00:00:01:00     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Millions of children

 

00:00:02:14     --:--:--:--

live on the edge--

of life, of society,

 

00:00:04:28     --:--:--:--

of having their interests

taken seriously.

 

00:00:07:25     --:--:--:--

We've been following one man

who wants to change all that,

 

00:00:11:04     --:--:--:--

who's tried to put children

at the heart

 

00:00:13:20     00:00:15:29

of how we build our future.

 

00:00:47:20     --:--:--:--

In the Andes Mountains

of Peru,

 

00:00:50:23     --:--:--:--

Amilcar Huancahuari,

when we first met him,

 

00:00:53:08     00:00:58:05

was Mayor of Jesús Nazareno,

a poor suburb of Ayacucho.

 

00:01:00:17     --:--:--:--

Easter, his district's

flower map was one among many.

 

00:01:05:28     --:--:--:--

Now he's been elected to run

the whole province of Huamanga.

 

00:01:10:17     --:--:--:--

[lively music playing]

 

00:01:16:12     --:--:--:--

And beyond the celebrations:

huge challenges,

 

00:01:19:27     --:--:--:--

for in Huamanga,

children grow up

 

00:01:22:02     00:01:24:24

in the shadow

of terrible violence.

 

00:01:27:02     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:01:29:22     --:--:--:--

- We live with the consequences

of violence:

 

00:01:32:08     --:--:--:--

insecure children,

 

00:01:33:23     --:--:--:--

children with anxiety disorders,

depression,

 

00:01:36:04     00:01:37:22

and violent behavior.

 

00:01:40:13     --:--:--:--

As they develop, we want to cut

this recurring cycle.

 

00:01:45:11     --:--:--:--

[drums beating]

 

00:01:47:09     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: Across the world,

Amilcar believes

 

00:01:49:09     --:--:--:--

the shadow of violence--

 

00:01:50:29     --:--:--:--

domestic, political,

and plain criminal--

 

00:01:53:09     --:--:--:--

hangs over too many children.

 

00:01:55:21     --:--:--:--

But what can be done?

 

00:01:57:03     --:--:--:--

To find some answers,

we asked the Mayor

 

00:01:58:28     --:--:--:--

to take to the road in Brazil

 

00:02:01:22     00:02:04:13

and first in his own country,

Peru.

 

00:02:11:03     --:--:--:--

"Dawn on the Amazon,"

 

00:02:13:03     00:02:16:02

the phrase that launched

a thousand wildlife films.

 

00:02:23:19     --:--:--:--

Over 3,000 kilometers to run,

 

00:02:25:28     --:--:--:--

the Amazon in Iquitos

floods every year.

 

00:02:29:17     --:--:--:--

In the poor suburb of Belén,

 

00:02:31:24     00:02:36:05

the adults are ready,

and so are the kids.

 

00:02:38:01     --:--:--:--

In the summer,

 

00:02:39:05     00:02:42:05

this watery playground

will be dry land.

 

00:02:45:23     --:--:--:--

Boats and planes:

the only way into Iquitos.

 

00:02:48:28     --:--:--:--

No roads in, few cars.

 

00:02:51:21     --:--:--:--

Once, rubber made Iquitos rich,

now oil.

 

00:02:56:27     --:--:--:--

This isolated, jungle-bound

Peruvian city

 

00:03:00:18     --:--:--:--

is like a laboratory

for the future.

 

00:03:04:07     --:--:--:--

And the future, that's kids.

 

00:03:06:21     00:03:09:09

[children laughing and talking]

 

00:03:15:19     --:--:--:--

But teachers of this

kindergarten-week rally

 

00:03:18:21     --:--:--:--

fear the interests of children

are too often neglected.

 

00:03:23:21     --:--:--:--

- There are

so many parents

 

00:03:25:05     --:--:--:--

that don't want to enroll

their kids in the school.

 

00:03:27:12     --:--:--:--

They say that kindergarten

is a waste of time,

 

00:03:29:17     --:--:--:--

and that is not true.

 

00:03:30:27     --:--:--:--

With this rally,

we want

 

00:03:32:11     --:--:--:--

to let the families

and the community know

 

00:03:34:02     --:--:--:--

that the kindergarten

is very important,

 

00:03:35:29     00:03:39:24

because kids learn from the time

they are in their mother's womb.

 

00:03:45:20     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Mayor Amilcar has flown in

 

00:03:47:19     --:--:--:--

from Ayacucho in the Andes,

 

00:03:50:05     00:03:53:05

his first trip to Iquitos

and the Amazon.

 

00:03:56:18     --:--:--:--

He's long believed

the first few years of life

 

00:03:59:10     --:--:--:--

are key to human development,

 

00:04:02:01     --:--:--:--

so there's a question

on his mind.

 

00:04:07:05     --:--:--:--

- How are the children living?

 

00:04:09:07     --:--:--:--

What hopes do the children have,

 

00:04:11:06     --:--:--:--

what opportunities

for developing their potential?

 

00:04:16:00     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:04:17:24     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

They're ready for the Mayor

 

00:04:19:17     --:--:--:--

at the Children of Peace

kindergarten.

 

00:04:22:10     00:04:25:10

[all speaking Spanish]

 

00:04:27:11     --:--:--:--

Judging

by the friendly reception,

 

00:04:29:01     --:--:--:--

the name is justified.

 

00:04:30:14     00:04:33:14

[all speaking Spanish]

 

00:04:35:03     --:--:--:--

But Amilcar learns

appearances can be deceptive,

 

00:04:39:23     --:--:--:--

domestic problems not left

at the school gates.

 

00:04:44:20     --:--:--:--

- You can often see

when kids are malnourished

 

00:04:47:11     --:--:--:--

when they come to school

to sleep.

 

00:04:49:12     --:--:--:--

They are sleepy all day and have

a pale color in their faces.

 

00:04:53:13     --:--:--:--

They are going through

a difficult economic situation

 

00:04:55:26     --:--:--:--

and not eating well.

 

00:04:58:07     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

These kids are bouncy enough

 

00:05:00:14     --:--:--:--

thanks to free kindergarten milk

and meals.

 

00:05:03:23     --:--:--:--

But there's also the first hint

of a more intractable problem

 

00:05:07:16     --:--:--:--

that will shadow

the Mayor's journey: violence.

 

00:05:12:02     --:--:--:--

- Yes, kids are aggressive.

 

00:05:14:11     --:--:--:--

Now they hit you.

Now they poke you.

 

00:05:16:28     --:--:--:--

So you have to be alert

all the time.

 

00:05:19:08     --:--:--:--

They want to hit the other

students with their pencil.

 

00:05:22:08     --:--:--:--

Why? Because they see

all this at home.

 

00:05:25:20     00:05:29:13

They see this mistreatment

of people among their families.

 

00:05:32:25     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Amilcar is advised

 

00:05:34:06     --:--:--:--

to take off-duty

police bodyguards,

 

00:05:37:00     --:--:--:--

useful guides

for a neighborhood

 

00:05:39:06     --:--:--:--

whose tranquil appearance

can be deceptive.

 

00:05:42:09     --:--:--:--

Children, the Mayor learns,

are growing up

 

00:05:44:06     --:--:--:--

amidst more than one kind

of violence.

 

00:05:48:16     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:05:49:29     --:--:--:--

- Around here,

 

00:05:51:07     --:--:--:--

we have multiple problems

of domestic violence,

 

00:05:53:28     --:--:--:--

reported two or three times

a day.

 

00:05:57:07     --:--:--:--

- But not all of them

are reported.

 

00:05:59:26     --:--:--:--

- Obviously, not all of them

are reported

 

00:06:01:26     --:--:--:--

because of the fear

of reprisals.

 

00:06:04:05     --:--:--:--

At the bottom of this

is the violence

 

00:06:06:10     --:--:--:--

that kids are living with

in their households,

 

00:06:09:18     00:06:13:28

parents' irresponsibility

and psychological mistreatment.

 

00:06:16:02     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Domestic violence is serious,

 

00:06:18:18     --:--:--:--

but it's not always

the parents

 

00:06:20:08     --:--:--:--

who cause the biggest problem

for the police.

 

00:06:24:05     --:--:--:--

- The problem in Belén

is youth gangs.

 

00:06:27:29     --:--:--:--

- There are youth gangs?

 

00:06:29:18     --:--:--:--

- Yes, kids consuming

drugs and alcohol

 

00:06:32:24     00:06:34:26

from a very early age.

 

00:06:38:11     --:--:--:--

[all speaking Spanish]

 

00:06:41:00     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Consuming the right food,

 

00:06:42:15     --:--:--:--

the Mayor finds some

inventive answers in Iquitos.

 

00:06:46:18     00:06:49:18

[all speaking Spanish]

 

00:06:52:18     --:--:--:--

The NGO Restinga,

or Sanctuary, is teaching kids

 

00:06:55:22     --:--:--:--

to grow a nutritious diet

of tomatoes.

 

00:06:58:15     --:--:--:--

- Show me what you are doing.

 

00:07:01:04     --:--:--:--

You can plant the seeds

in this?

 

00:07:03:02     --:--:--:--

- Yes, in these.

 

00:07:04:10     --:--:--:--

We make a hole here,

and we put the seed here,

 

00:07:06:20     00:07:08:15

and then we leave it there.

 

00:07:11:04     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

The Mayor wants to know

 

00:07:12:15     --:--:--:--

how they measure

their results.

 

00:07:14:04     --:--:--:--

- This means

learning to use food properly,

 

00:07:16:28     --:--:--:--

a correct balance

 

00:07:18:00     00:07:19:23

of nutritious meals

for the kids.

 

00:07:25:15     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Andrés is one of the older kids

 

00:07:27:20     --:--:--:--

Restinga is helping.

 

00:07:30:14     --:--:--:--

At 13, he's thriving

at school.

 

00:07:35:02     --:--:--:--

- I am studying English.

 

00:07:37:13     --:--:--:--

When I have homework,

I use this.

 

00:07:40:23     --:--:--:--

- Hello.

 

00:07:42:24     00:07:46:17

My name is Andrés.

 

00:07:50:00     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Two years ago,

 

00:07:51:09     --:--:--:--

Andrés might have been

ferrying the Mayor himself.

 

00:07:54:00     --:--:--:--

He was a child boat driver,

a dollar for five hours.

 

00:07:58:18     --:--:--:--

Andrés wants to make sure

 

00:08:00:12     --:--:--:--

Amilcar has a memory

of child labor to take home,

 

00:08:04:20     --:--:--:--

so he's asked the Mayor

to the Iquitos city museum:

 

00:08:08:28     --:--:--:--

instead of adults

working for children,

 

00:08:11:20     --:--:--:--

children working for adults.

 

00:08:14:22     --:--:--:--

- This is the child

Jesús de la Caja.

 

00:08:17:14     --:--:--:--

- And what is this, Andrés?

 

00:08:20:24     --:--:--:--

- He's a child that represents

all the world that works.

 

00:08:25:04     --:--:--:--

He is a child from Belén.

 

00:08:28:03     --:--:--:--

He is not wearing shoes.

 

00:08:29:29     --:--:--:--

His clothes are old and dirty,

because he's working.

 

00:08:33:16     00:08:38:01

His shirt is dirty,

and his heart has been broken.

 

00:08:39:29     --:--:--:--

- And that heart

has a special meaning?

 

00:08:42:05     --:--:--:--

- Yes.

 

00:08:43:06     --:--:--:--

- What does it mean?

 

00:08:44:13     --:--:--:--

- A broken heart

because he's been mistreated.

 

00:08:47:24     --:--:--:--

He used to clean shoes,

and he was badly paid.

 

00:08:51:18     00:08:55:07

They mistreated him,

and they abandoned him.

 

00:09:00:20     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

"Restinga" means "sanctuary,"

 

00:09:03:03     00:09:07:10

and the children's sanctuary

Restinga runs is close by.

 

00:09:12:12     --:--:--:--

Inside, a reminder

 

00:09:13:25     00:09:17:29

it's not just young boys

who are exploited in Iquitos.

 

00:09:20:06     --:--:--:--

- This represents a working girl

who sells fish on the streets.

 

00:09:25:15     --:--:--:--

She is a girl from Belén,

 

00:09:27:11     --:--:--:--

and she doesn't have time

to go to school.

 

00:09:30:27     --:--:--:--

Her parents told her,

"You have to sell everything.

 

00:09:34:15     00:09:37:02

If not, you can't come back."

 

00:09:39:29     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Restinga's director, Puchín,

 

00:09:42:15     --:--:--:--

has helped kids like Andrés

with theater and arts projects.

 

00:09:46:15     --:--:--:--

But there's still much to do,

 

00:09:48:08     --:--:--:--

over 3 million child laborers

in Peru.

 

00:09:52:14     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:09:54:07     --:--:--:--

- If you go

on the streets

 

00:09:55:21     --:--:--:--

where they work

on the streets,

 

00:09:57:07     --:--:--:--

you can find children working

all around the center of town--

 

00:09:59:22     --:--:--:--

children from seven,

eight years old.

 

00:10:02:07     --:--:--:--

We work with children

and their families.

 

00:10:03:29     --:--:--:--

We work on the issue of violence

with kids,

 

00:10:06:17     --:--:--:--

because the kids in Belén

are very violent,

 

00:10:08:20     --:--:--:--

very, very violent.

 

00:10:10:01     --:--:--:--

All their games

are very violent.

 

00:10:11:25     --:--:--:--

So what we try to do in our work

is change their focus,

 

00:10:14:19     --:--:--:--

change a violent gesture

 

00:10:15:28     --:--:--:--

for different,

affective gestures.

 

00:10:18:22     --:--:--:--

We work towards this

through games and art,

 

00:10:22:25     00:10:24:25

and we work with the families.

 

00:10:28:28     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

From Amilcar,

 

00:10:30:05     00:10:33:11

congratulations

and a gift from the Andes.

 

00:10:41:02     --:--:--:--

The Mayor's back

with bodyguard Freddie,

 

00:10:44:00     --:--:--:--

and Freddie has a treat

in store.

 

00:10:46:04     --:--:--:--

[applause]

 

00:10:48:11     --:--:--:--

So does the Mayor.

 

00:10:51:19     --:--:--:--

It's Freddie's daughter

Nicolle's birthday.

 

00:10:54:02     --:--:--:--

[rock music playing]

 

00:10:55:28     --:--:--:--

At seven,

she's eight years younger

 

00:10:57:27     --:--:--:--

than Amilcar's own daughter.

 

00:10:59:13     --:--:--:--

Nicolle's lucky.

 

00:11:01:17     --:--:--:--

She tells Amilcar

many of her friends

 

00:11:03:28     --:--:--:--

don't know their dads.

 

00:11:06:23     --:--:--:--

- Are all of them happy?

 

00:11:08:29     --:--:--:--

- No, some of them

are not happy,

 

00:11:12:00     --:--:--:--

like my little friends

Carmen and Julio.

 

00:11:15:10     --:--:--:--

They don't have a dad.

They just have a mom.

 

00:11:18:21     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

The party over,

 

00:11:20:21     --:--:--:--

Freddie and the Mayor take

to the Iquitos streets again.

 

00:11:23:27     --:--:--:--

They're looking for kids

of Nicolle's age

 

00:11:26:15     --:--:--:--

who are not partying

but working.

 

00:11:29:04     00:11:30:17

It doesn't take long.

 

00:11:33:12     --:--:--:--

- The city put in these portable

rubbish bins in the streets,

 

00:11:36:09     --:--:--:--

and the kids

look through the rubbish

 

00:11:38:04     --:--:--:--

to find stuff to recycle.

 

00:11:40:12     --:--:--:--

They gather it

during the whole early morning.

 

00:11:45:13     --:--:--:--

- It's midnight,

and they're still working?

 

00:11:48:23     --:--:--:--

- Yeah, it's midnight,

and they go out at this time

 

00:11:51:25     --:--:--:--

because if you get to know them,

some of them study.

 

00:11:55:19     --:--:--:--

So from that age, they know

about the problems at home.

 

00:11:59:08     --:--:--:--

They know there is no father

 

00:12:00:29     --:--:--:--

to sustain

the household economy,

 

00:12:03:15     00:12:06:13

so the children

support their mothers.

 

00:12:13:25     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: At a weekend workshop,

the kids are coming

 

00:12:15:29     --:--:--:--

to meet the important visitor

from the Andes.

 

00:12:20:26     --:--:--:--

They're rowed

by youth worker Daniel

 

00:12:23:17     00:12:25:24

or by themselves.

 

00:12:27:15     --:--:--:--

Most are thriving.

 

00:12:29:11     --:--:--:--

But a few probing questions,

and these children,

 

00:12:32:19     --:--:--:--

whose parents know

they're talking to us,

 

00:12:34:24     00:12:36:22

are pretty frank.

 

00:12:38:23     --:--:--:--

- Sometimes you see

these drunk people

 

00:12:40:29     --:--:--:--

crossing the bridge here.

 

00:12:42:13     00:12:44:17

They are robbers.

They rob you.

 

00:12:46:17     --:--:--:--

- They will say,

"Can you lend me something?"

 

00:12:51:03     00:12:54:17

Then when you're distracted,

they will rob you.

 

00:12:56:15     --:--:--:--

- What happens at home

when the fathers drink too much?

 

00:12:59:05     --:--:--:--

- He goes crazy.

 

00:13:00:26     --:--:--:--

He acts crazy, doesn't know

what he's going to do.

 

00:13:04:03     --:--:--:--

He wanted to smash

the mirrors.

 

00:13:05:24     --:--:--:--

They fight with the mothers.

 

00:13:07:15     --:--:--:--

The mothers run away.

 

00:13:10:29     00:13:15:27

I want the alcoholism

and the violence to disappear.

 

00:13:17:14     --:--:--:--

Yes,

 

00:13:20:19     --:--:--:--

the violence to disappear.

 

00:13:23:23     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Academics have called the effect

 

00:13:25:18     --:--:--:--

of a violent environment

on children "invisible wounds."

 

00:13:29:21     00:13:33:02

Amilcar is learning

how lasting they can be.

 

00:13:36:02     --:--:--:--

- What I've learned

in this community,

 

00:13:37:20     --:--:--:--

in the Belén district,

 

00:13:39:00     --:--:--:--

is that it is a very hostile

environment of violence

 

00:13:42:04     --:--:--:--

where children see

drunken adults, principally men,

 

00:13:45:08     --:--:--:--

fighting each other

using knives and machetes.

 

00:13:52:00     --:--:--:--

And then there is the aggression

within households.

 

00:13:55:21     --:--:--:--

That generates huge insecurity

and violent behavior

 

00:13:58:21     --:--:--:--

among the kids.

 

00:14:00:03     --:--:--:--

So the kids can replicate

these actions

 

00:14:02:11     --:--:--:--

while they are growing up.

 

00:14:05:17     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: Amilcar wants to meet

one of the workshop moms.

 

00:14:10:21     --:--:--:--

He's off to see Miriam.

 

00:14:13:04     --:--:--:--

Her daughter's fine,

off playing.

 

00:14:16:00     --:--:--:--

But Miriam does understand

family violence.

 

00:14:21:13     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:14:23:01     --:--:--:--

- I've seen cases.

 

00:14:24:19     --:--:--:--

My mom suffers

because my dad drinks.

 

00:14:26:29     --:--:--:--

I saw how he fights.

 

00:14:29:17     --:--:--:--

- And how often does he drink?

 

00:14:30:27     --:--:--:--

Every week?

How often?

 

00:14:32:05     --:--:--:--

- Oh, yes.

 

00:14:33:16     --:--:--:--

Every three days sometimes,

the whole week sometimes.

 

00:14:36:26     --:--:--:--

So that's when I saw

how he fought with my mom,

 

00:14:39:03     --:--:--:--

how he insulted her.

 

00:14:41:01     --:--:--:--

- Have you noticed any changes

in your children,

 

00:14:43:03     --:--:--:--

how they are behaving?

 

00:14:44:19     --:--:--:--

- Yes.

How can I tell you?

 

00:14:46:21     --:--:--:--

Sometimes fathers

use bad words.

 

00:14:48:27     --:--:--:--

Sometimes you talk to kids,

 

00:14:50:15     --:--:--:--

and they say,

"Go away, [...].

 

00:14:52:10     --:--:--:--

[...] off,"

 

00:14:53:18     --:--:--:--

because they've heard that

 

00:14:54:23     --:--:--:--

in the way

the fathers are speaking.

 

00:14:57:06     --:--:--:--

Even though they are

little kids,

 

00:14:59:01     00:15:01:26

the words that they are using

are very strong.

 

00:15:09:18     --:--:--:--

- I have seen

how children are living

 

00:15:11:05     --:--:--:--

in extreme conditions

of poverty,

 

00:15:13:04     --:--:--:--

families in extreme poverty.

 

00:15:15:03     --:--:--:--

And even though kids

are the most vulnerable people

 

00:15:17:19     --:--:--:--

in society and in a family,

they are the ones

 

00:15:20:17     --:--:--:--

that regrettably absorb

both the good and the bad things

 

00:15:23:26     00:15:25:13

in the families.

 

00:15:28:18     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

After Iquitos,

 

00:15:30:04     --:--:--:--

Amilcar's journey takes him

1,000 kilometers south

 

00:15:34:06     00:15:37:07

to Lima,

the capital of Peru.

 

00:15:44:17     --:--:--:--

In the recent election

for Mayor of Lima,

 

00:15:46:23     --:--:--:--

the leading candidates agreed

to prioritize

 

00:15:49:14     --:--:--:--

early child development.

 

00:15:52:05     --:--:--:--

The Mayor of Huamanga

wants to know

 

00:15:53:24     --:--:--:--

where his colleague's putting

any extra money she can find.

 

00:15:57:21     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:15:59:24     --:--:--:--

- Where we are putting

 

00:16:01:08     --:--:--:--

our main effort for children

in my term of office

 

00:16:04:05     --:--:--:--

is malnourishment,

birth registration,

 

00:16:06:20     00:16:08:26

and early child development

centers.

 

00:16:10:21     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

It's not just money.

 

00:16:12:28     --:--:--:--

The big message

from City Hall:

 

00:16:14:24     --:--:--:--

attitudes to children

have got to change.

 

00:16:18:17     --:--:--:--

- Physical violence

is a big problem

 

00:16:21:23     --:--:--:--

in the sense of, "I punish you

in order to discipline you,"

 

00:16:26:02     --:--:--:--

and this is very internalized.

 

00:16:28:15     --:--:--:--

"I have to be rough with you

 

00:16:30:07     --:--:--:--

in order for you to grow

in the right way."

 

00:16:33:16     --:--:--:--

That is part of the culture

 

00:16:35:16     --:--:--:--

and not necessarily seen

as something wrong.

 

00:16:38:21     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

1/3 of Peru's children

 

00:16:41:09     --:--:--:--

live in Lima

and its shantytowns.

 

00:16:44:07     --:--:--:--

Many families from the Mayor's

own province of Huamanga

 

00:16:48:00     --:--:--:--

live in the desertlike suburb

of Manchay.

 

00:16:51:16     00:16:54:09

Julia walks her daughter

to school.

 

00:16:56:06     --:--:--:--

Back in the market

where Julia works,

 

00:16:58:07     --:--:--:--

Amilcar learns there are dangers

in the big city for children

 

00:17:01:26     --:--:--:--

but advantages too.

 

00:17:03:23     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:17:05:28     --:--:--:--

- The risks

are here at every moment.

 

00:17:08:27     --:--:--:--

You can't trust your neighbors

to ask them,

 

00:17:11:21     --:--:--:--

"Please take my daughter

with yours to the school."

 

00:17:14:24     --:--:--:--

I cannot, because sometimes

I can't trust anyone.

 

00:17:19:03     --:--:--:--

- Are there any advantages

 

00:17:20:26     --:--:--:--

with the education you're giving

your little girl here?

 

00:17:23:26     --:--:--:--

- There are big advantages here

if you compare it

 

00:17:27:25     --:--:--:--

to where we come from

in the mountains.

 

00:17:32:02     --:--:--:--

Here, she has one teacher

especially for her,

 

00:17:36:09     --:--:--:--

for the three-year-olds.

 

00:17:39:19     --:--:--:--

In her school,

there are classes until 5:00,

 

00:17:42:27     00:17:46:18

and every year,

they have their own teacher.

 

00:17:58:18     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

In Lima's National Museum:

 

00:18:00:24     --:--:--:--

a grueling exhibition of events

in the Mayor's province

 

00:18:03:19     --:--:--:--

20 years ago.

 

00:18:06:04     --:--:--:--

The Sendero Luminoso Maoist

rebellion spread across Peru,

 

00:18:12:12     --:--:--:--

the carnage costing 69,000 lives

and traumatizing children.

 

00:18:19:27     --:--:--:--

This was the reason

so many families

 

00:18:21:27     00:18:24:26

from the Mayor's province

fled to Lima.

 

00:18:36:06     --:--:--:--

- This photograph shows us

the reality of those times--

 

00:18:39:11     --:--:--:--

the faces of frightened people,

sad people,

 

00:18:42:17     --:--:--:--

especially on the kids' faces,

 

00:18:44:12     --:--:--:--

their eyes full of shyness

and timidity.

 

00:18:49:01     --:--:--:--

An older girl realizes

 

00:18:51:06     --:--:--:--

that there is sadness

in this place and pain,

 

00:18:53:25     --:--:--:--

and you can see that

in her eyes--

 

00:18:55:29     --:--:--:--

very innocent,

not knowing what is happening,

 

00:18:59:13     --:--:--:--

children with no joy

in their eyes.

 

00:19:02:09     --:--:--:--

There is a state of pain,

an insecure state,

 

00:19:05:12     00:19:09:06

a frightened state, even

with the armed forces there.

 

00:19:19:13     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

What Amilcar wants to know:

 

00:19:21:07     --:--:--:--

are there invisible wounds

from political violence?

 

00:19:25:12     --:--:--:--

With a translator,

he's researching the work

 

00:19:27:24     00:19:31:17

of American psychologist

Professor Kaethe Weingarten.

 

00:19:35:18     --:--:--:--

- In what way does it affect

the children and youth,

 

00:19:38:11     --:--:--:--

and how does it impact on them

later on?

 

00:19:40:22     --:--:--:--

- That's something

that I've been researching

 

00:19:42:17     --:--:--:--

for the last 20 years.

 

00:19:43:29     --:--:--:--

And what I have found

is that political violence

 

00:19:47:24     --:--:--:--

can have an impact

over generations.

 

00:19:51:27     --:--:--:--

Even children who weren't born

can be affected

 

00:19:55:16     --:--:--:--

by political violence

that occurred in the past.

 

00:20:00:02     --:--:--:--

- He wants to know

the mechanisms

 

00:20:03:09     --:--:--:--

of how this violence

can be transmit

 

00:20:07:00     --:--:--:--

to the next generation.

 

00:20:09:05     --:--:--:--

- The biological one, I think,

is very easy to understand

 

00:20:13:07     --:--:--:--

in that a great deal

of violence,

 

00:20:16:04     --:--:--:--

their physiology changes,

and they produce

 

00:20:21:11     --:--:--:--

different levels

of the hormone cortisol.

 

00:20:24:22     --:--:--:--

When children are parented

by an adult

 

00:20:29:10     --:--:--:--

whose cortisol levels

are disregulated,

 

00:20:32:05     --:--:--:--

that disrupts the child's

hormonal regulation of cortisol,

 

00:20:40:05     --:--:--:--

and that gets passed on

to the children.

 

00:20:44:14     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: It's time for Amilcar

to take some lessons back home

 

00:20:48:15     --:--:--:--

to Huamanga province

and the city of Ayacucho.

 

00:20:52:29     --:--:--:--

[lively music playing]

 

00:20:56:18     --:--:--:--

[people singing]

 

00:20:59:28     --:--:--:--

There's a more than usually

musical homecoming.

 

00:21:03:13     --:--:--:--

The reason?

 

00:21:05:02     00:21:07:16

They're celebrating

his birthday.

 

00:21:16:04     00:21:18:29

Amilcar's wife

is a doctor too.

 

00:21:21:29     --:--:--:--

His proud mom,

once a weaver.

 

00:21:25:18     00:21:27:28

[man speaking Spanish]

 

00:21:30:06     --:--:--:--

Next day: an hour's drive

outside Ayacucho,

 

00:21:33:15     --:--:--:--

the province of Huanta.

 

00:21:36:20     00:21:39:29

Round here, bodies lay

among the prickly pear.

 

00:21:43:15     --:--:--:--

Amilcar's here to meet

Juan and Gloria's family.

 

00:21:46:28     --:--:--:--

He's accompanied

by a child psychiatrist.

 

00:21:50:06     --:--:--:--

Young Christian's been having

behavioral problems,

 

00:21:53:18     --:--:--:--

as his dad recognizes.

 

00:21:55:18     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:21:57:02     --:--:--:--

- He has always had problems,

and sometimes he gets violent.

 

00:21:59:20     --:--:--:--

He's looking for revenge.

 

00:22:01:03     --:--:--:--

He picks up stones

and throws them at the windows

 

00:22:03:09     --:--:--:--

and runs away.

 

00:22:05:00     --:--:--:--

- And he broke the windows

in the classroom?

 

00:22:06:22     --:--:--:--

- Yes, he's not behaving well.

 

00:22:08:25     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: Christian's parents

have their own memories

 

00:22:11:11     --:--:--:--

of political violence

 

00:22:13:01     --:--:--:--

from when the Sendero guerrillas

and the army

 

00:22:15:17     --:--:--:--

visited their village.

 

00:22:18:12     --:--:--:--

- I was scared.

 

00:22:19:22     --:--:--:--

- Why were you scared?

 

00:22:21:08     --:--:--:--

- Here, there, murders.

 

00:22:24:03     --:--:--:--

- And did you see those murders?

 

00:22:26:04     --:--:--:--

- Yes, I did see them.

 

00:22:28:06     --:--:--:--

- I ran away

from that problem.

 

00:22:30:10     --:--:--:--

I didn't want to get involved

in that.

 

00:22:32:08     --:--:--:--

The problem

was all around here.

 

00:22:34:01     --:--:--:--

And that's what made me

run away.

 

00:22:35:26     --:--:--:--

Down in the fields,

I saw dead bodies.

 

00:22:39:19     --:--:--:--

I went and saw the corpses.

 

00:22:41:09     --:--:--:--

- Dead bodies?

 

00:22:42:16     --:--:--:--

- Yes, in the river,

dead bodies in the river.

 

00:22:44:15     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

Child psychiatrist Sara

 

00:22:47:03     --:--:--:--

tells Amilcar

the violence of 20 years ago

 

00:22:50:08     --:--:--:--

has affected the father's

treatment of his son.

 

00:22:53:23     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:22:57:07     --:--:--:--

- I think

that Christian's family

 

00:22:58:23     --:--:--:--

is the type of family

 

00:23:00:05     --:--:--:--

that has been affected

by political violence,

 

00:23:02:28     --:--:--:--

because that child

practically doesn't recognize

 

00:23:06:00     --:--:--:--

a paternal or maternal role.

 

00:23:08:16     --:--:--:--

They think

that they are the parents,

 

00:23:10:25     --:--:--:--

but they don't have the bond

between mother and son.

 

00:23:14:10     --:--:--:--

They see their father just

as the person that feeds them.

 

00:23:17:28     --:--:--:--

So the violence that they

have been passing through

 

00:23:20:07     --:--:--:--

in the previous years

 

00:23:21:18     00:23:23:28

has consequences

in this family.

 

00:23:28:18     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw:

In once war-torn Huanta,

 

00:23:30:25     --:--:--:--

doctors say there is

a higher-than-usual level

 

00:23:33:05     --:--:--:--

of child depression

and family violence.

 

00:23:36:10     --:--:--:--

Of course, violent behavior

may have other causes.

 

00:23:40:10     --:--:--:--

But the government

has asked a top doctor

 

00:23:42:25     --:--:--:--

to help children in Huanta,

 

00:23:44:18     --:--:--:--

children it believes

are affected

 

00:23:46:12     --:--:--:--

by the insidious trickle-down

of political violence.

 

00:23:50:25     --:--:--:--

- [speaking Spanish]

 

00:23:52:12     --:--:--:--

- The findings

that we have

 

00:23:53:26     --:--:--:--

in the field of mental health

were disturbing--

 

00:23:57:14     --:--:--:--

for example,

kids from 10 to 11 years old

 

00:24:00:10     --:--:--:--

already having

suicidal tendencies

 

00:24:02:25     --:--:--:--

or already attempting suicide.

 

00:24:05:12     --:--:--:--

We found this very worrying,

 

00:24:07:20     --:--:--:--

so we presented a project

to the national authority

 

00:24:10:12     --:--:--:--

asking for a group

of specialists on mental health

 

00:24:12:21     --:--:--:--

to come here.

 

00:24:14:04     --:--:--:--

And that is what

we have been doing last year

 

00:24:16:07     00:24:19:26

and continuing

into this year too.

 

00:24:21:24     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: Mayor Amilcar

is back in Ayacucho,

 

00:24:25:04     --:--:--:--

in his office

in its great colonial square.

 

00:24:28:15     --:--:--:--

He's back

with more everyday concerns:

 

00:24:30:28     --:--:--:--

his family

and running a whole province.

 

00:24:34:08     --:--:--:--

But armed with new ideas

and insights,

 

00:24:36:20     00:24:40:29

he's more determined than ever

to pursue his dream.

 

00:24:43:14     --:--:--:--

- Yes, we can end this violence.

 

00:24:45:26     --:--:--:--

We must work with our children

from their early years,

 

00:24:49:16     --:--:--:--

even from the earliest age,

including pregnancy.

 

00:24:52:07     --:--:--:--

We can and we should intervene

 

00:24:55:15     --:--:--:--

to give children respect

for their rights;

 

00:24:58:06     --:--:--:--

opportunities

for their development;

 

00:25:01:00     --:--:--:--

a loving environment where,

beyond their poverty,

 

00:25:04:11     --:--:--:--

they can have

a proper and stable home

 

00:25:06:27     --:--:--:--

with loving parents

 

00:25:08:12     --:--:--:--

that can teach them to live

with each other in harmony,

 

00:25:11:25     --:--:--:--

in peace, in democracy,

different but equals,

 

00:25:17:19     --:--:--:--

a new society

of girls and boys,

 

00:25:21:00     00:25:25:17

builders of a new

and just society.

 

00:25:27:01     --:--:--:--

Bradshaw: In a school

at the edge of Ayacucho,

 

00:25:29:19     --:--:--:--

they're opening a new center

 

00:25:31:10     00:25:35:29

where parents learn

how to help children develop.

 

00:25:38:22     --:--:--:--

Amilcar isn't

the only politician

 

00:25:41:05     --:--:--:--

with a natural rapport

for kids.

 

00:25:44:03     --:--:--:--

He is one of the few

to see them as the key

 

00:25:46:27     00:25:49:26

to a new political future.

 

00:25:58:29     --:--:--:--

To find out more

about early child development

 

00:26:01:08     --:--:--:--

in Latin America and globally,

 

00:26:03:07     00:26:07:14

visit our website:

tve.org/lifeonline.