WEBVTT

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[music]

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[non-English narration]

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In the past, if we fished for an hour,

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that was enough to eat. Now, we
have to fish for a full day,

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and we still don’t catch enough.

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Five years ago,

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there were many more fish, so the
fishing industry here is dying.

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Now we do a little fishing but also tourism,
because we can’t survive on fishing alone.

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[non-English narration]

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When the European boat fish, there’s
nothing left with the small boat.

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The local fisherman take much
less than the European boats.

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When I started fishing,

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there were a lot of fish. I think that the
greatest difficulty has certainly been

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when you know what you know about fishing and you know
you’ve got the information and you’re doing the right thing

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and you go out and still nothing there.

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The number of boats from
Asia and Latin America

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must be increasing constantly.

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There are many more to net fishing boats these
days, so our catch is not been so good.

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That’s our biggest problem now.

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[music]

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As the demand for seafood increases

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along with fishing power of the
global fleet, question becomes

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and the oceans keep up.

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Many of the fish species we depend on are in
serious trouble as we enter the 21st century,

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and the situation is becoming
more critical every day.

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During the next hour, we examine
the global fisheries crisis

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that looms as a critical
threat to world food security,

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how it’s come about, what drives
it and what’s being done to try

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and reverse these dangerous trends.

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[music]

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When you look at the oceans, they seem
so vast that you think to yourself,

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how could people possibly fish out the oceans? I mean
the oceans cover much more of the earth’s surface

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than the land does. But most of the
ocean is biologically a desert.

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The life is there but it’s very, very sparse,
and where it’s concentrated happens to be

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along the continents.

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Few people realize the scale
of the world fishing effort

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and what the industry must do to supply
the ever growing demand for seafood.

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[sil.]

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[non-English narration]

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As fish populations’ closer
to home are depleted,

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seafood is being flown into wholesale markets
from remote locations halfway around the world,

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where fish, for the time
being, can still be caught.

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But even in the most remote locations and
in the deep waters of the open ocean,

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fish populations are being
exhausted, one after another

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by vessels using space-age
tracking technology,

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dragging nets that sweep
vast areas of ocean floor,

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and deploying miles and
miles of baited hooks.

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This kind of serial depletion has gone
on since the 1800’s, but the rate

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at which fish stocks are collapsing today is
unprecedented, and the forces that give rise

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to this crisis are complex.

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Simply put, the fish cannot
reproduce quickly enough

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to keep up with an ever intensifying hunt -
feeding an ever growing human population.

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[non-English narration]

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Many of the collapses that we’ve seen,

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many of the new changes that are happening on oceans are a
consequence of activities that people have always engaged in.

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It’s just at a much greater
rate in a faster scale.

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Nobody created these problems deliberately.
There are bad guys out there

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that are trying to do in fisheries.

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Despite the intensified effort, there
is evidence that the global catch

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has been decreasing since the 1980’s. The
decline that many scientists believe

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would be more apparent were not
for the capture of species

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barely considered edible a decade ago.

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As larger fish disappear, the global fleet
is targeting smaller fish at the lower rungs

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of the marine food chain. Because these
species are the prey of larger fish

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and other marine life, their wholesale
removal may cause even further collapses.

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[sil.]

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Also contributing to overall
declines is the fact

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that not all the fish caught
are being brought to shore.

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Each year, over 20 million metric tons of
untargeted marine life, so-called by-catch,

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are discarded as waste - a
volume equal to four times

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the entire catch of the U.S. fishing fleet.

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The amount of by-catch differs with each type of
fishery, but among the worst are shrimp trawls.

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The U.S. shrimpers are working
hard to reduce this waste.

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But worldwide, on average, over five pounds
of untargeted marine life are discarded

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for each pound of shrimp caught.

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The decline of fisheries is not always the result
of high-tech industrial fishing practices.

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[sil.]

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[music]

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Communities in the Western
Pacific and Indian oceans

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are suffering the long term consequences
of fishing with cyanide and dynamite

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- a widespread practice that destroys
coral reef habitats vital to fisheries

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and local economies.

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Reefs are being blasted, poisons are being used causing
tremendous damage to the reefs. They’re important

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to the productivity of the
coastal fishing grounds.

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I think overfishing in… in
our context is a consequence

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of the overall economic situations
that you see in the rural areas,

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the lack of economic opportunities,
landlessness, poverty in those regions.

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Fishing in that context is an
occupation of last resort.

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[music]

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Population growth is another
factor that drives overfishing

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and pollutes the ocean. Now, at six
billion, our numbers are growing

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by over 75 million people each
year - nearly half of whom

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will live within 50 miles of a coastline.

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Over one billion people in Asia depend on ocean
fish for nearly their entire supply of protein.

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Fish or a crucial source of protein

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for one out of every five Africans.

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The demand for seafood is also growing

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in the more affluent regions of the world.
Because their own waters are overfished,

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Japan, the United States, and Europe

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have become net importers of seafood.
Most of which comes

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from unregulated fisheries
in the developing world.

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As we enter the 21st century,

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the international fleet is estimated to have more
than twice the capacity needed to fish the oceans

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in a manner that can be sustained.

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The long-term effects
of this massive effort

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are beginning to show. Marine ecosystems,
millions of years in the making

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are being altered in ways
that have never been seen,

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not in the entire three and a half
billion years of life on earth.

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[sil.]

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We are now lamenting what
has happened to the oceans.

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My grandson calls me all the time and says, “Grandpa,
please take me fishing where your dad used to take you.”

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I can’t, because there’s nothing
to take him fishing for.

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People everywhere share a concern about what
kind of world our children will inherit

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and a growing sense that the
challenges we face have become global.

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From the Atlantic, to the
Mediterranean, to the Pacific Ocean,

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we’ll travel to four different parts of the
world where the threat of empty oceans

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is becoming very real.

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Off the New England coast, upwellings of
nutrient rich water rise up from the ocean floor

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against a submarine plateau
known as Georges Bank,

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providing for what was once the most
productive fishing ground in the world.

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Cod and haddock fisheries flourished here for
centuries, beginning well before the advent

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of modern fishing practices.

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[music]

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From the mid 1800’s into the 20th century,

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New England fishermen braved the North
Atlantic and wind-powered schooners.

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Once on the fishing grounds,
Doris’ were put over the side.

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Fishing by hand with hook and line, the
fishermen often filled their boats

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to the brim with cod and haddock.

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The only limits to their activities were those
imposed by what the fishermen could endure.

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But all this was about to change.

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In this century, a number
of pieces of technology

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converged disastrously in a
very short period of time.

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Once you had an engine powered
vessel and frozen food,

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the capacity of a fishing
vessel became almost limitless,

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because you could always get a more powerful
engine and a larger ship to drag a larger net

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to catch more fish. And the only constriction
would be getting this first to market.

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Sonar, developed during World War II,

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was the next innovation to give fisherman a
serious technological edge in the hunt for fish.

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Sound waves, capable of
detecting enemy submarines,

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can also detect schools of fish, and it
wasn’t long before electronic fish finders

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were in the wheelhouse
of most fishing boats.

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During the 1960’s, New England’s
offshore waters were intensively fished

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by the vessels of several nations.
But in 1976,

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after the U.S. joined other countries
in prohibiting foreign vessels

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within 200 miles of their
shoreline, boom times really began.

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The number of U.S. boats being built
and brought out to the fishing grounds

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soon replaced and exceeded the
size of the international fleet.

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I was part of it. Everybody back then was part of
it. We got to kick the foreigners off our shores.

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So we did that. And everybody says,
“Well, this is our new frontier.

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Let’s develop our new frontier.” The government got involved
and they come in with a government guaranteed loan,

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which financed 90% of it. And I think
they give you 15 years to pay for it,

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which meant if you default it, they
picked up 90% percent of that.

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Record volumes of cod and haddock

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were landed in New England between
1976 and 1985. But as the 80’s

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drew to a close, the immense
catches came to an end.

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[music]

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I’m going back to doing what I need to do

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to support my family and if you’re gonna
send armed terrorist upon my boat,

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they gotta get an answer, because… Fishery managers
eventually put new regulations into effect.

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Large areas on Georges Bank were closed,

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strict quotas were established, limiting the size of the
catch and the number of fishing days allowed each vessel.

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The impact on the fishing
community was severe.

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We could rip up citations just
as fast as you can right ‘em,

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and then you’re gonna have a political crisis that’s
unparalled, because you’re not gonna take away

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500 houses and 500 boats.

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We knew what was going on and we told people what
need to be done, but people didn’t want to hear that.

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Few individuals on the council said, we could not overfish the
resource. They did not want to be bothered with the facts

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and the data. And they just didn’t… they wanted to continue
doing that thing and didn’t want the science to interfere.

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The New England Fishery Management
Council is one of eight

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regional management bodies in the U.S.
with authority to open and close fisheries

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and set the total allowable catch.
Most members represent

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interests within the fishing industry.
Leading many to believe

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that the industry is largely
self-regulated and to question

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whether this is in the long-term interest
of maintaining healthy fisheries.

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The important thing is to manage this resource for the maximum benefit
of the nation. Now as the maximum benefit for the nation is employment,

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for a large group of people who
don’t have another alternative,

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and that means the cod stock is not as
healthy as… as someone else might want.

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That’s a rational decision for the council to make,
because its view is maximum benefit for the nation.

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I think that’s a blatant conflict of interest. We got
people sitting on the New England council now that

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they don’t want two or three boats uh… buying from the boats, they’re
some of the best people on the council, as a matter of fact,

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but it’s very hard for them to make
hard decisions against themselves.

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A lot of people who would be fishing
today aren’t because the leadership

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in the fishing industry was captured
by a few large economic interests.

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Nowadays, our thinking is these are public
resources. They don’t mean that the fisherman

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who has a quota or a license own them.
It means that you and I own them.

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They’re ours. That’s our resource.

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[music]

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Some of the fishermen who have managed to stay
in business are feeling the need to invest

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in larger and more powerful boats - a trend
that can lead to further overfishing.

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I have to put in a second note
on my house, a security note,

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and I have to… to look at… at working a lot
harder, frankly. I mean, I’m gonna to have

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insurance payments to make, I’m gonna have mortgage
payments to make that I didn’t have before,

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and it’s gonna call for a lot more effort.

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The profit margin is getting slimmer and slimmer. The response
to that is to fish harder. If you’re not making money

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then you’re gonna fish harder to make
some money. Overfishing isn’t happening

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because fishermen are greedy or they don’t
know when to stop, overfishing happens

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because all the incentives
are there for it to happen.

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The impact of pollution and climate change

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is another area of grave
concern and debate.

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Scientists are seeing fluctuations
in the abundance of plankton,

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tiny organisms at the bottom of the ocean food
chain that are a vital food source for ocean fish.

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Although most marine scientists agree

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that changes in the availability of these
organisms could be linked to global warming,

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few believe that this is the primary cause
for the decline of fish populations.

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It’s well known that commercial fishing

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reduces the total number of
fish, but it also removes

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the larger fish with greater reproductive
capacity, leaving fish populations

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more vulnerable to environmental changes.

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The viability that seems to come from the environment,
actually does not come from the environment,

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the point is that we have created that
viability, we have… we have made the system

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most susceptible to environmental crises.

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To pretend that we can understand
the loss of all these fisheries

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by blaming it on things like climate change
is to ignore the obvious fact that we…

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we ate these creatures and
they’re not there anymore.

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To stop the continuous
decline in fish populations,

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the U.S. Congress enacted the
Sustainable Fisheries Act in 1996,

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requiring fishery managers to take
steps to rebuild overfished stocks

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and reduce by catch. Many marine scientists

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and conservation groups believe that the
law has yet to be put into practice.

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The Sustainable Fisheries Act is full of good
intentions. It has not been implemented very well.

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Stronger measures could be
used to protect habitat

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which is really the source of not only the productivity
of the fish population themselves but, of course, of the

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fishing industry. Unless more
attention is given to that problem,

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long-term fisheries are going
to continue to decline.

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The Sustainable Fisheries Act directs
fishery managers to identify

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and protect the habitat that is
essential to healthy fish populations.

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[music]

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Scientists are beginning to understand
that an intact ecosystem on the sea floor

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is vital to juvenile fish
in more ways than one.

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With the advent of a fishing technique known as bottom
trawling, the availability of food and places to hide

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have become more scarce on the seafloor,
making juvenile cod themselves

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easier prey for other fish.

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The bottom trawls towed for cod and
for shrimp, consist of a large net

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that is pulled along the seafloor.
The mouth of the net

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is spread by the action of two heavy steel plates
that drag along the bottom at either side.

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In recent years, an innovation
known as a rockhopper

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has been added for ground fish like
cod, a set of heavy rubber wheels

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that roll along the ocean floor preventing
the net from tearing on large rocks

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and uneven terrain. Vast areas of seafloor,

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formerly inaccessible to
fishing, are now being trawled.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
We’ve seen in areas that are chronically impacted by hundreds and hundreds
of boats dragging nets and dredges all over the continental shelf

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
that a large percentage of the animals that
make up the structures on the seafloor

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
are eliminated using animals provide
the… the cover for juvenile cod.

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
My basic thesis is not that we shouldn’t be
trawling and dredging anywhere, it’s just, I think,

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
we should be doing this everywhere.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
In the past, we couldn’t fish everywhere.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
In other words, the existence of fisheries
in the past, relied on the fact

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
that we were not fishing everywhere. There is a complete
mismatch between what the fish can produce for us

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
and what we want from them.
And the only way to kind of

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
accommodate that mismatch is
to create areas where the fish

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
are not caught at all.

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
[music]

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Because of the difficulties of

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
mandating and enforcing sustainable fishing
practices, a growing number of marine scientists

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
see the value of establishing marine
reserves that are off limits to fishing

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
of any kind. Although very few of
these sanctuaries exist worldwide,

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
they have been shown to restore fish populations
within their boundaries and beyond.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
One thing the reserves
do is to allow fish to

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
live longer and grow larger. And as fish
grow larger, they produce many, many times

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
more eggs than they do when they’re small.
As the stocks build up

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
inside the protected areas,
so they start to feed fish

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
into the surrounding fishing grounds, they emigrate from
reserve into the fishing areas where they can be caught.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
[sil.]

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
Some fishermen are also taking the initiative to
help minimize the impacts of the gear they use

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
by matching it to the type of seafloor
they fish on. I chose to stay small.

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
It’s a choice that I made and it has to do
with the idea that there are certain habitats

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
that simply don’t need to be
invaded by the kind of activity

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
that trawling does create. I have chosen to trawl
on bottom that I think is the kind of bottom

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
that can withstand the impacts
that my gear does do it.

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
There are also New England fishermen

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
who are catching Cod the way it was done
before the advent of industrial trawling,

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
and they’re finding an appreciative
market for their product.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
The hook fishermen uses a baited
hook to catch a single fish

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
and leaves the habitat from which that fish came completely
intact ensuring a place for other fish to grow up,

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
instead of plowing it over and then
saying, “Oh, where is all the fish?”

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
”Oh, hey man, you wrecked their home. They’ve
moved on, if… if they’re still around.”

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
Because hook caught fish often reach
the market soon after they’re caught,

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:40.000
the product is highly valued
in the wholesale fish markets.

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
Another New England fishery that has
captured the public’s imagination

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
hunts for a fish much larger than cod.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:08.000
[music]

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
The Perfect Storm presents a true story

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
about fishermen who risk
their boat and their lives

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
to pursue dwindling numbers of swordfish
in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
Although going so far out to sea has become a
fact of life for many long line fishermen,

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
populations of these giant fish could
once be found much closer to shore.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
That’s not here anymore.
It’s… It’s… It’s all gone.

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
It’s really a shame. Uh… The swordfish are… I
always claim that they were the most important fish

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
in the whole ocean. When we first started
harpooning, you could go right off no man’s land

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
and get swordfish or you may even
have harpooning riding close.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
We never saw a small swordfish.

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
They were here, but they never came to the
surface, only the big ones would come up.

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
[music]

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
In the 1960’s, harpooning was replaced by
long line, a fishing practice developed

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
years earlier in Japan.

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
Billfish and tuna populations
would never be the same.

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
We only had 400 hooks the first year
we went. So we couldn’t hold enough.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
But it would take us two weeks
to harpoon maybe 50, 60

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
in three days we had refilled the swordfish. It’s
just unbelievable the swordfish you catch here,

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
and right… right close, you know, it wasn’t…
you don’t have to go very far to get them.

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
But each year it gets more and
more difficult to catch them.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
How fishermen perceive the
state of fish populations

00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
often depends on the length
of their fishing career.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
I’m confident that the fish stocks are in good shape. I… I spoke
with a friend of mine. He just landed a trip of swordfish.

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
He had 57,000 pounds of fish and
he had over a 100 pound average.

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
Now, 57,000 pounds of swordfish has been a good trip
for years and years and years. It’s… It’s excellent.

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
Obviously, he didn’t catch every last fish in the
ocean. Well, I… I… think there’s plenty of fish.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
Plenty of swordfish, I… I have to
ask a question compared to what?

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
Most of these fishermen uh… weren’t… weren’t fishing
when the populations were at… at their unfished levels

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
or anywhere near unfished levels. Oh, we had good
years and bad years, you know, of swordfish here,

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
but… but not consistently like it is today
that they have to travel this distance

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
to get in and get the fish. And with hooks
you catch fish of all different sizes.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
So, yes, the average size has declined. We still
catch big fish, you know. The average size of,

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
that they just landed recently, was a 100 pounds. I mean,
that’s a nice fish. A 100 pound fish is a good fish.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
Years ago, I mean, they averaged out was
never less than two… you know, 200.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
They were always averaged out 250, 275. We
even had one trip that we averaged about

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
380 pounds. They were all big fish.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
Today’s long-liners often deploy
up to 60 miles of baited hooks.

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
Thousands of these vessels
now fish the world’s oceans,

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
landing millions of tons of
tuna and swordfish every year.

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
The average weight of swordfish

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
caught before 1963 was 266 pounds.

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
By 1970 it was half this
weight and by 1996,

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
it was down to 90 pounds.

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:49.999
It’s estimated that over half the swordfish caught are
juveniles that have not had the chance to reproduce.

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:54.999
It really has only been probably 20 years,
you know, all of this has taking place.

00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.999
You’ve got navigation equipment that you
never had, you got temperature sensing here,

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:04.999
you got Global Positioning Systems, and temperature
probes, and Acoustic Doppler current profiler,

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:09.999
for God’s sake. I mean, oceanographic
vessels don’t all have

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
Acoustic Doppler current profilers. I mean, it’s pretty
sophisticated instrumentation for a fishing boat.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
Not only has the instrumentation for
locating the fish become hi-tech,

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
the long-lining gear itself has become a
highly mechanized, ultra efficient method

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
of catching. The vessels fish by deploying

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
a heavy monofilament line, laying
out many miles of baited hooks

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
that are allowed to drift with the current
for hours before being hauled in.

00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:48.000
[music]

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
As with bottom-trawling, long-lining
has become so efficient

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
and the global fleet so large that it can
remove more fish than the species can bear.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
I really don’t believe that people

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
begin to understand how extraordinarily
bountiful the oceans were.

00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
We didn’t know how lucky we were, because
there were these places that we didn’t fish.

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
There were these other areas where
fish populations still existed

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.999
and they reproduced. They
sowed the seeds of the

00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:34.999
future fish populations. As
we become more desperate,

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.999
looking for fish in… in farther and farther
away places, we are without realizing

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
some cases removing these populations
that had acted as refuges.

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
In addition to swordfish and tuna,

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
long-lining tends to catch other
untargeted targeted species.

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
Fishermen try to keep this by-catch to a
minimum, but this is often difficult to do,

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
and attempts at making the gear more
selective, have had only limited success.

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
[music]

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
Marlins are another type
of incidental catch

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.999
that’s difficult to prevent. In the Atlantic
Ocean these billfish are among the most depleted

00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.999
of all large fish species.

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
The problem with things like marlin is that they are very similar
critters to the tunas and swordfish that are taken by long-lines.

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:34.999
And I don’t know that there’s ever gonna be a way to reduce
the by-catch of the world’s billfishes in this fishery,

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.999
unless we can come up with the schemes for closing
particular areas when the catch is very high.

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
[music]

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
Sea turtles, considered endangered species
worldwide, also fall victim to long-line hooks.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.999
They often survive these
encounters, but not always.

00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:59.999
The U.S. government has closed

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
some of its own waters to long-lining, where sea
turtles migrate and where swordfish populations

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
are known to breed. But
because billfish and tuna

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
migrate across the open ocean, they are
hunted by the international fleet.

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:23.000
[non-English narration]

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
An agreement signed by nations that
hunt for these fish, sets quotas

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
for both fisheries. It also discourages
the taking of juvenile swordfish.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
But U.S. fishermen feel that their
good faith efforts to comply

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
are not being reciprocated.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.999
Unless our international treaties are strictly enforced that
Atlantic swordfish that was permitted to swim by an American vessel,

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.999
because the American vessel is strictly
hearing through the regulations, that squid

00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:59.999
or that fish is now captured by a non-American
vessel, and that’s a potential coming back into the

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:04.999
American water.

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
Swordfish move across the Atlantic, as do the
American and foreign fishing fleets that pursue them.

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
The continental shelf of north-western Africa is
another of the world’s richest fishing grounds.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
[music]

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
European and Asian fishing fleets,

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
having fully exploited their own fishing
grounds, are fishing in African waters.

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
Vessels come to the port of Las Palmas

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
in the Canary Islands to offload their catch,
most of which is shipped back to Europe,

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
Japan, and the United States.

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
[non-English narration]

00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
Some break the rules,
others like us do not.

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
In America, it must be the same.
Some break the rules, some don’t.

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
I think there are too many regulations, because
before we could fish wherever and however

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
we wanted to. And there was no problem, because
our hoops are big, and so are the fish we catch.

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
[sil.]

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
Enforcement is not good internationally.
And if we decide

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
not to allow undersized swordfish,
small baby swordfish to be imported,

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
umm… we can have an effect, because we… we gotta big enough share
of the market that those people probably stop catching those fish

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
if they can’t sell them to us.

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
A large contingent of Japan’s long-liner
fleet also ties up in Las Palmas.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
These ships target primarily
tuna in international waters,

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
but also catch swordfish,
the marlin, and sharks.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
The total number of fish
has been decreasing a lot.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
So the biggest problem for me is
that my income has been reduced.

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
I suspect we probably have no future

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
if they continue this type of reckless fishing.
In order to rebuild the tuna population,

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
we have to control not only
long-line fishing boats like ours,

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
but also the net fishing boats since they
catch everything including small fish.

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
Otherwise, I think the
future of fishing is doomed.

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
That the old tuna fisheries

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
that seem so stable and sustainable were
mainly concentrate pretty close to coastlines.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
Now the technology is spreading
out all over those oceans,

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
imagine going to your local Safeway
and not be able to buy a can of tuna,

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
it’s a real possibility today.

00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
A different kind of fishing, also
targeting large migratory fish,

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
is practiced in the Mediterranean Sea.

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.999
Here is a fishery of ancient design,

00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:09.999
and by its very nature it does not overfish,
yet it too is on the verge of collapse.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:18.000
[music]

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.999
Each summer, bluefin tuna migrate into
the warmer waters of the Mediterranean

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:29.999
to breed and spawn. Their movements have been studied
by fishermen since the days of the Roman Empire.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
[non-English narration]

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
One of the last vestiges of an ancient
and very proud fishing tradition,

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
known as the tonnara, is still practiced
on the western coast of Sicily.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
A large and intricate net is carefully
maintained. For each summer,

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
it is strategically positioned in near
shore waters to catch the giant tuna.

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
The tonnara consists of a

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
long fence like net that forces
bluefin tuna to swim toward the trap.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
The fish are herded through a
series of netted chambers.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
In the final chamber, a
netted floor is raised

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
forcing the tuna to the surface.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:28.000
[music]

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
The slaughter of the tuna
is called the mattanza,

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
the tradition that has endured
for well over a 1,000 years.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
Although once practiced in over 200 hundred
locations throughout the Mediterranean,

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
there are now barely enough
bluefin to support two tonnaras.

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
Though many skippers who fish in

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
international waters know that
fish populations are declining,

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
the industrial hunt continues around the clock
to meet the ever growing demand for seafood.

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
[sil.]

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
Because seafood is a global commodity,
being flown into markets around the world,

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
demand for tuna and other popular
fish has become insatiable.

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
This globalised market
makes it difficult for

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
retailers or consumers to know where a fish
was caught or whether it’s being overfished.

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:43.000
[music]

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
Another centuries old fishery in
Sicilian waters, targeting anchovies,

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:54.999
is also feeling the pinch.

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:59.999
Fishing was better 20 years ago. There
were more boats and larger boats.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
The number of fish has declined since then,

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
so all these vessels have gone away.

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
My friends can’t survive on fishing here,
so they go to Alaska to fish for salmon.

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
They spend six months there,
and the rest of the time here.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
European fishermen move
to North America today

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
for the same reasons they have been arriving
in droves for the past three centuries.

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
In the cold waters of the North
Pacific, near the Gulf of Alaska,

00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
are some of the most productive
fishing grounds in the world.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:48.000
[music]

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
Fishermen follow the fish, which is why many
new-world fisheries have met the same fate

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
as those in European waters.

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
But in southeast Alaska, two major
fisheries have managed to survive

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
the usual cycle of boom and bust, and
one of these hunts for Pacific halibut.

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
Regarded as one of the
world’s best examples

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
of a well-managed fishery, it is based on a
precautionary approach that limits both the catch

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
and the number of boats.
The results have produced

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
bountiful catches of these
giant fish year after year,

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
but this was not always the case.

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
Even though Pacific halibut fishermen
have long supported catch limits

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
low enough to protect the stocks, overfishing
occurred because the fishery had open access

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.999
allowing an unlimited number
of boats to participate.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:54.999
The fishing season became a frantic race,

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
a so-called derby fishery, with
fishermen working feverishly

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:04.999
often in unsafe weather conditions.

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.999
Today, the halibut fishery

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:14.999
is a closed fishery. A vessel cannot
participate unless its skipper or crew members

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
own a share of the total allowable catch
called an Individual Fishing Quota

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
or IFQ. Initially allocated to skippers

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
with a history in the fishery, the quotas can
now be bought and sold like private property.

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
Fishermen can enter the fishery only
by purchasing quota from someone

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
who wants to sell their share.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
We did exceed the quota in a number of those years when we
were derby fishing, because it’s so difficult to control

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
what 3 or 4,000 boats can catch. It
was open access, so anybody could go,

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
so there was an unlimited number of vessels all
trying to race and catch as much fish as possible

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
in the set amount of time.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
There’s less boats fishing now than there were during the derby years.
People, when they are fishing, they’re not setting as much gear at one time,

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
it’s a little bit of gear
see what they catch.

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
I think all of the fisheries are eventually gonna have
to come to this. There’s no unlimited supply of fish.

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
You keep nibbling away at it
eventually you’re going to

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
get them all over, almost all of them.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
[music]

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
The other Alaskan fishery that is
rebounded after an historic collapse

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
targets Pacific salmon, and its restoration
is partly due to an understanding

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
of the biological needs of the fish.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
Although salmon spend most of their lives in
the ocean, they begin and end their lifecycle

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
in freshwater rivers and streams
that are their breeding grounds.

00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
[music]

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
In Alaska, the main spawning rivers have not
been dammed nor have the forest been cut

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
in a way that degrades the
salmons’ spawning grounds.

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
Pollution from urban
sprawl is largely unknown.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
A healthy environment is one prerequisite
for a healthy salmon fishery,

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
but it’s not the only one.
During the 1950’s,

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
Alaska’s salmon fishery was
on the brink of collapse.

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
Fishing was done primarily with
fish traps, a very effective way

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
of capturing the salmon
as they migrate upstream.

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
So effective that by 1953, Alaska was
declared a federal disaster area.

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:53.000
[music]

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
Decades after fish traps were banned
and a new management plan phased in,

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
the size of today’s salmon runs
are setting all time records.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
Throughout the spawning season, the Alaska Department
of Fish and Game keeps an eye on the fish,

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
making certain that enough salmon are
allowed to spawn in each watershed,

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
what managers refer to as escapement.

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
The runs have rebuilt themselves with our
help. And we count fish and compare it to

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
what we think should be in there at this time
of the year. If it looks better than that,

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
then we open the areas that are adjacent. And
if it doesn’t, then we end up closing them.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
At times, fishermen get extremely
aggravated about the things I do.

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
But they realize in long run that you
can’t overfish resource this year

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:54.999
and expect it to come back
strong in the years to come.

00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:59.999
The salmon populations in… in Alaska in
general are so healthy. It’s not a fluke.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:04.999
The biologists are charged
with being sure that

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:09.999
there’s adequate escapement every year to perpetuate the runs,
that’s their sole charge. It’s built into the state’s constitution.

00:44:10.000 --> 00:44:14.999
As long as the resource
is the one that wins

00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:19.999
and that there will be a fishery there when
I retire and my children take this over

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:24.999
that they can fight for and maintain
is what it’s really all about.

00:44:25.000 --> 00:44:29.999
It’s not whether I’m gonna catch a lot of fish tomorrow
or within the next two years, it’s what’s gonna be there

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:34.999
20, 30 years from now.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:39.999
There is another essential ingredient to the
success of this fishery that could be applied

00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:44.999
to many others around the world. The Alaskan
salmon fishery, like other U.S. fisheries

00:44:45.000 --> 00:44:49.999
on the Pacific Coast, has limited entry,
which means, like the halibut fishery,

00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:54.999
they are not open to anyone who
wants to fish commercially.

00:44:55.000 --> 00:44:59.999
There is a fixed number of permits that may be fished
in any given fishery. What that’s done is to make a

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:04.999
very stable fleet over time. That… That I think
has proved to work for everybody’s benefit.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:09.999
The individual permits

00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:14.999
also restrict the amount of gear that each
boat can use, gear that is very efficient

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:19.999
catching large volumes of fish.

00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:24.999
Purse seine vessels catch salmon

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:29.999
by deploying a skiff that pulls out
a long net to encircle the fish.

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:34.999
The same net is then drawn tight, much like a purse
and hauled aboard landing thousands of salmon

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.999
at a time. Although the measures

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:44.999
taken to restore Alaskan salmon and
halibut cannot apply to all fisheries.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:49.999
There are many around the world that could
benefit by adopting similar practices.

00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:54.999
I want to interview a tuna. Are you a tuna?

00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:59.999
No, I’m a octopus. Come on, you’re
to a tuna. Okay, I’m a tuna.

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:04.999
What’s on your mind? Do you tunas… It wasn’t
long ago, when we could all cheerfully assume

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:09.999
that ocean fish were an inexhaustible food source,
that all we had to consider about seafood,

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:14.999
was its great taste. Hey! Sorry Charlie!

00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.999
[music]

00:46:20.000 --> 00:46:24.999
Concerns that dolphins were
drowning in tuna nets gave birth

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:29.999
to the first consumer seafood campaign, and the industry
responded by adopting more selective fishing methods.

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:34.999
Understanding that market demand

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:39.999
is one of the root forces that drives
overfishing and that regulations alone

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:44.999
are failing to stop the declines, a
number of initiatives have been launched

00:46:45.000 --> 00:46:49.999
to educate merchants and consumers
about the origins of seafood products.

00:46:50.000 --> 00:46:54.999
One of these is the Marine
Stewardship Council,

00:46:55.000 --> 00:46:59.999
the unique example of cooperation between industry
and conservation groups have realized the need

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:04.999
for objective standards to certify
fisheries that are well managed.

00:47:05.000 --> 00:47:09.999
For a consumer to the able to
exercise their purchasing power,

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:14.999
we need to have systems that when
they promise a sustainably cost fish

00:47:15.000 --> 00:47:19.999
are not fraudulent, that they really are
supporting a type of fishing practice

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:24.999
that has been determined by objective
sources not just marketing people.

00:47:25.000 --> 00:47:29.999
Seafood with the MSC ecolabel is finding
an appreciative market in Europe

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:34.999
and the United States, as consumers become
more aware of the fisheries crisis.

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:39.999
Another initiative involve chefs

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:44.999
and restaurant tourists, who are taking pains to offer
seafood products produced by sustainable fisheries.

00:47:45.000 --> 00:47:49.999
It’s very important for a chef
to select the right seafood

00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.999
and know whether it’s plentiful or not, because you
establish recipe, you establish a way of cooking

00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:59.999
with that fish, you put your choice in
the right place so that you can enjoy

00:48:00.000 --> 00:48:04.999
fish in the future with your
children and grandchildren.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:09.999
I think that consumers have to
question the origin of the seafood.

00:48:10.000 --> 00:48:14.999
But I think it’s important is all food. I mean, I in my
restaurant, I represent that… that you have to ask question

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:19.999
to know where the food you put
in your mouth comes from.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:24.999
If consumers thought about
what they were eating

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:29.999
that this is wild animals, I
mean, if you went into the store

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:34.999
and there were rhinoceros
stakes and some tiger chops,

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:39.999
you’d ask a few questions. When you go into a fish
store, you should be asking where does it come from

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:44.999
and how is it being caught.

00:48:45.000 --> 00:48:49.999
Most consumers are unaware that
species like Patagonian toothfish,

00:48:50.000 --> 00:48:54.999
marketed as Chilean sea bass, are
meeting the same fate as orange roughy,

00:48:55.000 --> 00:48:59.999
whose population’s being fished into commercial extinction
within a short time after being marketed worldwide.

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:04.999
Several organizations are providing

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:09.999
updated information on the status of fish
species and the fisheries that produce them.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:14.999
Some offer seafood guides on their websites

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:19.999
as wallet size cards that seafood lovers can
carry with them to stores and restaurants

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:24.999
to help identify which products are from
healthy fisheries and which are not.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:29.999
We do it to provide educational resource for
seafood consumers so they can make better choices

00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:34.999
when they’re in the supermarket, or when they’re in the
restaurant. But an added benefit is that it rewards fishermen

00:49:35.000 --> 00:49:39.999
who are working and operating in a sustainable
way or environmentally friendly way.

00:49:40.000 --> 00:49:44.999
Consumers are also being advised to be careful
about what kinds of farmed fish they buy,

00:49:45.000 --> 00:49:49.999
that some farming practices
may pose yet another threat

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:54.999
to beleaguered wild fish populations. We
hope that farm shrimp and farm salmon

00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:59.999
will someday be sustainable sources of seafood.
But right now, they produce lots of pollution,

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:04.999
they destroy habitats, and they consume
more resources than they create.

00:50:05.000 --> 00:50:09.999
According to a growing number of
scientists, whether or not fish farms

00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:14.999
put added pressure on ocean fish, depends
on which species are being farmed

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:19.999
and how they are being farmed.

00:50:20.000 --> 00:50:24.999
It is counter-intuitive. You would think, “Gee, if we can
produce them in farms, we don’t have to go fishing as much.”

00:50:25.000 --> 00:50:29.999
In fact, just the opposite is
true, because many other species

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:34.999
that are most highly sought after
for farming are carnivorous species

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:39.999
that require fish meal, and
so we have to go fishing

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:44.999
for the fish to produce the fish
meal to feed the farmed animals.

00:50:45.000 --> 00:50:49.999
The aquaculture industry and the aquaculture scientific
community are working hard at solutions to criticisms.

00:50:50.000 --> 00:50:54.999
But I… I see great progress having been
made in… in… towards the development of…

00:50:55.000 --> 00:50:59.999
of best practices, uh… towards the
dissemination of technical information.

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:04.999
Aquaculture in 30 years is trying to
do what agriculture did in 6,000,

00:51:05.000 --> 00:51:09.999
and so the learning curve is real steep.

00:51:10.000 --> 00:51:14.999
Fortunately there are a variety
of farm-raised fish and shellfish

00:51:15.000 --> 00:51:19.999
that do not require fish meal in their diet
and involve fewer environmental impacts.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:24.999
Oysters, mussels, tilapia, and
catfish are examples of species

00:51:25.000 --> 00:51:29.999
that can be raised to help
take pressure off wild fish.

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:38.000
[music]

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:54.999
As it becomes more apparent
that the bounty of our oceans

00:51:55.000 --> 00:51:59.999
depends on an ecological balance
millions of years in the making,

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:04.999
a balance more fragile than ever imagined,
we are learning how important it is

00:52:05.000 --> 00:52:09.999
to fish in a way that preserves the
planet’s most critical life support system.

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:14.999
I think fisheries and ocean ecosystems

00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:19.999
are in much greater trouble
than is commonly appreciated.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:24.999
If we act in the relatively near future,
we can turn some of those things around.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:29.999
If we could get together - the regulators, the
scientists, and the fisherman - I can’t see

00:52:30.000 --> 00:52:34.999
why a solution can’t be found. I just can’t see
why it can’t happen. This is not science fiction,

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:39.999
it could be done quite straightforward. And
everywhere it has been possible to break this…

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:44.999
this cycle of despair. It… It has been
possible to massively increase catches.

00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:49.999
It really is very much up to us to decide.
People shape the world.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:52:54.999
We can choose. There’s a lot of potential to bring
things back and have abundance and have beauty.

00:52:55.000 --> 00:52:59.999
And there’s also a lot of risk right now.
As we enter the 21st century,

00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:04.999
we are at a crossroads. Whether or
not we meet the challenges we face,

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:09.999
depends not only on
fishermen and policymakers,

00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:14.999
but on each and every one of us,
both as citizens and consumers.

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:23.000
[music]