WEBVTT

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[frog croaking]

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[men singing

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[in African language]

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♪ ♪

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When I was growing up, not

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everybody would expect to

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participate in a lion hunt.

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[percussive music]

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♪ ♪

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I was driving one morning

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quite early, and a lion crossed

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the road in front of me, and

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shortly afterwards, a group of

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Maasai in full chase came racing

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across the front of the vehicle.

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So I parked the car and ran

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after them, and we ran, I should

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think, a mile and a half.

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The lion got tired.

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They surrounded it.

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It was very angry, thrashing

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its tail and snarling.

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[lion snarling]

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[men whooping]

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They worked the circle closer

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and closer, and then one of them

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put his spear aside and ran in

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to try and hold the lion

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by it\"s tail.

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The lion turned and sprang on

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him and killed him on the spot.

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Another Maasai warrior ran in,

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grabbed the tail, and held on

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sufficiently long for them to

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get spears into it.

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He, however, got badly mauled.

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The lion got one of the arms

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right off.

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The warriors asked me to take

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the wounded man to hospital.

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And what they had done in the

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meantime was to use the blood of

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the lion and some of the

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stomach of the lion to mix with

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earth to form a sort of pack,

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and they\"d stopped the bleeding

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by packing it with the stomach

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content.

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And we took him to a hospital

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about two hours away,

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and he survived.

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[light xylophone music]

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♪ ♪

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Around the globe,

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wildlife populations

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have vanished.

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Kenya, on Africa\"s eastern

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shore, is one of the last places

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on Earth where a rich diversity

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of species still survives.

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But that diversity

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hangs in the balance,

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unless a new generation of

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Kenyans carries the torch of

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conservation.

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Today the fate of these animals

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lies in the hands of Kenya\"s

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37 million citizens,

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a population that\"s climbing

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steadily.

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The single biggest crisis

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we face in Kenya

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at the moment is human-wildlife

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conflict.

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It\"s a conflict between the

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interests of wildlife and

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people.

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But actually,

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it\"s more than that.

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It\"s the conflict between people

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who want to preserve wildlife

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and those who are affected

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by it.

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Most Kenyans belong

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to one of over 40 different

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indigenous tribes, the largest

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being the Kikuyu.

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But the tribe most affected

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by wildlife remains the Maasai,

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whose traditional way of life

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has, up to now,

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moved in a kind of parallel

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rhythm with wild animals

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and livestock.

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Domestic farm animals are the

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dominant beat in that rhythm.

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The Maasai man can spend

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a lot of his time

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just sitting under a tree and

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discussing important community

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issues.

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These days, a Maasai elder

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can also spend the whole day

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looking after his own livestock.

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Especially now that many of our

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Maasai children are going to

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school, more and more elders are

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getting involved in everyday

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livestock care.

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[cow moos]

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A Maasai woman will wake up

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very early in the morning,

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milk the cows, feed the family.

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During daytime, they\"ll be going

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out, collecting water.

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They\"ll take care of the

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children and everything.

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Once mainly nomadic,

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the Maasai observe the same

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migratory patterns as

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wild animals, relying on them to

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find the most fertile grazing

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spots for their domestic herds.

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For nutrition, they depended on

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the blood and milk of their

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livestock and became known as

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milk pastoralists.

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Eating wildlife was considered

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taboo.

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These days,

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Kenya\"s conservationists come in

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all colors, and not all of them

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practice the same methods.

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Perhaps the most famous

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is acclaimed paleoanthropologist

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Richard Leakey, who,

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as as teenaged nature lover,

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found trapping a leopard

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almost as challenging

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as chasing girls.

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I saw myself as a bit

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of a hero, you know.

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16-year-old, thin as a rake

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but with a big responsibility of

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catching a dangerous animal that

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was eating people\"s dogs.

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I didn\"t attract

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many girlfriends.

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I was a bit of a weed,

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and I remember coming back

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one night with a young lady

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who I hoped to impress.

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And so I said to her,

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would she mind sitting in the

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car while I went into the woods

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to check my trap?

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And she said, well,

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is it not very dangerous?

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And I said, no it\"s no danger

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at all if you know your stuff.

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So I set off rather proudly

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into the black of the night.

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I had set the bait with a live

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goat, and I can hear the goat

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bleating as I approached.

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And as I turned around with my

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rather poor torch, there was the

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leopard in the grass, looking

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exceedingly unfriendly, and my

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gut reaction was to go for

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cover.

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And so I went into the trap on

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all fours, down came the door.

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Well, the leopard got the fright

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of its life when this metal

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door fell, took off into the

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night.

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I was left with a bleating goat,

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and I heard the car start,

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and my would-be girlfriend left.

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It all started with

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a warthog.

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I had a semi-habituated

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warthog called

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Sir Francis Bacon,

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and he got an arrow in him,

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and I called the authorities

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to say, \"Come and help

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my warthog, \"cause he\" s got an

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arrow in him.\"

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So they brought their guns,

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and they were going to

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shoot him.

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So I said, \"No, no, no, no, no.

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I don\"t think you quite

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understand.\"

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I was born in Ethiopia,

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so I\"m a true African.

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I grew up in Kenya in the

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Aberdare Mountains,

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and at independence in 1962,

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the farm was given back

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to the people to whom it

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belonged, and then we moved to

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Nairobi.

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That was very sad for me because

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I grew up there with my horses

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and riding in the forest and

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seeing the animals, and that\"s

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where I developed my passion

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for the animals.

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I was quite a loner

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as far as people went,

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but I liked the animals a lot.

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My name is Daphne Sheldrick,

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now Dr. Dame Daphne Sheldrick.

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I\"m actually still British, but

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I\"m born in Kenya.

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I\"ve always loved animals.

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Grew up on a farm in the

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Highlands, had my first

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orphaned animal when I was

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three years old and was

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responsible for feeding it,

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looking after it.

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It was a little antelope.

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Broke my heart, of course,

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when it went wild.

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Holidays were always spent under

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canvas in the bush.

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Both my parents were very fine

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naturalists and loved the bush,

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so I guess, you know, I was just

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born into it.

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In the late 19th century,

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as the British shaped Kenya

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into a colony,

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principles of conservation

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slowly formed, though honored

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more in the breach than in the

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observance.

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There were European hunters,

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who came over to Africa to make

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a fortune.

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They organized their expeditions

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as had Swahili and Arab hunters

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before them.

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I think the sport hunters

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drew attention to the wealth

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of wildlife in east Africa.

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The white residents in those

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days were very fond of wildlife.

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There was wildlife everywhere

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before the Second World War.

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By the end of two world wars,

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wildlife stocks had been

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severely depleted,

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thanks partly to the practice of

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feeding wild animals to the

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troops.

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[martial music]

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♪ ♪

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And so, you know, most people

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that chose to live in Kenya

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enjoyed wildlife as a kind of

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hobby, really.

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[gunshot]

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And, you know, people

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used to get enormously excited

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by meeting a man who had shot

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an elephant or shot three lions.

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[gunshot]

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Even, they used to get

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frightfully excited when

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somebody shot a gorilla.

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I mean, good lord, what

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a pathetic way to get excited,

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but that was how it was then.

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[dramatic quirky music]

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♪ ♪

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[gunshot]

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♪ ♪

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What was hunting

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for settlers and tourists...

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[gunshot]

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was often seen as poaching

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when practiced by aboriginals.

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After the Second World War,

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huge tracts of land were

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appropriated to create Kenya\"s

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first national parks.

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For the Kikuyu in particular, as

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they watched their land claimed

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by the white man, wildlife

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became a symbol of colonial

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power.

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The first Mau Mau movement

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was really about reacquiring

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the rights to land.

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But then it took on

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a much wider nationalist

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flavour later on,

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when throughout eastern Africa,

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throughout Africa, the winds of

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change began to blow, so the

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Mau Mau movement became symbolic

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of the national freedom movement

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later on.

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But the Maasai were allowed

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to keep their tribal lands.

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They were more or less

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romanticized by the early

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colonial governments as

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the people who ultimately live

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in harmony with nature.

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So this really exempted large

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parts of Maasai land from the

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land grabbing and the hunting,

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which was doing so much damage

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to wildlife and creating a wedge

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between the colonists and the

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indigenous people on the other

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hand.

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[dramatic martial music]

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Colonial reforms

00:12:51.959 --> 00:12:53.208
prompted by the Mau Mau

00:12:53.209 --> 00:12:55.416
rebellion lead eventually to

00:12:55.417 --> 00:12:59.000
Kenyan independence in 1963.

00:13:02.751 --> 00:13:04.708
Today wildlife has become

00:13:04.709 --> 00:13:06.998
Kenya\"s oil, lubricating its

00:13:06.999 --> 00:13:09.124
economic engine,

00:13:09.125 --> 00:13:10.458
while the problems facing

00:13:10.459 --> 00:13:11.999
conservationists working to

00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:14.082
protect this precious resource

00:13:14.083 --> 00:13:17.998
loom large.

00:13:17.999 --> 00:13:18.876
I think there is a lot

00:13:18.876 --> 00:13:19.459
of discontentment

00:13:19.459 --> 00:13:20.250
in national parks, and I think

00:13:20.251 --> 00:13:21.875
it\"s legitimate in many cases.

00:13:21.876 --> 00:13:23.082
It\"s legitimate because the

00:13:23.083 --> 00:13:25.625
national parks have very seldom

00:13:25.626 --> 00:13:27.998
brought any benefit to the

00:13:27.999 --> 00:13:29.208
people who originally had claim

00:13:29.209 --> 00:13:33.249
to that land.

00:13:33.250 --> 00:13:34.998
By the 1970s,

00:13:34.999 --> 00:13:36.750
Richard Leakey had already begun

00:13:36.751 --> 00:13:38.583
to make a name for himself as a

00:13:38.584 --> 00:13:40.958
paleoanthropologist, following

00:13:40.959 --> 00:13:42.666
in the footsteps of his famous

00:13:42.667 --> 00:13:45.998
parents, Louis and Mary.

00:13:45.999 --> 00:13:46.999
But he was also a young and

00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:49.124
committed conservationist,

00:13:49.125 --> 00:13:50.791
increasingly worried about the

00:13:50.792 --> 00:13:52.500
impact of ivory poaching on

00:13:52.501 --> 00:13:54.750
wildlife.

00:13:54.751 --> 00:13:56.166
Tourists were flooding into

00:13:56.167 --> 00:13:58.374
Kenya, their appetite for wild

00:13:58.375 --> 00:14:00.291
animals and ivory souvenirs

00:14:00.292 --> 00:14:02.416
insatiable.

00:14:02.417 --> 00:14:04.291
The price of ivory skyrocketed,

00:14:04.292 --> 00:14:06.082
spurring poachers to wholesale

00:14:06.083 --> 00:14:07.999
slaughter of elephants.

00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:10.417
[gunshot]

00:14:14.584 --> 00:14:15.666
And so I and a number

00:14:15.667 --> 00:14:16.667
of other people felt

00:14:16.668 --> 00:14:18.583
that what we had to do was

00:14:18.584 --> 00:14:19.958
persuade the government to put a

00:14:19.959 --> 00:14:23.625
complete ban on all trophies

00:14:23.626 --> 00:14:25.124
and say until the government is

00:14:25.125 --> 00:14:26.998
in a position to control the

00:14:26.999 --> 00:14:29.416
illegal trade in wildlife, there

00:14:29.417 --> 00:14:31.998
should be no trade in wildlife.

00:14:31.999 --> 00:14:32.999
Most of these poachers are

00:14:33.000 --> 00:14:35.208
sent there by the middlemen.

00:14:35.209 --> 00:14:36.000
We feel that government

00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:36.999
machinery should be

00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:38.374
strengthened so that the real

00:14:38.375 --> 00:14:40.124
culprits, those who organize

00:14:40.125 --> 00:14:41.750
this dreadful trade, can be

00:14:41.751 --> 00:14:42.998
brought to book and face the

00:14:42.999 --> 00:14:44.708
course of justice.

00:14:44.709 --> 00:14:45.791
Hunting had been banned

00:14:45.792 --> 00:14:46.917
in national parks

00:14:46.918 --> 00:14:48.750
since their creation.

00:14:48.751 --> 00:14:50.583
Now the new ban made hunting

00:14:50.584 --> 00:14:53.249
anywhere in Kenya illegal.

00:14:53.250 --> 00:14:54.917
It was a step in the right

00:14:54.918 --> 00:14:56.998
direction, but it failed to stem

00:14:56.999 --> 00:14:58.833
the tide of poaching.

00:14:58.834 --> 00:15:00.998
Over the next decade, 50,000

00:15:00.999 --> 00:15:02.998
elephants were slaughtered for

00:15:02.999 --> 00:15:04.166
their ivory.

00:15:04.167 --> 00:15:05.167
What the government wanted,

00:15:05.168 --> 00:15:06.458
and particularly President Moy

00:15:06.459 --> 00:15:07.998
wanted, was to stop this

00:15:07.999 --> 00:15:08.999
poaching once and for all,

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:09.999
because it was killing

00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:11.500
tourism, and tourism was

00:15:11.501 --> 00:15:12.998
seen as our best way of getting

00:15:12.999 --> 00:15:16.041
the economy going.

00:15:16.042 --> 00:15:18.998
12 years after the 1977 ban,

00:15:18.999 --> 00:15:20.998
President Moy appointed

00:15:20.999 --> 00:15:23.998
Richard Leakey head of KWS,

00:15:23.999 --> 00:15:26.208
Kenya Wildlife Service.

00:15:26.209 --> 00:15:27.125
I am going to do

00:15:27.126 --> 00:15:29.833
my level best to eliminate

00:15:29.834 --> 00:15:31.833
the elephant poachers,

00:15:31.834 --> 00:15:35.041
and it would be my hope that in

00:15:35.042 --> 00:15:37.958
the coming weeks, the press will

00:15:37.959 --> 00:15:39.625
not ask for permission to film

00:15:39.626 --> 00:15:41.750
dead elephants but will have

00:15:41.751 --> 00:15:42.709
the opportunity to film dead

00:15:42.710 --> 00:15:44.458
poachers.

00:15:44.459 --> 00:15:46.998
On taking office, Leakey

00:15:46.999 --> 00:15:48.998
discovered foxes had been

00:15:48.999 --> 00:15:50.958
guarding the hen house.

00:15:50.959 --> 00:15:52.458
He swept it clean, making

00:15:52.459 --> 00:15:55.082
several enemies in the process.

00:15:55.083 --> 00:15:56.083
Unlike the civil servants,

00:15:56.084 --> 00:15:57.750
where if you\"re not performing,

00:15:57.751 --> 00:15:58.667
you get promoted.

00:15:58.668 --> 00:16:00.750
That didn\"t work, so we had to

00:16:00.751 --> 00:16:01.751
do it the other way.

00:16:01.752 --> 00:16:04.374
If you don\"t perform, out, and

00:16:04.375 --> 00:16:07.998
I\"m afraid I did get rid of

00:16:07.999 --> 00:16:10.625
almost 50 of my staff in the

00:16:10.626 --> 00:16:12.208
first six months, which was very

00:16:12.209 --> 00:16:14.958
harsh and very cruel but fully

00:16:14.959 --> 00:16:16.750
necessary and I\"m sorry for the

00:16:16.751 --> 00:16:18.333
hardship it caused individuals,

00:16:18.334 --> 00:16:19.334
but it was the only way to make

00:16:19.335 --> 00:16:20.999
a difference.

00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:22.958
And then he sparked

00:16:22.959 --> 00:16:24.791
a flamboyant and risky

00:16:24.792 --> 00:16:26.833
piece of theater.

00:16:26.834 --> 00:16:27.998
I invited President Moy

00:16:27.999 --> 00:16:29.166
to come to this.

00:16:29.167 --> 00:16:31.249
He was not at all sure of this

00:16:31.250 --> 00:16:34.374
little trick.

00:16:34.375 --> 00:16:35.375
He asked me, \"With that many

00:16:35.376 --> 00:16:36.625
press, if this thing doesn\"t

00:16:36.626 --> 00:16:38.875
work, who\"s gonna look like a

00:16:38.876 --> 00:16:40.999
fool, you or me?\"

00:16:45.501 --> 00:16:46.998
The thing got really going, and

00:16:46.999 --> 00:16:48.291
it burned for three days, but at

00:16:48.292 --> 00:16:51.875
the end, it was a pile of ash.

00:16:51.876 --> 00:16:53.833
The smoke from that blaze

00:16:53.834 --> 00:16:55.958
wafted around the globe.

00:16:55.959 --> 00:16:56.626
People were shocked

00:16:56.626 --> 00:16:57.167
that we were burning

00:16:57.168 --> 00:16:58.958
$3 million worth of ivory

00:16:58.959 --> 00:17:01.500
on a bonfire, but it got huge

00:17:01.501 --> 00:17:03.875
public interest.

00:17:03.876 --> 00:17:05.374
And the price dropped to less

00:17:05.375 --> 00:17:08.208
than $5 U.S. a pound,

00:17:08.209 --> 00:17:10.291
but for $5 a pound,

00:17:10.292 --> 00:17:11.333
nobody\"s gonna go out,

00:17:11.334 --> 00:17:12.998
particularly if where the

00:17:12.999 --> 00:17:14.208
elephant are living, there\"s

00:17:14.209 --> 00:17:15.999
some very nasty but very

00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:17.833
well-trained men with strict

00:17:17.834 --> 00:17:20.583
instructions not to let anybody

00:17:20.584 --> 00:17:21.998
kill the elephants.

00:17:21.999 --> 00:17:22.999
It wasn\"t a big job.

00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:25.249
It stopped dead.

00:17:25.250 --> 00:17:26.250
But Richard Leakey

00:17:26.251 --> 00:17:31.625
almost stopped dead too.

00:17:31.626 --> 00:17:33.999
Like Icarus, he had charted

00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:35.833
a dangerous course

00:17:35.834 --> 00:17:38.999
much too close to the Sun.

00:17:45.626 --> 00:17:46.626
[suspenseful music]

00:17:46.627 --> 00:17:54.627
♪ ♪

00:17:54.999 --> 00:17:56.999
[airplane engine roaring]

00:18:00.042 --> 00:18:01.416
Because of my stance

00:18:01.417 --> 00:18:02.999
on corruption and

00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:05.041
political interference, I had

00:18:05.042 --> 00:18:08.833
made a number of enemies.

00:18:08.834 --> 00:18:10.999
I experienced engine failure in

00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:13.333
an airplane that I was flying

00:18:13.334 --> 00:18:17.082
ten minutes after takeoff.

00:18:17.083 --> 00:18:18.750
Maasai hard-liner

00:18:18.751 --> 00:18:20.041
William Ntimama,

00:18:20.042 --> 00:18:21.998
chairman of a National Reserve

00:18:21.999 --> 00:18:24.917
during Leakey\"s tenure at KWS,

00:18:24.918 --> 00:18:26.875
accused Leakey of riding

00:18:26.876 --> 00:18:28.374
roughshod over the Maasai.

00:18:28.375 --> 00:18:29.917
He is a bully.

00:18:29.918 --> 00:18:30.998
I think he has learned to

00:18:30.999 --> 00:18:32.791
trample on everybody else like

00:18:32.792 --> 00:18:34.998
a rogue elephant will trample on

00:18:34.999 --> 00:18:36.082
our people and our little

00:18:36.083 --> 00:18:39.750
shelters.

00:18:39.751 --> 00:18:45.708
I think he lost the game there.

00:18:45.709 --> 00:18:47.041
I imagine him just like

00:18:47.042 --> 00:18:48.875
a skyrocket which will

00:18:48.876 --> 00:18:50.374
burn up very quickly,

00:18:50.375 --> 00:18:52.416
and he did burn up very quickly,

00:18:52.417 --> 00:18:54.124
because, you know, he went way

00:18:54.125 --> 00:18:55.998
up in the sky and fall back

00:18:55.999 --> 00:18:57.374
to earth and crash.

00:18:57.375 --> 00:19:01.998
[laughing]

00:19:01.999 --> 00:19:04.000
Yeah.

00:19:09.667 --> 00:19:10.501
Richard Leakey lost

00:19:10.502 --> 00:19:12.833
both his legs in the crash.

00:19:12.834 --> 00:19:15.998
He ultimately resigned from KWS.

00:19:15.999 --> 00:19:17.998
I\"m absolutely certain

00:19:17.999 --> 00:19:19.583
that my commitment

00:19:19.584 --> 00:19:21.875
to help this country,

00:19:21.876 --> 00:19:23.208
my country, Kenya, would

00:19:23.209 --> 00:19:25.998
override any threats that might

00:19:25.999 --> 00:19:27.917
have been made known to me

00:19:27.918 --> 00:19:29.625
before I took the job.

00:19:29.626 --> 00:19:32.625
I am not intimidated easily, and

00:19:32.626 --> 00:19:33.708
if somebody has said to me,

00:19:33.709 --> 00:19:34.750
\"If you do X,

00:19:34.751 --> 00:19:35.998
you might be killed,\"

00:19:35.999 --> 00:19:37.041
I would have said, \"Well,

00:19:37.042 --> 00:19:38.124
I\"m gonna do X anyway.

00:19:38.125 --> 00:19:41.998
Good luck to you.\"

00:19:41.999 --> 00:19:42.999
We\"re all animals, and the

00:19:43.000 --> 00:19:44.833
humans are animals too, and I

00:19:44.834 --> 00:19:46.500
often think, about the worst in

00:19:46.501 --> 00:19:47.998
the animal kingdom.

00:19:47.999 --> 00:19:50.333
[chuckles]

00:19:50.334 --> 00:19:51.917
I always say that elephants have

00:19:51.918 --> 00:19:53.708
all the nice traits of humans

00:19:53.709 --> 00:19:58.082
and not very many of the bad.

00:19:58.083 --> 00:19:59.583
After 30 years

00:19:59.584 --> 00:20:01.416
caring for orphaned animals,

00:20:01.417 --> 00:20:03.791
Daphne Sheldrick is still amazed

00:20:03.792 --> 00:20:05.917
by the complexity of elephants.

00:20:05.918 --> 00:20:07.791
She and her team of keepers

00:20:07.792 --> 00:20:09.583
witness it everyday.

00:20:09.584 --> 00:20:10.666
They have the ability of

00:20:10.667 --> 00:20:11.417
infrasound.

00:20:11.418 --> 00:20:13.500
That\"s, uh, communicating

00:20:13.501 --> 00:20:14.459
over distance with

00:20:14.460 --> 00:20:16.459
low-frequency sound.

00:20:19.999 --> 00:20:21.041
But elephants, of course, are

00:20:21.042 --> 00:20:22.750
very human animals.

00:20:22.751 --> 00:20:23.998
At any age, an elephant

00:20:23.999 --> 00:20:25.875
duplicates a human.

00:20:25.876 --> 00:20:27.998
So at age 10, they\"re like a

00:20:27.999 --> 00:20:28.999
child of 10.

00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:34.124
They\"re not grown up yet.

00:20:34.125 --> 00:20:35.625
They have all the same human

00:20:35.626 --> 00:20:37.666
emotions that we have.

00:20:37.667 --> 00:20:39.208
They have the same sense of

00:20:39.209 --> 00:20:40.998
family; in fact, a stronger

00:20:40.999 --> 00:20:42.958
sense of family, probably, than

00:20:42.959 --> 00:20:47.666
modern humans have.

00:20:47.667 --> 00:20:49.998
Deeker, who\"s now 20 years old,

00:20:49.999 --> 00:20:51.998
almost, he grieved for his

00:20:51.999 --> 00:20:53.998
elephant family for four months.

00:20:53.999 --> 00:20:55.998
He just stood on his own, in the

00:20:55.999 --> 00:20:58.625
corner, you know, great sort of

00:20:58.626 --> 00:21:01.917
moisture coming out of his eyes.

00:21:01.918 --> 00:21:03.208
Didn \"t want to play, didn\" t want

00:21:03.209 --> 00:21:04.791
to fraternize with the others.

00:21:04.792 --> 00:21:06.333
In fact, we thought he was

00:21:06.334 --> 00:21:08.875
damaged psychologically from a

00:21:08.876 --> 00:21:11.374
hit on the head or something.

00:21:11.375 --> 00:21:12.209
But in fact, he was just

00:21:12.210 --> 00:21:13.333
grieving for his elephant

00:21:13.334 --> 00:21:13.999
family.

00:21:13.999 --> 00:21:14.959
So, when they come in

00:21:14.960 --> 00:21:16.208
and they remember seeing the

00:21:16.209 --> 00:21:18.998
death of their family, they\"re

00:21:18.999 --> 00:21:20.999
very, very sad.

00:21:43.042 --> 00:21:44.166
You can \"t just think,\" Well,

00:21:44.167 --> 00:21:45.999
I\"ll raise this animal, get its

00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:47.041
instincts going,

00:21:47.042 --> 00:21:48.583
and rehabilitate it safely

00:21:48.584 --> 00:21:50.999
back in the bush.\"

00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:52.458
With an elephant, it\"s much,

00:21:52.459 --> 00:21:54.459
much slower.

00:22:10.042 --> 00:22:11.998
Many of Daphne\"s charges

00:22:11.999 --> 00:22:14.998
have since returned to the bush.

00:22:14.999 --> 00:22:16.833
Some of them are years away,

00:22:16.834 --> 00:22:17.998
and then they turn up.

00:22:17.999 --> 00:22:19.583
One elephant that we raised in

00:22:19.584 --> 00:22:21.249
Sovo called Eleanor, who\"s now

00:22:21.250 --> 00:22:23.166
in her late 40\"s, turned up the

00:22:23.167 --> 00:22:24.998
other day after an absence of

00:22:24.999 --> 00:22:26.917
ten years just to say hi.

00:22:26.918 --> 00:22:28.791
And she\"s now a very big

00:22:28.792 --> 00:22:29.833
elephant.

00:22:29.834 --> 00:22:33.708
Eleanor, Eleanor, Eleanor.

00:22:33.709 --> 00:22:35.082
While she was there, a man

00:22:35.083 --> 00:22:37.249
appeared some distance away, and

00:22:37.250 --> 00:22:39.208
Eleanor\"s ears went out, trunk

00:22:39.209 --> 00:22:40.791
went up and she rushed towards

00:22:40.792 --> 00:22:42.583
this man, and our keepers

00:22:42.584 --> 00:22:43.125
thought, \"My god,

00:22:43.126 --> 00:22:44.291
she \"s gonna flatten him.\"

00:22:44.292 --> 00:22:46.875
And she put on all the brakes

00:22:46.876 --> 00:22:48.333
and wrapped her trunk around him

00:22:48.334 --> 00:22:50.416
and gave him the most amazing,

00:22:50.417 --> 00:22:51.875
loving elephant greeting.

00:22:51.876 --> 00:22:54.875
Oh, how are you my girl?

00:22:54.876 --> 00:22:56.082
And, our keeper said to him,

00:22:56.083 --> 00:22:56.999
\"Well, who are you that this

00:22:56.999 --> 00:22:57.999
elephant knows you?\"

00:22:58.000 --> 00:22:59.833
He said, \"I was her keeper when

00:22:59.834 --> 00:23:01.500
she was five years old.\"

00:23:01.501 --> 00:23:03.374
And she had not seen that man

00:23:03.375 --> 00:23:05.375
for 39 years.

00:23:12.999 --> 00:23:14.625
The majority of Daphne\"s

00:23:14.626 --> 00:23:16.500
elephants came to grief

00:23:16.501 --> 00:23:17.958
in the terrain around national

00:23:17.959 --> 00:23:20.998
parks called dispersal areas,

00:23:20.999 --> 00:23:22.333
large stretches of land

00:23:22.334 --> 00:23:23.666
through which wild animals

00:23:23.667 --> 00:23:25.458
migrate freely in search of

00:23:25.459 --> 00:23:28.666
water and food.

00:23:28.667 --> 00:23:30.041
But as more and more people

00:23:30.042 --> 00:23:31.998
move into these areas,

00:23:31.999 --> 00:23:33.791
conflicts threaten the safety

00:23:33.792 --> 00:23:35.750
of domestic animals,

00:23:35.751 --> 00:23:38.292
wildlife, and even humans.

00:23:57.999 --> 00:23:59.999
[speaking native language]

00:24:41.375 --> 00:24:42.875
If there\"s enough space,

00:24:42.876 --> 00:24:43.709
the elephant will always

00:24:43.709 --> 00:24:44.375
go away.

00:24:44.375 --> 00:24:45.250
The animals won\"t threaten

00:24:45.251 --> 00:24:46.998
unless they\"re cornered.

00:24:46.999 --> 00:24:47.999
But if you stumble upon one,

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:50.583
than it... the the consequences

00:24:50.584 --> 00:24:51.998
can be extremely serious,

00:24:51.999 --> 00:24:54.082
and they can get killed.

00:24:54.083 --> 00:24:55.458
The Maasai or anybody can get

00:24:55.459 --> 00:24:59.791
killed.

00:24:59.792 --> 00:25:00.998
The death of a human

00:25:00.999 --> 00:25:03.998
or the loss of prized livestock

00:25:03.999 --> 00:25:05.583
can severely try the tolerance

00:25:05.584 --> 00:25:07.584
of the Maasai towards wildlife.

00:25:16.999 --> 00:25:18.998
[whistles]

00:25:18.999 --> 00:25:20.791
Such dilemmas compound the

00:25:20.792 --> 00:25:23.666
problems of conservationists.

00:25:23.667 --> 00:25:24.750
There\"s not another country

00:25:24.751 --> 00:25:25.584
in the world where a rancher

00:25:25.584 --> 00:25:26.417
doesn\"t kill something

00:25:26.418 --> 00:25:27.998
that kills their stock

00:25:27.999 --> 00:25:29.208
and we\"re telling the Maasai

00:25:29.209 --> 00:25:30.833
that they can\"t do that.

00:25:30.834 --> 00:25:31.998
You know, I don\"t want the lions

00:25:31.999 --> 00:25:33.208
to be killed, and it is against

00:25:33.209 --> 00:25:35.917
the law, but, you know, I can

00:25:35.918 --> 00:25:36.998
empathize, because if it\"s your

00:25:36.999 --> 00:25:38.998
livelihood and your way of life,

00:25:38.999 --> 00:25:41.042
then you won\"t tolerate it.

00:25:46.083 --> 00:25:47.042
Anne Kent Taylor

00:25:47.043 --> 00:25:48.708
believes that educating

00:25:48.709 --> 00:25:50.833
and involving the community in

00:25:50.834 --> 00:25:53.041
conservation is crucial to the

00:25:53.042 --> 00:25:54.917
survival of wildlife and the

00:25:54.918 --> 00:25:56.208
Maasai.

00:25:56.209 --> 00:25:57.083
Do any of you

00:25:57.084 --> 00:25:59.249
have water, want water?

00:25:59.250 --> 00:25:59.999
Got some?

00:25:59.999 --> 00:26:00.999
You\"re a Maasai.

00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:03.042
You don\"t need water, Korosi.

00:26:04.751 --> 00:26:05.998
You ate a lot of meat?

00:26:05.999 --> 00:26:08.625
[laughter]

00:26:08.626 --> 00:26:09.998
Every day for two weeks

00:26:09.999 --> 00:26:12.625
a month, Anne and her team

00:26:12.626 --> 00:26:14.166
tackle the dangerous problem

00:26:14.167 --> 00:26:15.917
of poaching.

00:26:15.918 --> 00:26:16.876
My Maasai team all live

00:26:16.877 --> 00:26:18.291
in traditional communities.

00:26:18.292 --> 00:26:19.083
They\"ve lived in the forest.

00:26:19.083 --> 00:26:19.999
They have lived with the

00:26:19.999 --> 00:26:20.999
animals, so they\"ve got

00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:23.249
incredibly good bush skills.

00:26:23.250 --> 00:26:25.583
[men speaking softly]

00:26:25.584 --> 00:26:27.041
And so they bring in their

00:26:27.042 --> 00:26:29.208
talent of tracking poachers.

00:26:29.209 --> 00:26:30.791
The poachers are very clever.

00:26:30.792 --> 00:26:32.750
They make shoes out of tires,

00:26:32.751 --> 00:26:35.041
and they make them back to front

00:26:35.042 --> 00:26:36.082
so that it looks like you\"re

00:26:36.083 --> 00:26:36.999
following them forwards,

00:26:36.999 --> 00:26:37.918
but actually, they\"ve gone

00:26:37.918 --> 00:26:38.876
the other way.

00:26:38.877 --> 00:26:40.124
[laughs] So it takes

00:26:40.125 --> 00:26:41.708
a lot of talent to read

00:26:41.709 --> 00:26:43.291
any signs of the poachers

00:26:43.292 --> 00:26:45.374
that they might be following.

00:26:45.375 --> 00:26:48.208
So maybe has been poisoned.

00:26:48.209 --> 00:26:49.708
I think there\"s no question

00:26:49.709 --> 00:26:50.833
it\"s the number one threat to

00:26:50.834 --> 00:26:51.998
conservation.

00:26:51.999 --> 00:26:53.708
The number of animals killed

00:26:53.709 --> 00:26:55.998
each day is just mind-boggling.

00:26:55.999 --> 00:26:58.625
Mind-boggling, mind-boggling.

00:26:58.626 --> 00:26:59.917
It\"s on a huge scale for

00:26:59.918 --> 00:27:03.416
commercial purposes.

00:27:03.417 --> 00:27:05.291
Some of the rescues we\"ve done

00:27:05.292 --> 00:27:06.833
have just been terrible:

00:27:06.834 --> 00:27:08.082
little baby elephants with their

00:27:08.083 --> 00:27:10.625
throats slit and others that had

00:27:10.626 --> 00:27:12.249
been on so long that skin

00:27:12.250 --> 00:27:13.250
had actually grown up over the

00:27:13.251 --> 00:27:16.625
snare and severed the trunks,

00:27:16.626 --> 00:27:20.833
severed the legs.

00:27:20.834 --> 00:27:22.082
The bush meat trade is not

00:27:22.083 --> 00:27:24.208
just setting snares anymore.

00:27:24.209 --> 00:27:25.958
There\"s lamping.

00:27:25.959 --> 00:27:27.208
People go in with spotlights

00:27:27.209 --> 00:27:29.750
and with little sort of hooters,

00:27:29.751 --> 00:27:30.917
and they will dazzle

00:27:30.918 --> 00:27:31.667
the animals,

00:27:31.668 --> 00:27:32.998
a whole herd of impala, for

00:27:32.999 --> 00:27:34.583
instance, with the spotlights.

00:27:34.584 --> 00:27:36.917
And then meanwhile, somebody\"s

00:27:36.918 --> 00:27:38.082
creeping up behind and can

00:27:38.083 --> 00:27:40.625
hamstring a whole herd before

00:27:40.626 --> 00:27:42.626
they can get away.

00:27:46.292 --> 00:27:47.167
From West Africa

00:27:47.168 --> 00:27:49.458
to Europe and the Middle East,

00:27:49.459 --> 00:27:50.999
wild game has become the

00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:53.998
ivory of the 21st century,

00:27:53.999 --> 00:27:55.998
the taste of choice in domestic

00:27:55.999 --> 00:27:57.999
and international markets, tons

00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:00.875
and tons shipped out of Kenya

00:28:00.876 --> 00:28:02.958
every week.

00:28:02.959 --> 00:28:04.917
Once again, the killing of wild

00:28:04.918 --> 00:28:08.208
animals has become big business.

00:28:08.209 --> 00:28:09.291
They\"re changing the methods

00:28:09.292 --> 00:28:10.209
of snaring.

00:28:10.210 --> 00:28:11.750
You can encounter armed

00:28:11.751 --> 00:28:12.417
poachers.

00:28:12.418 --> 00:28:13.875
You can encounter... if they\"re

00:28:13.876 --> 00:28:14.958
not armed with guns,

00:28:14.959 --> 00:28:15.959
they\"re armed with poisoned

00:28:15.960 --> 00:28:16.998
arrows, and they\"re quite

00:28:16.999 --> 00:28:18.166
willing to use them.

00:28:18.167 --> 00:28:20.082
Like Richard Leakey,

00:28:20.083 --> 00:28:22.124
Anne, too, may be playing

00:28:22.125 --> 00:28:23.998
with fire.

00:28:23.999 --> 00:28:25.708
Anytime that you are doing

00:28:25.709 --> 00:28:26.998
antipoaching work

00:28:26.999 --> 00:28:28.998
or de-snaring work, you are

00:28:28.999 --> 00:28:30.374
interfering with somebody\"s

00:28:30.375 --> 00:28:31.958
income, \"cause the poachers

00:28:31.959 --> 00:28:33.750
themselves are at a dirt-poor

00:28:33.751 --> 00:28:34.751
level.

00:28:34.752 --> 00:28:35.998
They\"re not making the money.

00:28:35.999 --> 00:28:37.998
They are working for somebody

00:28:37.999 --> 00:28:39.416
who is making the money.

00:28:39.417 --> 00:28:41.500
It\"s rather like the drug trade,

00:28:41.501 --> 00:28:44.998
and it\"s very, very big money.

00:28:44.999 --> 00:28:47.374
So there\"s always a danger of,

00:28:47.375 --> 00:28:48.708
you know, whose toes you\"re

00:28:48.709 --> 00:28:50.709
stepping on.

00:28:56.292 --> 00:28:57.833
This gentleman found this baby

00:28:57.834 --> 00:28:59.999
impala in the fields over there,

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:01.998
and he left it overnight.

00:29:01.999 --> 00:29:03.625
You left it overnight?

00:29:03.626 --> 00:29:04.833
Yesterday morning, we saw him

00:29:04.834 --> 00:29:06.958
coming back with my goats, and

00:29:06.959 --> 00:29:08.917
then it was very hungry.

00:29:08.918 --> 00:29:09.998
It was very hungry.

00:29:09.999 --> 00:29:10.876
It was very hungry.

00:29:10.877 --> 00:29:11.998
So then you put it on to

00:29:11.999 --> 00:29:12.999
suckle a goat?

00:29:13.000 --> 00:29:14.416
First I gave him milk,

00:29:14.417 --> 00:29:15.417
bottle milk.

00:29:15.417 --> 00:29:16.042
Bottled milk.

00:29:16.043 --> 00:29:17.500
Yeah, and then this morning,

00:29:17.501 --> 00:29:19.958
I tried to see whether he can

00:29:19.959 --> 00:29:22.708
suck the goat, and then here.

00:29:22.709 --> 00:29:24.500
Even nowadays, even me, when I

00:29:24.501 --> 00:29:25.998
find animal with a problem,

00:29:25.999 --> 00:29:27.416
I try to help, not to kill.

00:29:27.417 --> 00:29:28.958
That\"s tremendous.

00:29:28.959 --> 00:29:31.291
Yeah.

00:29:31.292 --> 00:29:32.708
What\"s happening here

00:29:32.709 --> 00:29:34.416
represents a small triumph

00:29:34.417 --> 00:29:36.249
for Anne and her team.

00:29:36.250 --> 00:29:38.082
This young Maasai offering to

00:29:38.083 --> 00:29:39.999
raise the orphaned impala,

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:41.708
affirming his belief in the

00:29:41.709 --> 00:29:44.124
importance of conservation, but

00:29:44.125 --> 00:29:46.374
for him, the gesture represents

00:29:46.375 --> 00:29:48.708
no small sacrifice.

00:29:48.709 --> 00:29:50.875
The milk being drunk may well be

00:29:50.876 --> 00:29:53.875
needed for his own children.

00:29:53.876 --> 00:29:54.958
Individually,

00:29:54.959 --> 00:29:56.958
the Maasai are poorer in terms

00:29:56.959 --> 00:29:58.291
of the numbers of livestock and

00:29:58.292 --> 00:29:59.416
things that they have.

00:29:59.417 --> 00:30:00.791
They can\"t really sustain

00:30:00.792 --> 00:30:02.998
their way of life any longer

00:30:02.999 --> 00:30:04.041
because you\"ve got so

00:30:04.042 --> 00:30:06.291
many more people using less land

00:30:06.292 --> 00:30:07.458
because all the land has gone

00:30:07.459 --> 00:30:08.583
for agriculture; all the land

00:30:08.584 --> 00:30:09.417
has been taken up

00:30:09.418 --> 00:30:10.917
for conservation.

00:30:10.918 --> 00:30:12.625
In areas like the Masai Mara,

00:30:12.626 --> 00:30:13.917
we seen a sevenfold increase in

00:30:13.918 --> 00:30:16.208
the human population, and that

00:30:16.209 --> 00:30:19.374
is putting huge pressure on

00:30:19.375 --> 00:30:23.458
resources.

00:30:23.459 --> 00:30:25.082
The Masai Mara

00:30:25.083 --> 00:30:27.249
extends over 1,500 square

00:30:27.250 --> 00:30:28.917
kilometres.

00:30:28.918 --> 00:30:30.998
The Serengeti ecosystem of which

00:30:30.999 --> 00:30:32.500
it is a part

00:30:32.501 --> 00:30:35.333
is 12 times larger.

00:30:35.334 --> 00:30:36.998
The most important

00:30:36.999 --> 00:30:38.500
ecological reason for

00:30:38.501 --> 00:30:40.998
the Masai Mara is that it isa

00:30:40.999 --> 00:30:42.791
very, very important dry season

00:30:42.792 --> 00:30:44.833
area for the wildebeests, and

00:30:44.834 --> 00:30:46.041
this is where they migrate.

00:30:46.042 --> 00:30:47.708
We have 1 1/2 million

00:30:47.709 --> 00:30:49.291
wildebeests at present.

00:30:49.292 --> 00:30:50.750
If they were constrained and

00:30:50.751 --> 00:30:51.998
they couldn\"t move up into the

00:30:51.999 --> 00:30:53.999
Masai Mara, this would severely

00:30:54.000 --> 00:30:55.750
restrict their movement and

00:30:55.751 --> 00:30:57.291
probably, in the long term,

00:30:57.292 --> 00:30:59.292
their numbers.

00:31:04.709 --> 00:31:06.750
From July to October,

00:31:06.751 --> 00:31:08.208
in steady pilgrimage,

00:31:08.209 --> 00:31:10.249
thousands of wildebeest journey

00:31:10.250 --> 00:31:12.708
across the plain, congregating

00:31:12.709 --> 00:31:15.708
at the river, attracting almost

00:31:15.709 --> 00:31:16.709
as many tourists as they do

00:31:16.710 --> 00:31:18.709
predators.

00:31:18.999 --> 00:31:21.999
[water splashing]

00:31:37.999 --> 00:31:38.999
Virtually everything

00:31:39.000 --> 00:31:40.458
you can see and as far

00:31:40.459 --> 00:31:42.791
as you can see is Maasai land.

00:31:42.792 --> 00:31:44.998
It\"s traditionally Maasai land.

00:31:44.999 --> 00:31:47.416
And in the 1960s,

00:31:47.417 --> 00:31:48.042
they gave it up

00:31:48.043 --> 00:31:49.998
for conservation.

00:31:49.999 --> 00:31:51.750
They agreed to move out and form

00:31:51.751 --> 00:31:53.249
what became known as the Masai

00:31:53.250 --> 00:31:55.998
Mara National Reserve.

00:31:55.999 --> 00:31:57.999
The Maasai did not give up

00:31:58.000 --> 00:31:59.791
ownership of their land.

00:31:59.792 --> 00:32:01.458
They agreed to designate a

00:32:01.459 --> 00:32:03.124
prized area for wildlife

00:32:03.125 --> 00:32:05.291
conservation, under certain

00:32:05.292 --> 00:32:07.998
conditions, a major one being

00:32:07.999 --> 00:32:09.998
a share of revenue from entry

00:32:09.999 --> 00:32:12.124
fees into the reserve.

00:32:12.125 --> 00:32:14.917
But again, mismanagement and

00:32:14.918 --> 00:32:17.998
corruption reared their heads.

00:32:17.999 --> 00:32:19.791
Maasai politicians were now

00:32:19.792 --> 00:32:21.291
running the park.

00:32:21.292 --> 00:32:22.999
Revenue from gate fees was

00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:26.082
lining their pockets.

00:32:26.083 --> 00:32:27.917
Very little reached the people

00:32:27.918 --> 00:32:30.042
living in the dispersal areas.

00:32:33.292 --> 00:32:34.833
I heard a story the other day

00:32:34.834 --> 00:32:35.998
from one of the KWS rangers

00:32:35.999 --> 00:32:37.208
in Savo.

00:32:37.209 --> 00:32:38.374
He captured a poacher with a

00:32:38.375 --> 00:32:39.958
bunch of animals dead on his

00:32:39.959 --> 00:32:41.333
bicycle.

00:32:41.334 --> 00:32:42.125
The guy was terrified, of

00:32:42.126 --> 00:32:43.208
course, because he was breaking

00:32:43.209 --> 00:32:44.500
the law.

00:32:44.501 --> 00:32:46.333
The poacher asked the ranger to

00:32:46.334 --> 00:32:47.998
come with him to his home,

00:32:47.999 --> 00:32:50.249
and the guy showed him his wife,

00:32:50.250 --> 00:32:52.333
six children, one on the way,

00:32:52.334 --> 00:32:53.958
nothing in the house,

00:32:53.959 --> 00:32:54.876
children all with

00:32:54.877 --> 00:32:56.333
distended tummies, nothing to

00:32:56.334 --> 00:32:57.998
eat, and he said, \"I was killing

00:32:57.999 --> 00:32:59.458
to feed my children.\"

00:32:59.459 --> 00:33:00.459
That\"s one person,

00:33:00.460 --> 00:33:02.998
and that story repeats itself

00:33:02.999 --> 00:33:05.958
over and over again.

00:33:05.959 --> 00:33:07.333
To make matters worse,

00:33:07.334 --> 00:33:08.500
little of the revenue

00:33:08.501 --> 00:33:10.041
from the reserve was being

00:33:10.042 --> 00:33:12.999
invested in the park itself.

00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:15.666
Infrastructure was neglected.

00:33:15.667 --> 00:33:17.291
New lodges were built with no

00:33:17.292 --> 00:33:19.124
regard for the environment or

00:33:19.125 --> 00:33:21.125
sanitation.

00:33:45.999 --> 00:33:47.666
Concerned for their heritage,

00:33:47.667 --> 00:33:48.791
a group of Maasai

00:33:48.792 --> 00:33:50.833
approached Brian Heath,

00:33:50.834 --> 00:33:52.875
offering to employ him to manage

00:33:52.876 --> 00:33:54.958
their part of the Masai Mara as

00:33:54.959 --> 00:33:58.750
a private company.

00:33:58.751 --> 00:34:00.041
They named it the Mara

00:34:00.042 --> 00:34:02.125
Conservancy.

00:34:21.999 --> 00:34:22.999
As the conservancy\"s

00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:24.333
chief executive,

00:34:24.334 --> 00:34:26.208
it\"s the decrease in the killing

00:34:26.209 --> 00:34:27.875
of lions that most pleases

00:34:27.876 --> 00:34:31.583
Brian.

00:34:31.584 --> 00:34:33.458
One of the most disturbing

00:34:33.459 --> 00:34:35.708
images that I have

00:34:35.709 --> 00:34:36.833
was coming across this lion in a

00:34:36.834 --> 00:34:38.998
wire snare.

00:34:38.999 --> 00:34:40.998
In one snare was a zebra, and

00:34:40.999 --> 00:34:42.249
then in the next snare was a

00:34:42.250 --> 00:34:43.750
big, big male lion that was

00:34:43.751 --> 00:34:45.500
dead, and you can see that he

00:34:45.501 --> 00:34:46.998
had struggled and fought like

00:34:46.999 --> 00:34:49.500
anything, had destroyed

00:34:49.501 --> 00:34:50.998
sort of yards and yards

00:34:50.999 --> 00:34:51.999
of bush all around

00:34:52.000 --> 00:34:54.791
and finally just... the wire

00:34:54.792 --> 00:34:57.998
was so tight, it had killed him.

00:34:57.999 --> 00:35:01.791
[calling]

00:35:01.792 --> 00:35:02.667
When I first came here, we

00:35:02.668 --> 00:35:05.333
estimated maybe several thousand

00:35:05.334 --> 00:35:06.666
animals a year were being

00:35:06.667 --> 00:35:08.791
killed.

00:35:08.792 --> 00:35:10.458
Nowadays, we probably have no

00:35:10.459 --> 00:35:11.998
more than 10 animals killed by

00:35:11.999 --> 00:35:13.999
poachers in the triangle.

00:35:22.709 --> 00:35:23.709
Traditional Maasai

00:35:23.710 --> 00:35:26.709
lion hunts have also decreased.

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:06.333
There\"s a growing move

00:36:06.334 --> 00:36:07.998
towards communal enterprise

00:36:07.999 --> 00:36:09.708
among the Maasai.

00:36:09.709 --> 00:36:12.917
Junior elders Usef and Comaga

00:36:12.918 --> 00:36:14.958
represent two group ranches,

00:36:14.959 --> 00:36:16.291
using their land for

00:36:16.292 --> 00:36:18.998
eco-tourism while preserving

00:36:18.999 --> 00:36:21.667
traditional pastoral patterns.

00:36:55.584 --> 00:36:56.917
Everyone wants to make

00:36:56.918 --> 00:36:58.833
a good living out of

00:36:58.834 --> 00:37:00.291
conservation.

00:37:00.292 --> 00:37:01.167
If the Maasai want to make money

00:37:01.168 --> 00:37:02.791
out of it, that\"s the only way

00:37:02.792 --> 00:37:03.792
that they can really be able to

00:37:03.793 --> 00:37:05.082
survive.

00:37:05.083 --> 00:37:06.998
Obviously, the tour operators,

00:37:06.999 --> 00:37:08.124
that \"s what they\" re driving

00:37:08.125 --> 00:37:09.833
force is.

00:37:09.834 --> 00:37:12.708
And sometimes conservation is

00:37:12.709 --> 00:37:14.625
left behind.

00:37:14.626 --> 00:37:16.249
At the moment, we have

00:37:16.250 --> 00:37:18.583
potentially 1,000 vehicles a day

00:37:18.584 --> 00:37:21.166
driving around.

00:37:21.167 --> 00:37:22.208
A place like the Mara

00:37:22.209 --> 00:37:24.876
can only take so much.

00:37:27.626 --> 00:37:28.417
So I think that we\"re

00:37:28.417 --> 00:37:29.042
gonna have to start

00:37:29.043 --> 00:37:30.333
thinking about some of these

00:37:30.334 --> 00:37:31.998
issues and work out what is

00:37:31.999 --> 00:37:33.998
right for the environment, what

00:37:33.999 --> 00:37:35.208
is right for the Mara.

00:37:35.209 --> 00:37:37.249
Not so much what is right for

00:37:37.250 --> 00:37:39.250
the tourists.

00:37:45.417 --> 00:37:46.375
Daphne Sheldrick\"s

00:37:46.376 --> 00:37:48.082
doing her best to educate

00:37:48.083 --> 00:37:50.166
tourists and Kenyans

00:37:50.167 --> 00:37:51.833
about just how valuable wild

00:37:51.834 --> 00:37:54.500
animals are, and in the case of

00:37:54.501 --> 00:37:58.998
Lusanju, she succeeded.

00:37:58.999 --> 00:38:01.458
She fell in an 80-foot well

00:38:01.459 --> 00:38:02.917
in the Milgis Lugga

00:38:02.918 --> 00:38:04.333
up north, in Laikipia,

00:38:04.334 --> 00:38:06.124
and was rescued by Samburu

00:38:06.125 --> 00:38:07.998
tribesman who marked their

00:38:07.999 --> 00:38:09.998
own livestock by mutilating

00:38:09.999 --> 00:38:11.333
their ears so they could be

00:38:11.334 --> 00:38:12.125
recognizable.

00:38:12.126 --> 00:38:13.583
So unfortunately, they slashed

00:38:13.584 --> 00:38:15.998
this little elephant\"s ear.

00:38:15.999 --> 00:38:17.666
We\"ve since brought those

00:38:17.667 --> 00:38:19.124
tribesmen here to see her,

00:38:19.125 --> 00:38:20.998
because they saved her life, and

00:38:20.999 --> 00:38:21.999
they were interested in seeing

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:24.708
how she was being kept here, and

00:38:24.709 --> 00:38:26.041
they\"ve promised that if ever

00:38:26.042 --> 00:38:27.833
they rescue another elephant

00:38:27.834 --> 00:38:28.875
from the Milgis Lugga, they

00:38:28.876 --> 00:38:30.998
will not mutilate the ears,

00:38:30.999 --> 00:38:32.416
because we explained to them

00:38:32.417 --> 00:38:34.082
that they need their ears.

00:38:34.083 --> 00:38:35.083
The big veins go through the

00:38:35.083 --> 00:38:35.959
ears.

00:38:35.960 --> 00:38:37.959
That\"s how they cool themselves.

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:45.000
Wildlife conservation

00:38:45.001 --> 00:38:47.166
in Kenya maybe a path

00:38:47.167 --> 00:38:49.666
of many different steps,

00:38:49.667 --> 00:38:51.291
small ones, inspired by the

00:38:51.292 --> 00:38:53.583
examples of individuals such as

00:38:53.584 --> 00:38:57.500
Daphne and her colleagues,

00:38:57.501 --> 00:39:00.958
or the members of Anne\"s team,

00:39:00.959 --> 00:39:02.750
and of Anne herself,

00:39:02.751 --> 00:39:03.584
who has put her money

00:39:03.585 --> 00:39:04.791
where her mouth is where

00:39:04.792 --> 00:39:06.208
both poaching and community

00:39:06.209 --> 00:39:08.584
education are concerned.

00:39:13.125 --> 00:39:13.999
The growing number

00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:15.249
of community groups

00:39:15.250 --> 00:39:16.998
taking conservation into their

00:39:16.999 --> 00:39:21.249
own hands is another wider step,

00:39:21.250 --> 00:39:23.082
as is the Maasai hiring a

00:39:23.083 --> 00:39:25.208
conservationist of Brian Heath\"s

00:39:25.209 --> 00:39:27.750
caliber.

00:39:27.751 --> 00:39:29.374
For Richard Leakey, the next

00:39:29.375 --> 00:39:31.458
step is a giant one.

00:39:31.459 --> 00:39:32.500
As global warming

00:39:32.501 --> 00:39:33.958
and contagious diseases

00:39:33.959 --> 00:39:36.166
such as SARS take their toll on

00:39:36.167 --> 00:39:38.791
tourism, he envisions reaching

00:39:38.792 --> 00:39:40.166
out to a global virtual

00:39:40.167 --> 00:39:42.249
community though a website

00:39:42.250 --> 00:39:44.833
called Wildlife Direct.

00:39:44.834 --> 00:39:46.333
This is a series of blogs

00:39:46.334 --> 00:39:48.708
where wardens and rangers

00:39:48.709 --> 00:39:49.998
write in on what they\"re doing.

00:39:49.999 --> 00:39:51.458
They develop a community

00:39:51.459 --> 00:39:53.833
out there, in other countries,

00:39:53.834 --> 00:39:54.998
of supporters.

00:39:54.999 --> 00:39:55.959
And then if they run

00:39:55.960 --> 00:39:57.166
into some sort of problem, they

00:39:57.167 --> 00:39:58.998
can put on their blog

00:39:58.999 --> 00:39:59.876
what their problem is, and

00:39:59.877 --> 00:40:01.082
people can send money directly

00:40:01.083 --> 00:40:03.291
to them through a tax-deductible

00:40:03.292 --> 00:40:05.292
charity system.

00:40:14.584 --> 00:40:15.958
The world has been greatly

00:40:15.959 --> 00:40:16.999
impoverished by

00:40:17.000 --> 00:40:18.625
the slaughter of wildlife

00:40:18.626 --> 00:40:21.833
populations all over the world.

00:40:21.834 --> 00:40:23.166
Africa, particularly east

00:40:23.167 --> 00:40:24.917
Africa, still has pretty

00:40:24.918 --> 00:40:27.998
significant biodiversity.

00:40:27.999 --> 00:40:29.291
We have an obligation to

00:40:29.292 --> 00:40:30.416
maintain the inventory

00:40:30.417 --> 00:40:31.167
of species.

00:40:31.168 --> 00:40:32.333
In the long term,

00:40:32.334 --> 00:40:33.998
wildlife and the natural

00:40:33.999 --> 00:40:35.666
ecological systems

00:40:35.667 --> 00:40:36.998
are an important part of the

00:40:36.999 --> 00:40:37.751
national heritage.

00:40:37.751 --> 00:40:38.667
They\"re part of the global

00:40:38.668 --> 00:40:40.082
heritage, and we must, if we\"re

00:40:40.083 --> 00:40:41.998
part of the globe, have some

00:40:41.999 --> 00:40:43.998
responsibility in looking after

00:40:43.999 --> 00:40:46.998
this for the good of humankind.

00:40:46.999 --> 00:40:47.999
All: [singing in native

00:40:47.999 --> 00:40:48.999
[language]

00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:56.999
♪ ♪

00:41:00.292 --> 00:41:01.000
There are a lot of

00:41:01.001 --> 00:41:02.791
individuals making a big effort

00:41:02.792 --> 00:41:05.458
to really try and turn the tide.

00:41:05.459 --> 00:41:07.041
Community education hopefully

00:41:07.042 --> 00:41:08.042
will turn the tide at a

00:41:08.043 --> 00:41:10.208
grassroots level.

00:41:10.209 --> 00:41:12.458
And all we can do is just fight.

00:41:12.459 --> 00:41:13.998
We just have to fight and make

00:41:13.999 --> 00:41:15.875
people aware and just make

00:41:15.876 --> 00:41:17.374
people understand how incredibly

00:41:17.375 --> 00:41:18.083
serious it is.

00:41:18.084 --> 00:41:20.083
It\"s not just a game.

00:41:33.999 --> 00:41:35.249
In North America,

00:41:35.250 --> 00:41:36.917
conservation policy has

00:41:36.918 --> 00:41:38.750
been focused on establishing

00:41:38.751 --> 00:41:40.374
parks, but there have been

00:41:40.375 --> 00:41:41.708
problems:

00:41:41.709 --> 00:41:44.416
space and land use.

00:41:44.417 --> 00:41:45.833
We\"re one of 10 million

00:41:45.834 --> 00:41:47.998
to 30 million other species,

00:41:47.999 --> 00:41:48.999
but we want to take over

00:41:49.000 --> 00:41:50.500
the whole planet.

00:41:50.501 --> 00:41:52.291
Air, water, plants, and animals

00:41:52.292 --> 00:41:53.998
don\"t pay attention to human

00:41:53.999 --> 00:41:55.958
boundaries like parks.

00:41:55.959 --> 00:41:57.998
All of North America was First

00:41:57.999 --> 00:41:59.998
Nations territory for thousands

00:41:59.999 --> 00:42:01.998
of years, and their culture and

00:42:01.999 --> 00:42:04.041
way of life depend on their

00:42:04.042 --> 00:42:06.416
connection with the land.

00:42:06.417 --> 00:42:08.458
Human beings are central to

00:42:08.459 --> 00:42:10.333
the crisis in nature, so we have

00:42:10.334 --> 00:42:11.625
to be at the heart of the

00:42:11.626 --> 00:42:13.291
solutions.

00:42:13.292 --> 00:42:14.500
In British Columbia, the

00:42:14.501 --> 00:42:16.998
trumpeted Great Bear Rainforest

00:42:16.999 --> 00:42:18.708
began with a conflict between

00:42:18.709 --> 00:42:20.708
environmental groups that wanted

00:42:20.709 --> 00:42:22.833
to protect land as parks and the

00:42:22.834 --> 00:42:24.998
First Nations, who pointed out,

00:42:24.999 --> 00:42:26.875
it was their land.

00:42:26.876 --> 00:42:28.666
The solution has been Turning

00:42:28.667 --> 00:42:30.998
Point, a First Nations coalition

00:42:30.999 --> 00:42:32.998
working to gain control over the

00:42:32.999 --> 00:42:35.917
land on the understanding that

00:42:35.918 --> 00:42:37.374
ecosystem-based management

00:42:37.375 --> 00:42:39.082
techniques will be applied to

00:42:39.083 --> 00:42:40.708
those lands.

00:42:40.709 --> 00:42:41.998
It could serve as a model around

00:42:41.999 --> 00:42:43.999
the world.