080
- I've just had the opportunity

00:29:46.080 --> 00:29:50.670
of visiting my very dear friend Joan Baez

00:29:50.670 --> 00:29:53.850
as an expression of my appreciation

00:29:53.850 --> 00:29:56.400
for what they are doing
for the peace movement

00:29:56.400 --> 00:30:00.210
and for what they have done
for the civil rights movement.

00:30:00.210 --> 00:30:03.630
And we must continue
to follow the dictates

00:30:03.630 --> 00:30:08.630
of our conscience even if that
means breaking unjust laws.

00:30:09.232 --> 00:30:14.232
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

00:30:14.966 --> 00:30:19.966
♪ Swing low ♪

00:30:22.859 --> 00:30:25.526
♪ Sweet chariot ♪

00:30:31.950 --> 00:30:34.500
- [Reporter] Dr. Martin
Luther King, 39 years old,

00:30:34.500 --> 00:30:36.090
and a Nobel Peace Prize winner

00:30:36.090 --> 00:30:38.270
and the leader of the
nonviolent civil rights movement

00:30:38.270 --> 00:30:41.970
in the United States was
assassinated in Memphis tonight.

00:30:41.970 --> 00:30:43.920
- The perpetrator of this deed brings down

00:30:43.920 --> 00:30:46.380
upon all of us the painful charge

00:30:46.380 --> 00:30:47.880
that we Americans are prisoners

00:30:47.880 --> 00:30:50.423
of violence and destruction and death.

00:30:52.460 --> 00:30:55.960
♪ Coming to carry me home ♪

00:31:02.874 --> 00:31:06.210
(crowd shouting)

00:31:06.210 --> 00:31:07.830
- [Reporter] Tonight, Catholic priests

00:31:07.830 --> 00:31:10.320
seized Selective Service files

00:31:10.320 --> 00:31:12.810
and brought those files
out onto this parking lot

00:31:12.810 --> 00:31:13.863
and then burned them.

00:31:16.642 --> 00:31:18.600
- I believe we are in such times

00:31:18.600 --> 00:31:21.060
as make it increasingly impossible

00:31:21.060 --> 00:31:24.063
for Christians to obey the law.

00:31:26.220 --> 00:31:29.790
We have chosen to be powerless criminals

00:31:29.790 --> 00:31:31.383
in a time of criminal power.

00:31:33.810 --> 00:31:34.980
- People were going to prison,

00:31:34.980 --> 00:31:36.840
people were putting
their lives on the line

00:31:36.840 --> 00:31:38.940
and we were eager for that.

00:31:38.940 --> 00:31:42.210
We were in protests, we were
in opposition to this war.

00:31:42.210 --> 00:31:45.000
We were ready to take it a step further.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:48.240
- We grabbed the baskets and
headed out the side door,

00:31:48.240 --> 00:31:50.520
headed down the alley around the corner

00:31:50.520 --> 00:31:52.920
and took the baskets
and put napalm on them,

00:31:52.920 --> 00:31:54.750
just simply gasoline and soap,

00:31:54.750 --> 00:31:57.513
and lit a match and there they went.

00:31:58.500 --> 00:32:00.360
Walt had wiped it off on his shirt

00:32:00.360 --> 00:32:03.510
and so when the baskets
went up in flame he did too,

00:32:03.510 --> 00:32:05.070
just the front of the shirt

00:32:05.070 --> 00:32:06.900
so we were able to put
him out pretty quickly.

00:32:06.900 --> 00:32:08.220
We were pretty pleased with ourselves,

00:32:08.220 --> 00:32:09.930
you know, that we were
able to pull it off.

00:32:09.930 --> 00:32:12.680
I mean, we got three years,
each of us got three years.

00:32:13.710 --> 00:32:15.810
Just for me to know that
there was somebody out there,

00:32:15.810 --> 00:32:18.090
there were people out there
who were really thinking this,

00:32:18.090 --> 00:32:19.940
they were thinking this war is wrong.

00:32:20.880 --> 00:32:22.548
There was a lot of us.

00:32:22.548 --> 00:32:27.548
(crowd shouting)
(dramatic music)

00:32:28.762 --> 00:32:31.440
- And if I have done
a good job of anything

00:32:31.440 --> 00:32:32.690
since I've been president

00:32:33.660 --> 00:32:37.018
is to ensure that there
are plenty of dissenters.

00:32:37.018 --> 00:32:38.220
(audience laughing)

00:32:38.220 --> 00:32:41.520
- Public opinion has already
been moving against the war

00:32:41.520 --> 00:32:44.280
and now it seems to be accelerating thanks

00:32:44.280 --> 00:32:46.110
to this kind of sustained protests

00:32:46.110 --> 00:32:48.780
that's led by the draft
resistance movement.

00:32:48.780 --> 00:32:51.570
- There is an incipient
uprising in this country

00:32:51.570 --> 00:32:54.690
in opposition to this war
and it's going to get worse.

00:32:54.690 --> 00:32:55.723
- [Reporter] In less than two years,

00:32:55.723 --> 00:32:58.230
1,400 young men have been convicted

00:32:58.230 --> 00:33:00.780
of violating the Selective Service Act.

00:33:00.780 --> 00:33:04.200
The average sentence has
been three years in prison.

00:33:04.200 --> 00:33:06.840
- [Reporter] You face up
to five years in jail.

00:33:06.840 --> 00:33:10.080
Have you had any second
thoughts about your act at all?

00:33:10.080 --> 00:33:12.270
- I have no regrets about it.

00:33:12.270 --> 00:33:15.090
- David was this powerful figure

00:33:15.090 --> 00:33:17.613
doing something I hadn't known about.

00:33:19.860 --> 00:33:22.500
And I think that the whole concept

00:33:22.500 --> 00:33:24.840
of what he was doing
was so astounding to me

00:33:24.840 --> 00:33:27.120
and he was this lovely guy.

00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:32.120
And if somebody that young,
engaged the way he was

00:33:32.370 --> 00:33:35.340
was very appealing.

00:33:35.340 --> 00:33:37.533
And so he got married.

00:33:38.581 --> 00:33:41.831
(church bells chiming)

00:33:44.190 --> 00:33:47.580
- They're probably a lot of
you have heard me speak before

00:33:47.580 --> 00:33:48.630
and perhaps the only thing

00:33:48.630 --> 00:33:50.430
that'll be different about tonight is that

00:33:50.430 --> 00:33:52.630
you won't have to hear
it again for a while.

00:33:53.554 --> 00:33:55.347
(sporadic audience clapping)

00:33:55.347 --> 00:33:58.190
(audience laughing)

00:33:58.190 --> 00:33:59.100
And the specific reason is

00:33:59.100 --> 00:34:00.510
that I'm gonna spend the next three years

00:34:00.510 --> 00:34:02.073
of my life in a federal prison.

00:34:03.723 --> 00:34:06.365
- [Mission Control]
T-minus 15 seconds away

00:34:06.365 --> 00:34:08.390
from the Apollo 11 lift off.

00:34:08.390 --> 00:34:09.780
- It was the morning

00:34:09.780 --> 00:34:12.374
that the first rocket for the moon left.

00:34:12.374 --> 00:34:14.802
I remember it quite well.

00:34:14.802 --> 00:34:19.802
♪ In my heart, I will
wait by the stony gate ♪

00:34:22.377 --> 00:34:23.760
I'm leaving my wife pregnant,

00:34:23.760 --> 00:34:25.879
I am leaving all those things.

00:34:25.879 --> 00:34:30.879
♪ In my arms will sleep ♪

00:34:34.275 --> 00:34:37.882
♪ Every rising of the moon. ♪

00:34:37.882 --> 00:34:39.030
You know, I think people
should see their presence

00:34:39.030 --> 00:34:40.923
in jail as a real political presence.

00:34:42.600 --> 00:34:45.611
Being a political prisoner
is a fact in this society.

00:34:45.611 --> 00:34:47.484
♪ The love in our heart ♪

00:34:47.484 --> 00:34:48.750
- The last time I saw David,

00:34:48.750 --> 00:34:51.300
I saw them driving off down the road

00:34:51.300 --> 00:34:53.583
and one of the girls who
works with resistance,

00:34:53.583 --> 00:34:55.350
they put a big old
Resist The draft sticker

00:34:55.350 --> 00:34:58.567
on their bumper and that's the last I saw.

00:34:58.567 --> 00:35:00.491
(audience applauding)
(audience cheering)

00:35:00.491 --> 00:35:02.087
- [Reporter] How do you view this?

00:35:02.087 --> 00:35:03.070
Do you think it's worth it?

00:35:03.070 --> 00:35:03.903
- I knew that when we got married

00:35:03.903 --> 00:35:05.370
that he would be spending time in prison.

00:35:05.370 --> 00:35:08.280
I feel that if he and I
continue to be involved

00:35:08.280 --> 00:35:09.630
in the revolution, which we will,

00:35:09.630 --> 00:35:10.890
then we'll both spend time in prison.

00:35:10.890 --> 00:35:14.160
So it's just something
that you have to adjust to.

00:35:14.160 --> 00:35:16.050
- [Reporter] Did you have any final things

00:35:16.050 --> 00:35:18.060
to say to David before
they took them away?

00:35:18.060 --> 00:35:20.130
- Yeah, I said I love you.

00:35:20.130 --> 00:35:22.440
- Mr. Jones And Mr. Yuri?

00:35:22.440 --> 00:35:26.190
- I didn't have a legal advisor
or a lawyer speaking for me,

00:35:26.190 --> 00:35:28.290
and this was a conscious decision,

00:35:28.290 --> 00:35:31.260
because it was part of
our nonviolent action

00:35:31.260 --> 00:35:34.920
was to speak from our hearts,
to the jury and to the judge,

00:35:34.920 --> 00:35:36.960
and try to share with them

00:35:36.960 --> 00:35:39.900
why we refused to register or be inducted.

00:35:39.900 --> 00:35:41.970
I've been waiting two and a
half years to have a trial

00:35:41.970 --> 00:35:43.050
and it's good to know finally

00:35:43.050 --> 00:35:44.573
that it's going to be over with.

00:35:45.493 --> 00:35:47.850
- I really think if we over and over again

00:35:47.850 --> 00:35:50.250
make a really personal confrontation

00:35:50.250 --> 00:35:53.520
that sooner or later some
judges are gonna crack,

00:35:53.520 --> 00:35:56.220
if we had enough guys doing
it, I really think so.

00:35:56.220 --> 00:35:58.680
- I'm sure that's going to happen.

00:35:58.680 --> 00:36:00.280
The juries are already changing.

00:36:01.478 --> 00:36:02.640
I was going to stand there and tell 'em,

00:36:02.640 --> 00:36:04.440
I did not do anything wrong.

00:36:04.440 --> 00:36:05.493
And if you want to put me in jail

00:36:05.493 --> 00:36:07.170
then you go ahead and put me in jail

00:36:07.170 --> 00:36:09.170
and that's, of course, is what they did.

00:36:10.530 --> 00:36:11.970
- I was prepared to go to prison

00:36:11.970 --> 00:36:15.810
for five years, two years, no problem.

00:36:15.810 --> 00:36:18.090
- And I in San Francisco where
the average was two years,

00:36:18.090 --> 00:36:21.300
only got one year, and it's
because I think we got through

00:36:21.300 --> 00:36:22.710
to the judge's heart.

00:36:22.710 --> 00:36:24.750
- And indeed he and the other judges

00:36:24.750 --> 00:36:27.870
in the district starting
reducing the sentences

00:36:27.870 --> 00:36:29.430
over the next couple of years.

00:36:29.430 --> 00:36:33.244
- [Bruce] In major cities
you had situations where 90%

00:36:33.244 --> 00:36:35.400
of the people indicted
were not prosecuted.

00:36:35.400 --> 00:36:36.720
The courts were in chaos.

00:36:36.720 --> 00:36:37.920
They couldn't handle it.

00:36:37.920 --> 00:36:40.170
They couldn't enforce
the draft laws anymore.

00:36:41.700 --> 00:36:44.100
- My whole appeal was to the jury

00:36:44.100 --> 00:36:47.130
and to the righteousness
of what I was doing.

00:36:47.130 --> 00:36:49.440
Now the courtroom is
packed, every seat taken.

00:36:49.440 --> 00:36:52.020
We have a picture of our
guru on the front seat.

00:36:52.020 --> 00:36:53.970
I'm wearing pants that I made myself

00:36:53.970 --> 00:36:55.470
and I've got a beard down here

00:36:55.470 --> 00:36:58.110
and hair down to my
shoulders, and I'm barefoot.

00:36:58.110 --> 00:37:01.980
The judge comes back and he
says case is dismissed. (laughs)

00:37:01.980 --> 00:37:03.180
And people are just cheering,

00:37:03.180 --> 00:37:04.860
they're going we love you, Judge Curtis,

00:37:04.860 --> 00:37:08.780
and it was a radical different situation.

00:37:08.780 --> 00:37:11.640
(audience cheering)

00:37:11.640 --> 00:37:14.040
- [Michael] But it showed
how the times were changing

00:37:14.040 --> 00:37:16.350
and that people were
willing to take the risk

00:37:16.350 --> 00:37:18.240
and to stand up for what they believed.

00:37:18.240 --> 00:37:22.710
And ultimately you get more
than 200,000 cases are referred

00:37:22.710 --> 00:37:25.923
by the Selective Service to
the Department of Justice.

00:37:27.060 --> 00:37:31.282
You get 20,000 indictments,
8,000 convictions

00:37:31.282 --> 00:37:34.320
and 4,001 who gets sent to prison.

00:37:34.320 --> 00:37:36.360
- It's time for new leadership

00:37:36.360 --> 00:37:38.522
for The United States of America.

00:37:38.522 --> 00:37:40.282
(audience cheering)

00:37:40.282 --> 00:37:42.540
- [Michael] On the 1968 campaign trail,

00:37:42.540 --> 00:37:44.970
Richard Nixon runs as a peace candidate,

00:37:44.970 --> 00:37:46.980
promising to abolish the draft

00:37:46.980 --> 00:37:49.800
and pledging to end the war with honor.

00:37:49.800 --> 00:37:52.860
- The greatest honor history can bestow

00:37:52.860 --> 00:37:55.203
is the title of peacemaker.

00:37:56.490 --> 00:37:58.833
This honor now beckons America.

00:38:00.185 --> 00:38:03.330
(engine roaring)

00:38:03.330 --> 00:38:04.800
- The first thing that he does is he tries

00:38:04.800 --> 00:38:05.910
to create the impression

00:38:05.910 --> 00:38:07.980
that he's scaling down the war effort,

00:38:07.980 --> 00:38:09.900
which, of course, is a
smoke and mirrors game,

00:38:09.900 --> 00:38:12.120
in fact he's escalating
the war dramatically,

00:38:12.120 --> 00:38:14.089
particularly the air war.

00:38:14.089 --> 00:38:17.172
(explosions booming)

00:38:20.940 --> 00:38:23.550
But he does start to bring
the first troops home,

00:38:23.550 --> 00:38:27.120
he tries to reduce draft
calls, move to a lottery.

00:38:27.120 --> 00:38:29.130
Get rid of the Selective Service Director,

00:38:29.130 --> 00:38:30.090
all of those things.

00:38:30.090 --> 00:38:32.040
And he's kind of creating the impression

00:38:32.040 --> 00:38:33.510
that he's winding things down.

00:38:33.510 --> 00:38:36.390
- The reality was he
was lowering the troops

00:38:36.390 --> 00:38:39.240
in order to stay in indefinitely

00:38:39.240 --> 00:38:41.433
with air power and with some troops.

00:38:42.720 --> 00:38:45.739
- [Nixon] For once we've
got to use the maximum power

00:38:45.739 --> 00:38:49.460
of this country against this
shit-ass little country,

00:38:49.460 --> 00:38:51.570
to win the war.

00:38:51.570 --> 00:38:54.810
- Which led him to develop the
notion of bombing the dikes,

00:38:54.810 --> 00:38:57.150
slaughtering millions of
people through floods,

00:38:57.150 --> 00:39:00.030
maybe even using atomic
weapons, this is gonna be,

00:39:00.030 --> 00:39:02.100
if Ho Chi Minh does not come around,

00:39:02.100 --> 00:39:03.690
this is what we're going to do.

00:39:03.690 --> 00:39:05.430
Then we had the moratorium,

00:39:05.430 --> 00:39:09.453
the single largest peace
demonstration in American history.

00:39:10.800 --> 00:39:12.810
- [Reporter] This was the
look of the land today

00:39:12.810 --> 00:39:14.813
from one coast to the other.

00:39:17.506 --> 00:39:20.370
♪ We have to get it together ♪

00:39:20.370 --> 00:39:22.200
- [Reporter] Never before has Boston seen

00:39:22.200 --> 00:39:24.963
so many demonstrate so
peacefully for peace.

00:39:26.070 --> 00:39:28.020
- [Reporter] 100 or so
went in with a petition

00:39:28.020 --> 00:39:29.760
asking the United States Attorney

00:39:29.760 --> 00:39:31.683
to stop prosecuting war resisters.

00:39:32.760 --> 00:39:35.160
- [Reporter] The moratorium
demonstration was historic

00:39:35.160 --> 00:39:35.993
in its scope.

00:39:35.993 --> 00:39:38.510
Never had so many demonstrated
their hope for peace.

00:39:40.340 --> 00:39:42.880
♪ Revolution's here ♪

00:39:42.880 --> 00:39:45.570
- [Michael] Nixon is
weighing a ground invasion,

00:39:45.570 --> 00:39:48.810
and we know from his memoirs
that he decides not to,

00:39:48.810 --> 00:39:51.780
in part, because the
scale of protests at home

00:39:51.780 --> 00:39:54.873
is already so significant
that he didn't dare do it.

00:39:55.985 --> 00:39:58.735
(mournful music)

00:40:01.668 --> 00:40:03.330
- [David] It was a minimum-security camp

00:40:03.330 --> 00:40:05.460
and as long as you follow the rules

00:40:05.460 --> 00:40:09.090
and don't get caught, you
know, you could get along.

00:40:09.090 --> 00:40:11.100
And you had to look like you're working

00:40:11.100 --> 00:40:12.813
but nobody really worked.

00:40:13.890 --> 00:40:16.410
The highway that we were put
there to build was slated

00:40:16.410 --> 00:40:21.410
to take like 138 years to be
completed at the current rate.

00:40:22.410 --> 00:40:24.060
- But then we start having strikes.

00:40:24.060 --> 00:40:26.490
I didn't last that long in Sanford.

00:40:26.490 --> 00:40:29.013
For the next year and a
half I refused to work.

00:40:29.880 --> 00:40:31.473
A block was maximum security.

00:40:33.120 --> 00:40:35.190
Couldn't have anything but a
Bible, you could have a Bible.

00:40:35.190 --> 00:40:37.890
But there are no lights, so
it was very hard to read.

00:40:37.890 --> 00:40:40.953
So that went on for minimum, a year or so.

00:40:43.260 --> 00:40:46.410
- I don't want to for
a moment get nostalgic

00:40:46.410 --> 00:40:49.290
and say that prison was a wonderful thing.

00:40:49.290 --> 00:40:52.950
I learned an immense amount
because I was thrown in

00:40:52.950 --> 00:40:55.920
with people I never would have ever met,

00:40:55.920 --> 00:41:00.840
but prison is a dehumanizing
ugly, ugly institution

00:41:00.840 --> 00:41:03.240
and nobody should ever
forget that for a moment.

00:41:04.571 --> 00:41:06.330
(pensive music)

00:41:06.330 --> 00:41:09.870
- I had some miserable
times, I mean, it's prison.

00:41:09.870 --> 00:41:12.630
The first time I did
two months in isolation

00:41:12.630 --> 00:41:13.780
when I first got there.

00:41:14.940 --> 00:41:18.240
Once a week they let you go
down the hall to the shower.

00:41:18.240 --> 00:41:21.810
My son was born four months
after I got to the joint,

00:41:21.810 --> 00:41:23.130
that was tough.

00:41:23.130 --> 00:41:25.170
- When they made the
cover of "Look" magazine

00:41:25.170 --> 00:41:27.270
they legitimized everything we were doing.

00:41:28.200 --> 00:41:30.300
That shot was taken when he was in prison.

00:41:30.300 --> 00:41:31.890
The story contained that information

00:41:31.890 --> 00:41:34.650
about why he's there because
he didn't kill anybody.

00:41:34.650 --> 00:41:36.600
They legitimized being a prisoner

00:41:36.600 --> 00:41:39.300
in the time of war in America.

00:41:39.300 --> 00:41:41.970
- Being a political
prisoner was not uncommon.

00:41:41.970 --> 00:41:44.793
There was intimidation and harassment.

00:41:46.080 --> 00:41:49.230
I went to 18 different prisons.

00:41:49.230 --> 00:41:51.837
My daughter was born while I was in prison

00:41:51.837 --> 00:41:55.470
and so we gave her an
African name, Abidemi,

00:41:55.470 --> 00:41:58.413
which means born while father's away.

00:41:59.928 --> 00:42:02.511
(gentle music)

00:42:03.960 --> 00:42:06.210
- Dan Ellsberg came to visit me in prison.

00:42:06.210 --> 00:42:08.190
He was deeply moved by it thinking

00:42:08.190 --> 00:42:12.510
if I were willing to risk imprisonment

00:42:12.510 --> 00:42:15.540
like Randy Keeler and
these other young men

00:42:15.540 --> 00:42:17.820
what could I do to help stop this war

00:42:17.820 --> 00:42:19.860
if I were willing to take that risk.

00:42:19.860 --> 00:42:22.410
He realized not long afterwards

00:42:22.410 --> 00:42:24.840
that he could release the secret study

00:42:24.840 --> 00:42:27.360
now known as the Pentagon Papers.

00:42:27.360 --> 00:42:28.193
- [Reporter] This weekend,

00:42:28.193 --> 00:42:31.170
portions of a highly classified
Pentagon document came

00:42:31.170 --> 00:42:32.970
to light for all the world to see.

00:42:32.970 --> 00:42:35.010
- [Reporter] Its main effect
is to refute the notion

00:42:35.010 --> 00:42:36.763
that we stumbled into the war.

00:42:36.763 --> 00:42:38.250
- [Reporter] A name has now have come out

00:42:38.250 --> 00:42:41.340
as the possible source of "The
Times" Pentagon documents.

00:42:41.340 --> 00:42:43.170
It is that of Daniel Ellsberg,

00:42:43.170 --> 00:42:46.385
the top policy analyst for the
Defense and State Department.

00:42:46.385 --> 00:42:47.884
- [Reporter] Dr. Ellsberg,
do you have any concern

00:42:47.884 --> 00:42:49.883
about the possibility of
going to prison for this?

00:42:50.730 --> 00:42:53.414
- Wouldn't you go to prison
to help end this war?

00:42:53.414 --> 00:42:55.110
I say, without the draft resistance

00:42:55.110 --> 00:42:58.470
I would not have had this
notion of going all the way.

00:42:58.470 --> 00:42:59.940
But it did put into my head the notion,

00:42:59.940 --> 00:43:03.900
okay, even if there is a
chance that this will help,

00:43:03.900 --> 00:43:04.863
it's worth doing.

00:43:05.850 --> 00:43:08.190
- [Reporter] David Harris was
released from a federal prison

00:43:08.190 --> 00:43:09.543
near El Paso, Texas today.

00:43:11.265 --> 00:43:14.460
(audience cheering)
(gentle music)

00:43:14.460 --> 00:43:17.793
- When he came home things
unraveled pretty quickly.

00:43:21.060 --> 00:43:24.390
We both changed, When
somebody goes to prison.

00:43:24.390 --> 00:43:29.220
You know, I was home painting
floors, getting recipes,

00:43:29.220 --> 00:43:32.553
trying to get ready to
be the perfect wife.

00:43:34.260 --> 00:43:38.313
So it was sad to me too, I couldn't do it.

00:43:39.922 --> 00:43:42.589
(pensive music)

00:43:46.470 --> 00:43:51.210
- I have concluded that the
time has come for action.

00:43:51.210 --> 00:43:54.183
This is not an invasion of Cambodia.

00:43:55.110 --> 00:43:57.420
- [Reporter] The intervention
in Cambodia triggered sharp

00:43:57.420 --> 00:43:59.910
and strenuous protests
in the United States,

00:43:59.910 --> 00:44:02.160
mainly at hundreds of college campuses,

00:44:02.160 --> 00:44:04.920
most notably at Kent State University.

00:44:04.920 --> 00:44:07.530
National guardsmen senselessly opened fire

00:44:07.530 --> 00:44:09.270
into a crowd of demonstrators

00:44:09.270 --> 00:44:11.613
killing four students and wounding nine.

00:44:12.668 --> 00:44:16.012
♪ Four dead in Ohio ♪

00:44:16.012 --> 00:44:19.012
♪ Four dead in Ohio ♪

00:44:23.130 --> 00:44:25.230
- [Michael] Just days after Kent State,

00:44:25.230 --> 00:44:29.160
two African American protesters
are killed and 12 injured

00:44:29.160 --> 00:44:31.953
by police at Jackson State
College in Mississippi.

00:44:33.180 --> 00:44:35.100
The Cambodia invasion sparks a wave

00:44:35.100 --> 00:44:37.323
of anti-war and a anti-draft action.

00:44:38.310 --> 00:44:41.250
Draft boards across the
country are ransacked,

00:44:41.250 --> 00:44:43.560
tens of thousands of
draft files were burned,

00:44:43.560 --> 00:44:46.950
which permanently eliminate
those men from the call-up.

00:44:46.950 --> 00:44:49.350
Four million students go out on strike,

00:44:49.350 --> 00:44:52.470
shutting down campuses nationwide.

00:44:52.470 --> 00:44:57.030
- This campus is on strike to
reconstitute the university

00:44:57.030 --> 00:44:58.620
as a center for organizing

00:44:58.620 --> 00:45:00.875
against the war in Southeast Asia.

00:45:00.875 --> 00:45:02.880
(audience cheering)

00:45:02.880 --> 00:45:05.670
- [Michael] Within a
month 25,000 draft cards

00:45:05.670 --> 00:45:07.220
have been turned in nationally.

00:45:08.580 --> 00:45:11.100
Within a year, over half the inductees

00:45:11.100 --> 00:45:13.110
at the Oakland induction center refused

00:45:13.110 --> 00:45:14.643
to show up when called.

00:45:15.510 --> 00:45:17.370
- [David] This war is
going on and on and on.

00:45:17.370 --> 00:45:19.380
These draftees are more
and more distressed

00:45:19.380 --> 00:45:24.153
with what's going on and there
was a breakdown of morale.

00:45:25.659 --> 00:45:29.035
♪ And the war ♪

00:45:29.035 --> 00:45:30.630
♪ Drags on ♪

00:45:30.630 --> 00:45:32.370
- [Michael] I think also
in a very practical level

00:45:32.370 --> 00:45:33.900
we created a phenomenon

00:45:33.900 --> 00:45:36.090
which ultimately threatened
the government's capacity

00:45:36.090 --> 00:45:37.950
to wage the war, I mean, by 1970

00:45:37.950 --> 00:45:40.530
they were drafting three
people to get one foot soldier.

00:45:40.530 --> 00:45:43.170
You know, by 1970 the spirit of rebellion

00:45:43.170 --> 00:45:45.000
that had motivated the anti-draft people

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:47.070
had made its way into the military.

00:45:47.070 --> 00:45:48.447
- [Soldier] I haven't fired
my gun since I've been here

00:45:48.447 --> 00:45:49.653
and I like it that way.

00:45:50.670 --> 00:45:53.010
- Killing for peace
just doesn't make sense.

00:45:53.010 --> 00:45:54.600
- How long the war goes on,

00:45:54.600 --> 00:45:56.820
those things are dictated by many factors.

00:45:56.820 --> 00:45:59.910
But draft resistance it
certainly helped prevent it

00:45:59.910 --> 00:46:04.023
from escalating dramatically
and that's no small thing.

00:46:05.483 --> 00:46:08.566
(explosions booming)

00:46:10.380 --> 00:46:12.630
- [Daniel] Very few, even scholars today

00:46:12.630 --> 00:46:14.550
really have it in their minds that

00:46:14.550 --> 00:46:16.950
that war could have been
even worse than it was.

00:46:19.065 --> 00:46:22.590
(dramatic music)

00:46:22.590 --> 00:46:25.530
The joint chiefs were
pressing every day of the week

00:46:25.530 --> 00:46:28.220
for it to be worse than it was.

00:46:28.220 --> 00:46:31.230
- [Nixon] I still think we
ought to take the dikes out now.

00:46:32.498 --> 00:46:34.095
Will that drown people?

00:46:34.095 --> 00:46:36.711
- [Kissinger] That will
drown about 200,000 people.

00:46:36.711 --> 00:46:38.489
- [Nixon] Well, no, no, no, no, no, no,

00:46:38.489 --> 00:46:39.322
I'd rather use a nuclear bomb.

00:46:39.322 --> 00:46:41.109
Have you got that ready?

00:46:41.109 --> 00:46:44.478
- [Kissinger] That I think
will just be too much.

00:46:44.478 --> 00:46:46.888
- [Nixon] A nuclear bomb,
does that bother you?

00:46:46.888 --> 00:46:50.503
I just want you to think
big, Henry, for Christ sakes.

00:46:50.503 --> 00:46:52.620
- I think that the anti-war movement

00:46:52.620 --> 00:46:55.530
definitely kept a ceiling
on the war at every point

00:46:55.530 --> 00:46:57.840
through Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon,

00:46:57.840 --> 00:47:00.360
at every one of those
points without the prospect

00:47:00.360 --> 00:47:02.190
that escalation would cause

00:47:02.190 --> 00:47:05.070
an even much, much larger movement.

00:47:05.070 --> 00:47:07.140
There would have been massive escalation

00:47:07.140 --> 00:47:09.663
over what there ever was in the war.

00:47:11.256 --> 00:47:14.006
(dramatic music)

00:47:14.910 --> 00:47:17.850
- [Michael] Virtually
everything that people did

00:47:17.850 --> 00:47:20.490
had some impact at some time,

00:47:20.490 --> 00:47:23.040
whether it's a large demonstration

00:47:23.040 --> 00:47:25.952
or a civil disobedient activity,

00:47:25.952 --> 00:47:27.990
or whether it's burning draft cards.

00:47:27.990 --> 00:47:30.720
- [Jay] And that's where
social change comes from

00:47:30.720 --> 00:47:33.870
is when I step outside
of my usual boundaries

00:47:33.870 --> 00:47:36.960
and start to take some
kind of further action,

00:47:36.960 --> 00:47:38.580
there are people watching me

00:47:38.580 --> 00:47:40.830
and they might take the same action.

00:47:40.830 --> 00:47:41.880
(train horn whistling)

00:47:41.880 --> 00:47:43.200
- [Reporter] Has it been worth it?

00:47:43.200 --> 00:47:45.990
- Well, yes, I mean, I
haven't really lost nothing.

00:47:45.990 --> 00:47:48.420
Many people are doing what I did

00:47:48.420 --> 00:47:50.820
and they go into jail for it
and you don't read about them,

00:47:50.820 --> 00:47:53.103
at least I was a case
that the world watched.

00:47:54.124 --> 00:47:55.380
But what about the people who nobody knows

00:47:55.380 --> 00:47:58.380
and their daughters, so I look
at them as being more great,

00:47:58.380 --> 00:47:59.760
I would say, than I am.

00:47:59.760 --> 00:48:03.210
- I think it took some bodies in prison,

00:48:03.210 --> 00:48:07.113
paying the price, to make it all real.

00:48:08.430 --> 00:48:10.476
And doing a little bit
of time was nothing.

00:48:10.476 --> 00:48:15.476
(guns firing)
(people shouting)

00:48:19.907 --> 00:48:21.360
- [David] I think, obviously,
we were not successful

00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:23.580
at ending the war the way we wanted to.

00:48:23.580 --> 00:48:25.710
We wanted to end it on a moral decision.

00:48:25.710 --> 00:48:27.780
That's not what happened.

00:48:27.780 --> 00:48:30.780
What happened was the government
said this is unwinnable

00:48:30.780 --> 00:48:32.910
and we got to extricate ourselves from it.

00:48:32.910 --> 00:48:35.160
- [Reporter] A ceasefire,
international supervised,

00:48:35.160 --> 00:48:37.950
will begin at 7:00 p.m., this Saturday,

00:48:37.950 --> 00:48:40.380
January 27, Washington time.

00:48:40.380 --> 00:48:43.743
All American forces will be
withdrawn from South Vietnam.

00:48:44.640 --> 00:48:48.150
- [Bob] Refusing to cooperate
with the war machine

00:48:48.150 --> 00:48:50.700
was one of the most
effective things we could do

00:48:50.700 --> 00:48:54.577
to slow and eventually
stop the draft and the war.

00:48:54.577 --> 00:48:57.327
(mournful music)

00:49:03.273 --> 00:49:07.110
- Make a difference,
change, don't stand back

00:49:07.110 --> 00:49:12.110
and just wish you could step
out on the pages of history.

00:49:12.270 --> 00:49:14.430
There are times when you have to fight.

00:49:14.430 --> 00:49:15.600
- You know, I had the choice to make,

00:49:15.600 --> 00:49:16.500
you had a choice to make.

00:49:16.500 --> 00:49:18.690
You made your choice, I made mine.

00:49:18.690 --> 00:49:19.940
But I didn't run from it.

00:49:22.860 --> 00:49:25.043
You know, I mean, it moves
me to think about it.

00:49:31.572 --> 00:49:33.756
(upbeat jazzy music)

00:49:33.756 --> 00:49:34.589
♪ Yeah ♪

00:49:34.589 --> 00:49:36.440
♪ What you say, what you say ♪

00:49:36.440 --> 00:49:38.022
♪ I support you ♪

00:49:38.022 --> 00:49:38.855
♪ I see you ♪

00:49:38.855 --> 00:49:39.688
♪ You know what ♪

00:49:39.688 --> 00:49:41.734
♪ You gotta resist, persist ♪

00:49:41.734 --> 00:49:42.666
♪ Don't toe the line ♪

00:49:42.666 --> 00:49:43.607
♪ Nor be unkind ♪

00:49:43.607 --> 00:49:44.717
♪ Stand up and shout ♪

00:49:44.717 --> 00:49:45.865
♪ Stand up and shout ♪

00:49:45.865 --> 00:49:47.776
♪ Don't let yourself be taken out ♪

00:49:47.776 --> 00:49:48.906
♪ Arrive, alive ♪

00:49:48.906 --> 00:49:49.950
♪ Arrive, or improvise ♪

00:49:49.950 --> 00:49:51.028
♪ Resist, insist ♪

00:49:51.028 --> 00:49:52.012
♪ You gotta persist ♪

00:49:52.012 --> 00:49:52.903
♪ Now, don't bow down ♪

00:49:52.903 --> 00:49:54.053
♪ No, I won't bow down ♪

00:49:54.053 --> 00:49:54.963
♪ You gotta shine ♪

00:49:54.963 --> 00:49:57.758
♪ And don't resign
yourself to mediocrity ♪

00:49:57.758 --> 00:49:59.649
♪ Meet the world with your alacrity ♪

00:49:59.649 --> 00:50:00.905
♪ Be audacious, be bold ♪

00:50:00.905 --> 00:50:02.937
♪ Don't let your soul
get bought and sold ♪

00:50:02.937 --> 00:50:05.046
♪ Don't let your soul
get bought and sold ♪

00:50:05.046 --> 00:50:06.497
♪ Resist, persist, insist ♪

00:50:06.497 --> 00:50:08.104
♪ Resist, persist, insist ♪

00:50:08.104 --> 00:50:09.220
♪ Say no, say what ♪

00:50:09.220 --> 00:50:10.251
♪ Say no, say what ♪

00:50:10.251 --> 00:50:11.243
♪ Say no, say what ♪

00:50:11.243 --> 00:50:12.147
♪ Say no, say what ♪

00:50:12.147 --> 00:50:12.980
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:12.980 --> 00:50:14.874
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:14.874 --> 00:50:15.707
♪ Say no, say no ♪

00:50:15.707 --> 00:50:16.937
♪ Say no, say no ♪

00:50:16.937 --> 00:50:19.396
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:19.396 --> 00:50:21.106
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:21.106 --> 00:50:23.704
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:23.704 --> 00:50:25.495
♪ Resist, resist ♪

00:50:25.495 --> 00:50:28.068
♪ Persist ♪

00:50:28.068 --> 00:50:29.563
♪ Persist ♪

00:50:29.563 --> 00:50:32.501
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:32.501 --> 00:50:33.780
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:33.780 --> 00:50:35.945
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:35.945 --> 00:50:37.608
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:37.608 --> 00:50:40.003
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:40.003 --> 00:50:40.884
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:40.884 --> 00:50:41.786
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:41.786 --> 00:50:44.284
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:44.284 --> 00:50:45.967
♪ Say no ♪

00:50:45.967 --> 00:50:48.333
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:48.333 --> 00:50:50.137
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:50.137 --> 00:50:52.908
♪ Persist ♪

00:50:52.908 --> 00:50:54.359
♪ Persist ♪

00:50:54.359 --> 00:50:57.163
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:57.163 --> 00:50:58.463
♪ Resist ♪

00:50:58.463 --> 00:51:00.883
♪ Say no ♪

00:51:00.883 --> 00:51:03.169
♪ Say no ♪

00:51:03.169 --> 00:51:06.336
(gentle upbeat music)

00:51:19.200 --> 00:51:22.367
(gentle upbeat music)

00:51:28.691 --> 00:51:31.774
(upbeat jazzy music)

00:51:47.047 --> 00:51:50.214
(upbeat jazzy music)