WEBVTT

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[sil.]

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Like, I feel they\'re the same as people.

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I don\'t think they\'re any… any different. I
like all kinds of animals uh… specially,

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cats and dogs and uh… squirrels. I think sometimes
that I have certain communication with animals

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because I get along with them sometimes better
than people. Well, it\'s a zoo at the house.

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We love animals. Sure, I\'ve had animals
all my life so I… I really care for \'em

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and I wouldn\'t know what to do without \'em.
I like, I like the small animals like cats

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and little furry ones, like animals, like hamsters and
durables and guinea pigs and mice and stuff like that.

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I am not an animal lover. I do not

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like that term and I… object when
people apply the term animal lover

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to those who are trying to
change conditions for animals.

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What I am is a erson who
I think has a commitment

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to… justice, to uh…

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the application of basic principles
of decency or, fairness or,

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proper usage or concern to other beings.

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And that\'s what has… has
led me into the movement.

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I\'ve been involved in
the movement by simply

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studying philosophy as a graduate
student at the University of Oxford.

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This was at the uh… the end of the
\'60s and the beginning of the \'70s.

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The civil rights movement in the uh…

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American South was in full swing and philosophers were
interested in trying to apply a fickle principles

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to practical issues. As society
basically regards animals

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as things to use. And… anything

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that will make the use of more
efficient simpler easier for people

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as society appears to regard as justified.

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How did that evolve? Uh… I think you
could say that it probably stems from

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a basic unthinking sort of uh…
hunting gathering attitude

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that divided the world up into…
into eatables and non-eatables.

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If you look for instance, at the bible of
the Old Testament, it\'s pretty clear that

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one of the first problems that the Rajah sets
out with is, why are we justified in killing

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and using animals for food? And so we find

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the Bible telling us that God has given
us the minion over the animals uh…

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and basically allowing us to use them.

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[music]

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As for the uh…

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more modern thought, I think he uh…
the French philosopher, (inaudible)

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again had a major and very unfortunate
inference when he suggested in fact,

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has used to some extent out of the
Christian tradition that he suggested

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that animals do not even feel pain, i.e.
of a uh.. automatons.

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Uh… he\'s specifically made the
analogy with the mechanism

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of a clock. He said, if you can design
a clock which will chime the hour,

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then why couldn\'t God have designed
mechanical contrivances which will scream

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as if with pain when we
stick a knife into them.

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I think the first real breakthrough

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in philosophical thought about animals
came with the founding father

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of the English Utilitarian School,
Jeremy Bentham. Bentham said that the…

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the fundamental ethical principle
is to maximize pleasure

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and to minimize pain. And whereas
previously, any thinkers who thought about

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minimizing pain had really
limited this to human beings.

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Bentham said, it doesn\'t really matter
whether they\'re humans or not. Uh… And he

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expressly said that animals may one day come
to have the rights which I denied to them.

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Pain is pain

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and pain is just as bad
whether it happens to you

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or your friendeos(ph) or to a
stranger that you don\'t know about

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or to a person of another race or
to a being of another species.

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And that\'s what the Animal Liberation Movement is
saying. It\'s sighing you shouldn\'t ignore pain.

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You shouldn\'t discount pain. You
shouldn\'t think that pain doesn\'t matter

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just because the being that suffering it
is not human. If we can get that across

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and then extend it from just
the narrow notion of pain

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to the idea of suffering more broadly
or considering the interests of beings

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whatever their species, then we\'ve got across
the core of the Animal Liberation Philosophy.

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[music]

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For this year, we have a… new program called
the distinguished philosophers program.

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And we invite visitors, several visitors
a year to participate in that program.

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Professor Singer is one of our
first visitors who is one of the

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most distinguished people in the world
I believe and uh… applied ethics

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and uh… practical ethics because he has written
novel of dozen books, hundreds of articles,

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uh… many of his books have been re-printed,
translated all over the world.

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I think that Peter Singer\'s uh…
essay in book Animal Liberation,

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what a beginnings of a revolution in
people\'s relation to other animals.

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Uh… I think what Peter Singer
did is that he made it possible

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to support the, to support animal
rights on a rational basis.

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Uh… on a basis of justice
not on a sentimental basis

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and I think what Peter Singer basically did
in his book is that he put animal liberation

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within the context of liberation movements.

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In the book, I wanted to set out
the philosophical ethical basis

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of how we ought to treat animals and
I had to choose particular topics.

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So what I ended up focusing
on, what true area

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is animal experimentation. And farming,
particularly, factory farming.

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And I focused on them probably because
of the huge numbers of animals involved

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something like 60 to 70 million animals
a year in the United States alone

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for animal experimentation and…

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maybe 4 or 5 billion animals a
year in the case of farming.

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And also the… the fact that there
is just so much suffering going on

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that people are not aware of. You know, in the
case of animal experimentation, people think that

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this is really, strictly, regulated
that all the experimentation done

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is for urgently necessary medical research.
Umm… You know,

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neither which is true. It\'s really basically
been uncontrolled. Experiments can do

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virtually anything they\'d like and often
what they do causes immense suffering.

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[music]

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I think animal experimentation
is okay if they\'re already dead

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but if they have to put him to sleep
then… I don\'t feel it\'s right.

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It\'s… it\'s to save lives so it
can\'t be too bad. Isn\'t it better

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than done on a rat, on a mouse,
or on any animals before

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learning on a human being? I think it can be done successfully
and I think it can be done to the benefit of everyone.

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Uh… And I think the strongest thing
we all have to remember is well,

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we may want to make sure we take care of our
animal friends. They are here to serve us.

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Perhaps the most wasteful
source of research

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are those which are poisoning
and blinding animals

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where the substances that they are
testing umm… not substances that will

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save human lives or prevent major diseases and
that\'s a huge area. So (inaudible) all the uh…

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cosmetics and food coloring is in
preservatives and cleaners and uh…

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garden sprays and polishes and
everything that you think,

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I mean, that is incredibly
wasteful of lives and suffering.

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Now the major commercial testing
that\'s carried out is the uh…

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dry eyes test which is carried
out on the eyes of rabbits

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and you can see here, this is a kind
of a box that the rabbits are in

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and all that can (inaudible) from the boxes the rabbit\'s
heads, that\'s to stop them scratching at their eyes

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with their four claws because what\'s
being happening is irritating substances

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will be placed directly in the eyes and
the eyes will envy uh… bandaged over

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to keep that substance in the eye
for maybe 24 or 48 or 72 hours

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and then you look at how badly the eyeball has
been damaged. It might have been simply reddened,

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it might, or it might have been
blistered, ulcerated and liquified umm…

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if the substance is sufficiently corrosive.
If I had a choice

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between either holding all research done in
almost a day or letting research continue,

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I would certainly hold on research
because I\'m convinced that

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if there are any benefits from
research, they are relatively

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umm… minor compared to the immense amount
of suffering that\'s going on for animals.

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And I\'m also convinced that if we did stop
it, human ingenuity being what it is,

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we would find otherwise of finding
out the things we most importantly

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and most urgently need to know.

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[sil.]

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You can make good products
that serve the purpose

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without having any kind of suffering. There is really just
plenty of things and it really just can\'t be an excuse anymore.

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There\'s no need to, these companies have proven
that they can have safe effective products

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with no animal testing. Absolutely none.

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Cosmetic products cleanse,
moisturise and glamorize

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and there are more than enough safe ingredients
to accomplish that purpose in any ones life.

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A lot of people just don\'t know, they\'re not
familiar that… with the fact that products

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are even tested on animals. So they… they\'re
just not aware and it\'s one of the things

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that the animal rights community really needs to do is
to make an impact and let people know. Look, this really

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is going on.

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How many of you start with umm… I\'ve had some
sort of uh… interaction with non-human animals,

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let\'s say uh… today or yesterday.
Okay, a lot of you.

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The principle why in which
people in this society interact

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with non-human animals is by having a
piece of their flesh on the dinner plate.

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Or if you dint knew that perhaps

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by having their eggs or their
milk in some way or other.

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And virtually, everyone in this society
has that interaction with animals

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and yet we don\'t think of it very much.

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I eat lobsters

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but I don\'t want to see how they put that
in boiling water. I kind of feel bad,

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you know, if I ever eat rabbit or deer
whatever, that would probably upset me

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but chicken or beef, it\'s kind of like, well,
that\'s what they were born to be for us.

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Kind of barbaric. I eat fish
and I eat chicken. Yeah.

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But more vegetables, we don\'t really eat
that much fish and chicken actually.

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Uh… I think sometimes people have to come with grips
with reality and uh… sure you eat a lot of vegetables,

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that\'s a living organism too, just like a chicken
is or just like a fish or just like a cow

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and where do you draw the line?
That\'s really what it boils down.

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When I go into a store and I pick up
a… a package of like chicken or beef,

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it\'s not, it\'s not an animal anymore. Somehow, it
doesn\'t feel like an animal even if it really was.

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Seems like it\'s something different.
This feels really weird

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saying that I eat animals.

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[music]

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Right up to the World War II, animals in
all the areas of farming were outside,

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they were leading, basically feel
the natural source of lifestyles.

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They would still have suffered in
variety of ways but their lives

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would not have been the kind of systematic
and total deprivation that occurred

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when they were moved in
those which happened

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first with chickens, first with the… the poultry
industry umm… and had the veal industry,

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the… the worst of them all in terms
of the rightist degree of confinement

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and unnatural that and so on. And then
even cattle started being shifted from

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the uh… grazing on the range to a
freed lot method of production.

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This is a… close up of uh…

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chickens on the floor of a large
poultry unit. You can see firstly

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how crowded they are, right? There\'s really
very little space between the birds.

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They\'re trying to pack as many birds
as they can into the same shed.

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You can also see, if you look close to the right
their beaks have really being cut right back

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so that they\'ve been debeaked so that they can\'t attack each other.
This is because the stress of this kind of crowding causes aggression.

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This is a little section
of maybe 10,000 birds

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all on the floor one big shed, there\'s no why
they can get to know all the other birds

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even if they just stay in one section
of it, there\'s kind of constantly

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being countering strangers. So they want to
know how to behave like can\'t remember them,

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they\'re under stress, they\'re crowded and they attack
each other and that\'s why the debeaking occurs.

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That\'s an operation done with a… with a hot knife
that uh… causes a lot of pain to the birds

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because they have sensitive
tissue in the beaks.

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[music]

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These are the young piglets

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the ones that are going to be fattened and sent to market. Uh…
You have rows of cages. There\'s another hour underneath here

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and they\'re very crowded here. They
again can\'t escape really other pigs.

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The floors are often unsuitable for their
feet and they develop foot deformities.

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[music]

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Like their stalls or rather like the
stalls that these unfortunate veal calves

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are in here as you can
see with these stalls

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the calve basically has just
a stall around its body.

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It has no room to walk at all, it can\'t get
out of the stall, it can\'t even turn around.

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The stall is too narrow to allow it to turn around. They\'re put
in these stalls and they\'re reared there until they\'re about

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four months old. They can\'t
keep them there any longer,

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umm… they\'d probably drop dead from anemia
because they deliberately kept on deficient

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to keep the flesh pale whitish pink. They get
no roughage, there\'s no, there\'s no bedding

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or anything on the floor of these
stalls, a just plain concrete floors

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or sometimes lighted wood floors,
uh… so that the excrement

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can drop through. It\'s a life of total
deprivation from beginning to end.

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When the animals were taken indoors

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off the farmlands, they started to
lose their resistance to disease

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and farmers began routinely
putting antibiotics

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into their food not just to treat individual sick animals
but you know, the animals really cease to be individuals

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when they\'re in such numbers. So they would
just routinely antibiotics in with their food

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to try and prevent illness. And
they discovered that this actually

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does make them grow faster.

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More than half of the world\'s
production of antibiotics actually goes

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not for fighting human disease
but just into… into animal food

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that is partly I think indicative
of the… poor sign of animals health

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but also must have an effect
on the consumers in terms of

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getting antibiotic resistant strains
because if we are probably eating

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low levels of antibiotics or people who eat meat
then there are going to be strains of bacteria

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which will lose their, which will
develop resistance to antibiotics

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and the ordinary antibiotics we use
will lose their powers against them.

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The meat industry

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is one of the major American.
Production manufacturing industries.

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I mean, it\'s not as large as the motor car industry
but after that it\'s… it\'s either second or third.

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It\'s a major production

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and that\'s of course one of the reasons
why it\'s so hard to get it to change.

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At first, I guess, when our children
are very young, if you\'d said,

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why don\'t you eat meat to them.
They would have said, it\'s yacky.

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Gradually, of course, they\'ve developed
an idea that is more concerned about

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the ethics of it as they get although,
they think for themselves about it.

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I think it\'s good being a vegetarian because
a lot of people, they say, they don\'t care,

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they say, they do care about animals
except they don\'t really bother enough

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to go far enough to become a vegetarian. You may just say
they care about them and then just leave it at that.

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Some people kind of, they
say, oh, isn\'t that lamb cute

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and everything but they don\'t say it\'s cute
when it\'s on their dinner plate or something.

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Yeah, when we went to our first vegetarian
restaurant in London, it was called Cranks

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which struck me as rather fishing in with
the view that I\'ve had a vegetarians

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and I also thought of them as wearing hand, cardigans sort
of you know, I don\'t know if you call them cardigans here

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but little hand netted things and
they\'re being all earthly in.

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Generally, sort of umm… and they always
think of them as little out lightings.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
That was my, I suppose little old ladies
in cardigans who had lots of cats.

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
[sil.]

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
When we were living in (inaudible) in
the United Kingdom, we met some people

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
who are vegetarians and we never thought that about it before
really whether animals suffer or whether they died so far

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
but as we\'re making them and
discussing ideas with them,

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
we seem to ask that they
were very convincing

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
in their arguments so we
decided to give it a try.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
And we thought we give
up umm… chicken and veil

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
because they seem us the animals
which had the worst time alive

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
as well as being killed at the end. That was pretty
easy. So then we thought, we\'ll give it up all together

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
and it was really a lot easier than I\'d expected. It was a big disappointing,
really, I thought I was going to make this wonderful self-sacrifice

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
and I wasn\'t all that difficult. I felt a bit
disappointed, I was ready for sainthood.

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
It wasn\'t even hard.

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
We didn\'t think about the children style a
lot more than we did about our own because

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
I think it\'s a bit different when you\'re growing than when you\'re
already greying. But they seem voice to be pretty healthy.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
So we really sort of struck worried
about it because they always,

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
they have stantant(ph).

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
I think the first thing
you do if you want to

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
participate in this movement is to stop
eating meat because by eating meat, you are

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
participating in the exploitation of
animals, you\'re supporting it you know,

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
you\'re enduring your money to it. By having done
that, that\'s not enough, it\'s also important

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
to really get involved (inaudible).

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:58.000
[sil.]