00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:07.000
(gentle music)

00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:10.350
- Our climate is changing,
the world is warming.

00:00:10.350 --> 00:00:13.500
Sea levels are rising faster than ever

00:00:13.500 --> 00:00:14.520
and extreme weather

00:00:14.520 --> 00:00:18.120
is becoming more frequent
and more intense.

00:00:18.120 --> 00:00:22.020
The science is clear,
human actions are to blame.

00:00:22.020 --> 00:00:25.440
Climate change is the
defining crisis of our time.

00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:27.870
We are in a climate emergency.

00:00:29.040 --> 00:00:31.410
I spent most of my
career trying to measure

00:00:31.410 --> 00:00:33.350
the climate impacts of our actions

00:00:33.350 --> 00:00:35.070
in the hopes that governments

00:00:35.070 --> 00:00:38.520
can identify the best
policies or businesses

00:00:38.520 --> 00:00:42.660
can find the right strategies
to help us slow the damage.

00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:46.530
(gentle music)

00:00:46.530 --> 00:00:48.510
Since the Industrial Revolution,

00:00:48.510 --> 00:00:52.410
the world learned to produce
everything faster and cheaper.

00:00:52.410 --> 00:00:55.050
As society's got richer, we produce more

00:00:55.050 --> 00:00:57.540
and consumed more energy, more materials,

00:00:57.540 --> 00:01:01.980
and more food, what we need is
a new industrial revolution.

00:01:01.980 --> 00:01:06.120
A new playbook that decouples
growth from emissions.

00:01:06.120 --> 00:01:08.400
That revolution is gaining momentum.

00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:23.910
Energy powers our economies,

00:01:23.910 --> 00:01:26.760
but energy is responsible for 80%

00:01:26.760 --> 00:01:28.980
of all greenhouse gases produced,

00:01:28.980 --> 00:01:32.160
the key culprit behind our warming planet.

00:01:32.160 --> 00:01:35.010
How do we slow down those emissions?

00:01:35.010 --> 00:01:36.530
One way is to electrify

00:01:36.530 --> 00:01:40.530
and to power that electrification
with clean energy.

00:01:41.520 --> 00:01:45.060
Solar is one of the cheapest
and most accessible sources

00:01:45.060 --> 00:01:47.370
of energy on earth, but when land

00:01:47.370 --> 00:01:49.770
is scarce, like in Singapore,

00:01:49.770 --> 00:01:51.810
engineers need to get creative.

00:01:52.890 --> 00:01:55.980
This solar farm floats on
one of the city's reservoirs.

00:01:57.270 --> 00:01:59.460
- We build a 60 megawatt pick system

00:01:59.460 --> 00:02:03.360
that can actually power
up 16,000 HDB flats.

00:02:03.360 --> 00:02:06.870
That translates to 32 kilotons
of carbon emission offsets

00:02:06.870 --> 00:02:08.580
that we can produce.

00:02:08.580 --> 00:02:10.020
- [Narrator] That's enough to power

00:02:10.020 --> 00:02:13.350
Singapore's five local
water treatment plants,

00:02:13.350 --> 00:02:15.810
making Singapore one of the few countries

00:02:15.810 --> 00:02:20.730
in the world to have a 100%
green water work system.

00:02:20.730 --> 00:02:23.970
SimCorp took a little
under a year to build this,

00:02:23.970 --> 00:02:27.240
one of the world's largest
floating solar farms.

00:02:27.240 --> 00:02:28.590
They're now ready to apply

00:02:28.590 --> 00:02:31.470
the same idea on waters elsewhere.

00:02:31.470 --> 00:02:33.480
- We have a target of 10 gigawatts.

00:02:33.480 --> 00:02:36.300
With all the lessons and
innovations that we have learned,

00:02:36.300 --> 00:02:38.250
we wanna work with the
neighboring countries

00:02:38.250 --> 00:02:41.370
to develop renewable
energy together with them.

00:02:41.370 --> 00:02:42.950
- [Narrator] There's even more good news,

00:02:42.950 --> 00:02:46.080
apart from having solar
panels float on water,

00:02:47.070 --> 00:02:49.770
researchers are already studying
how they could be pasted

00:02:49.770 --> 00:02:52.050
on the glass or skins of buildings

00:02:52.050 --> 00:02:55.980
or on cars, buses, or almost anything.

00:02:55.980 --> 00:02:59.810
All of this could give solar
farms a bigger footprint.

00:02:59.810 --> 00:03:01.530
(gentle music)

00:03:01.530 --> 00:03:03.660
But the biggest drawback about solar

00:03:03.660 --> 00:03:05.490
is that it can't always be on.

00:03:09.320 --> 00:03:10.800
(gentle music)

00:03:10.800 --> 00:03:13.650
New research on other
renewable sources could help,

00:03:13.650 --> 00:03:15.660
like geothermal energy,

00:03:16.500 --> 00:03:18.970
the most common way to
harvest geothermal energy

00:03:18.970 --> 00:03:22.200
is by drilling a well deep underground.

00:03:22.200 --> 00:03:25.260
Then piping the heat up to power a turbine

00:03:25.260 --> 00:03:27.630
which generates electricity for a grid.

00:03:28.530 --> 00:03:31.650
But exploration to find
hot fluids underground

00:03:31.650 --> 00:03:34.440
are an expensive and
time consuming process

00:03:34.440 --> 00:03:37.170
with no guaranteed results.

00:03:37.170 --> 00:03:39.780
Eavor wants to make geothermal energy

00:03:39.780 --> 00:03:42.840
much more accessible and scalable.

00:03:42.840 --> 00:03:45.630
They use a series of
multilateral well bores

00:03:45.630 --> 00:03:46.710
called an Eavor-Loop.

00:03:47.670 --> 00:03:50.220
Fluid is circulated
through the Eavor-Loop,

00:03:50.220 --> 00:03:51.750
which is then naturally heated

00:03:51.750 --> 00:03:54.300
by the earth through conduction.

00:03:54.300 --> 00:03:57.180
When the hot working
fluid reaches the surface,

00:03:57.180 --> 00:03:58.710
the heat picked up underground

00:03:58.710 --> 00:04:01.500
can be used to generate electricity.

00:04:01.500 --> 00:04:03.950
It's a reliable and
consistent energy source

00:04:03.950 --> 00:04:07.680
and it can be deployed anywhere,
especially near cities.

00:04:10.320 --> 00:04:12.960
- They're all underground,
very low structures.

00:04:12.960 --> 00:04:14.430
So the beauty of this thing,

00:04:14.430 --> 00:04:17.310
you can fit it anywhere and
you don't have to look at it

00:04:17.310 --> 00:04:19.740
and land can still be used for recreation

00:04:19.740 --> 00:04:22.560
or agriculture or whatever else you want.

00:04:22.560 --> 00:04:25.260
So that is a huge win-win.

00:04:26.190 --> 00:04:28.710
- [Narrator] Making the transition
to this new energy source

00:04:28.710 --> 00:04:32.670
requires construction and
professional expertise.

00:04:32.670 --> 00:04:34.680
That kind of talent is already available

00:04:34.680 --> 00:04:36.360
in the oil and gas industry.

00:04:37.440 --> 00:04:39.330
- They don't need any retraining.

00:04:39.330 --> 00:04:41.550
So all of a sudden you're
an oil and gas guy,

00:04:41.550 --> 00:04:44.160
you're sitting there, oh actually I am for

00:04:44.160 --> 00:04:47.550
the green revolution 'cause I
know I can still earn a living

00:04:47.550 --> 00:04:49.470
doing that, I can still feed my kids.

00:04:49.470 --> 00:04:51.880
People can redeploy their existing skills

00:04:51.880 --> 00:04:53.880
on this whole new green industry

00:04:53.880 --> 00:04:56.450
that has so many other advantages.

00:04:56.450 --> 00:04:59.070
- [Narrator] There's another
source of renewable energy

00:04:59.070 --> 00:05:02.490
that's been around much longer, nuclear.

00:05:02.490 --> 00:05:06.150
Nuclear fission makes up 10%
of the world's energy mix.

00:05:06.150 --> 00:05:09.180
The highest among all low carbon sources,

00:05:09.180 --> 00:05:11.880
but nuclear's reputation precedes it.

00:05:12.990 --> 00:05:16.590
Research is underway on
a safer type of reaction.

00:05:16.590 --> 00:05:18.510
Nuclear fusion.

00:05:18.510 --> 00:05:21.300
- The word nuclear has a bad reputation

00:05:21.300 --> 00:05:24.000
as long, long lasting
waste and the problems

00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:25.920
of Fukushima and Chernobyl.

00:05:25.920 --> 00:05:28.950
But fusion is a different
thing, it's a different process.

00:05:28.950 --> 00:05:31.530
It has very different radiological hazards

00:05:31.530 --> 00:05:35.270
and it should be treated as
a different source of power.

00:05:35.270 --> 00:05:36.270
(upbeat music)

00:05:36.270 --> 00:05:37.830
- [Narrator] This is how
fusion energy is created.

00:05:37.830 --> 00:05:42.060
Fusion fuel is a hot gas of
two heavy forms of hydrogen

00:05:42.060 --> 00:05:44.460
which are fused to form helium.

00:05:44.460 --> 00:05:46.680
In the process, some
of their leftover mass

00:05:46.680 --> 00:05:48.390
is turned into energy.

00:05:48.390 --> 00:05:49.710
- One of the beauties of fusion

00:05:49.710 --> 00:05:51.840
is that it is so energy intensive.

00:05:51.840 --> 00:05:53.520
This is really the holy grail in a sense,

00:05:53.520 --> 00:05:55.600
that you've effectively
got inexhaustible fuel

00:05:55.600 --> 00:05:57.960
and yet it could could supply electricity

00:05:57.960 --> 00:06:02.430
for all of us continuously
and in a carbon-free way.

00:06:02.430 --> 00:06:03.600
But it's really hard to do

00:06:03.600 --> 00:06:04.920
because you're dealing with a fuel

00:06:04.920 --> 00:06:07.740
which is so hot and so
sustaining that temperature

00:06:07.740 --> 00:06:09.570
and holding the fuel in a stationary way

00:06:09.570 --> 00:06:10.770
is then a big challenge.

00:06:12.420 --> 00:06:14.550
- [Narrator] Fusion reactors
are difficult to make

00:06:14.550 --> 00:06:16.710
because they must withstand temperatures

00:06:16.710 --> 00:06:19.890
of up to 150 million degrees Celsius,

00:06:19.890 --> 00:06:21.990
10 times hotter than the sun,

00:06:21.990 --> 00:06:26.730
the kind of heat needed to
fuse atoms melts most machines.

00:06:28.080 --> 00:06:30.990
ITER at the south of France
is the world's most expensive

00:06:30.990 --> 00:06:35.220
science experiment designed
to achieve fusion at scale.

00:06:35.220 --> 00:06:37.680
The UK's Atomic Energy Authority

00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:39.810
are members of the ITER Project,

00:06:39.810 --> 00:06:43.650
but they're also building
a much smaller reactor.

00:06:43.650 --> 00:06:46.680
Scaling down makes
commercialization easier.

00:06:47.730 --> 00:06:50.250
- ITER is big and it is quite expensive

00:06:50.250 --> 00:06:53.100
and if the power plants that follow ITER,

00:06:53.100 --> 00:06:56.280
you have to raise sort of $20 billion

00:06:56.280 --> 00:06:58.380
each time you want to
build a power station,

00:06:58.380 --> 00:06:59.430
that's quite hard to do.

00:06:59.430 --> 00:07:00.930
And so you also want to find ways

00:07:00.930 --> 00:07:02.940
of making it more economically attractive

00:07:02.940 --> 00:07:04.650
and that could be making it smaller,

00:07:04.650 --> 00:07:05.700
drive down the scale.

00:07:07.200 --> 00:07:09.370
People have gotta want to buy it.

00:07:09.370 --> 00:07:10.770
If it's too expensive,

00:07:10.770 --> 00:07:11.990
people won't buy it and then
people have got to want it

00:07:11.990 --> 00:07:13.520
and accept it and understand
it and be in favor of it.

00:07:13.520 --> 00:07:14.900
All of those things have to happen

00:07:14.900 --> 00:07:17.140
for that ecosystem to really work.

00:07:17.140 --> 00:07:19.080
(gentle music)

00:07:19.080 --> 00:07:21.570
- [Narrator] A movement
to decarbonize is underway

00:07:21.570 --> 00:07:24.330
and not just in industrial settings.

00:07:24.330 --> 00:07:27.040
As the world seeks new ways
to harvest clean power,

00:07:27.040 --> 00:07:28.830
efforts are already underway

00:07:28.830 --> 00:07:31.380
to help us use energy more efficiently.

00:07:33.090 --> 00:07:36.030
In Singapore, air conditioning
is quite the necessity

00:07:36.030 --> 00:07:38.880
to beat the heat, but
cooling cooling accounts

00:07:38.880 --> 00:07:41.460
for much of the city's energy usage.

00:07:41.460 --> 00:07:45.150
In homes, it makes up
almost 30% of energy bills

00:07:45.150 --> 00:07:47.770
and electricity consumption
in buildings and households

00:07:47.770 --> 00:07:49.860
make up about 20%

00:07:49.860 --> 00:07:52.740
of the country's overall
annual carbon emissions.

00:07:54.090 --> 00:07:57.720
A new approach can make cooling
cheaper and more efficient.

00:07:57.720 --> 00:08:00.750
The city's largest energy
provider, SP Group,

00:08:00.750 --> 00:08:02.700
designed a centralized cooling system

00:08:02.700 --> 00:08:05.790
for the city's iconic Marina
Bay Financial District.

00:08:07.170 --> 00:08:10.380
It's installing a similar
system at a housing estate.

00:08:11.920 --> 00:08:12.750
(gentle music)

00:08:12.750 --> 00:08:14.880
Centralized cooling works like this,

00:08:14.880 --> 00:08:17.730
on rooftops of blocks, water is chilled.

00:08:17.730 --> 00:08:18.930
Solar panels nearby

00:08:18.930 --> 00:08:21.450
partially powered the
refrigeration process.

00:08:22.320 --> 00:08:25.860
The chilled water is piped to
homes where a fan coil unit

00:08:25.860 --> 00:08:27.930
creates cool air from the chilled water

00:08:27.930 --> 00:08:29.700
and cools the apartment.

00:08:29.700 --> 00:08:32.010
A centralized and
professionally managed chiller

00:08:32.010 --> 00:08:33.840
makes cooling more efficient.

00:08:33.840 --> 00:08:35.670
Compared to the conventional setup,

00:08:35.670 --> 00:08:37.140
with many small chiller units

00:08:37.140 --> 00:08:39.150
placed throughout an apartment block.

00:08:40.440 --> 00:08:43.590
- It will give them at least
up to 30% energy efficiency.

00:08:43.590 --> 00:08:47.040
Energy efficiency should
translate into savings for them

00:08:47.040 --> 00:08:48.590
and in the long run,

00:08:48.590 --> 00:08:52.050
it also enables them
to not just save money.

00:08:52.050 --> 00:08:54.210
The next generation will have a planet

00:08:54.210 --> 00:08:57.060
which is not destroyed by
all these ozone depleting,

00:08:57.900 --> 00:08:59.730
but they're able to stay cool.

00:08:59.730 --> 00:09:03.330
They're able to have thermal
comforts, quality living,

00:09:03.330 --> 00:09:05.100
but at the same time
still protect the planet

00:09:05.100 --> 00:09:06.720
for the next generation.

00:09:06.720 --> 00:09:08.550
- [Narrator] The town has
other smart technologies

00:09:08.550 --> 00:09:09.920
meant to reduce energy,

00:09:09.920 --> 00:09:12.240
like an app that gives residents

00:09:12.240 --> 00:09:15.480
a reading of their energy
consumption on demand.

00:09:15.480 --> 00:09:17.070
- And you can actually compare that

00:09:17.070 --> 00:09:19.380
to other households in Singapore

00:09:19.380 --> 00:09:22.470
so you can actually know
whether you are faring ahead

00:09:22.470 --> 00:09:24.480
or actually behind the national average

00:09:24.480 --> 00:09:26.330
and take actions towards that.

00:09:26.330 --> 00:09:29.220
- [Narrator] Renewable
energy holds the promise

00:09:29.220 --> 00:09:30.900
of a sustainable future,

00:09:30.900 --> 00:09:34.500
but it has to go hand in
hand with electrification.

00:09:34.500 --> 00:09:36.330
Heavy transportation like shipping,

00:09:36.330 --> 00:09:38.660
aviation and trucking are hard to abate.

00:09:38.660 --> 00:09:41.610
- You can't electrify them directly.

00:09:41.610 --> 00:09:45.300
You can't plug a cable
into a marine vessel

00:09:45.300 --> 00:09:47.450
and make sure that it
works on clean power.

00:09:49.560 --> 00:09:52.380
- Since big machines can't
be powered by batteries,

00:09:52.380 --> 00:09:54.950
hydrogen could be the
energy carrier instead.

00:09:54.950 --> 00:09:57.720
Haldor Topsoe is a Danish company

00:09:57.720 --> 00:09:59.930
working on developing green hydrogen,

00:09:59.930 --> 00:10:03.120
that's hydrogen created
from renewable energy.

00:10:03.120 --> 00:10:04.950
(upbeat music)

00:10:04.950 --> 00:10:08.910
They've developed a solid
oxide electrolyzer cell,

00:10:08.910 --> 00:10:10.470
which uses electrical power

00:10:10.470 --> 00:10:12.610
to split water to produce hydrogen.

00:10:12.610 --> 00:10:15.840
The electricity comes
from renewable sources,

00:10:15.840 --> 00:10:18.300
making it green hydrogen,

00:10:18.300 --> 00:10:22.470
no carbon or harmful toxins
are emitted from the process

00:10:22.470 --> 00:10:24.930
and the electrolyzer cell delivers 30%

00:10:24.930 --> 00:10:28.110
more hydrogen output compared
to other technologies.

00:10:29.010 --> 00:10:31.320
Hydrogen could then be
used to make ammonia,

00:10:31.320 --> 00:10:32.730
which could power ships.

00:10:33.750 --> 00:10:36.090
- Until recently, it was
completely off the chart.

00:10:36.090 --> 00:10:38.970
You hadn't have this development,

00:10:38.970 --> 00:10:42.690
but now more and more, there
is a tremendous awareness

00:10:42.690 --> 00:10:44.760
coming in these kinds of sectors

00:10:44.760 --> 00:10:48.660
to generate more and more
clean power for transportation.

00:10:48.660 --> 00:10:50.720
Just like what happened
with solar and wind,

00:10:50.720 --> 00:10:53.970
20, 25 years ago, it
was extremely expensive

00:10:53.970 --> 00:10:56.760
to deploy solar parks or windmills,

00:10:56.760 --> 00:10:59.910
but now the industry has
gone through a learning curve

00:10:59.910 --> 00:11:01.890
and I am absolutely convinced

00:11:01.890 --> 00:11:05.160
that with our technology,
we will do the same.

00:11:06.180 --> 00:11:07.480
- [Narrator] In Singapore,

00:11:09.300 --> 00:11:10.300
the PSA studies these
developments closely.

00:11:10.300 --> 00:11:12.810
It operates Singapore's container port,

00:11:12.810 --> 00:11:15.900
the largest trans
shipment hub in the world.

00:11:15.900 --> 00:11:17.460
- Besides hydrogen, there are alternatives

00:11:17.460 --> 00:11:20.820
that we can actually
explore using, ammonia,

00:11:20.820 --> 00:11:24.810
organic hydro, among other
hydrogen vectors that we can use,

00:11:24.810 --> 00:11:27.250
using hydrogen in its purest form

00:11:27.250 --> 00:11:29.990
or in other vectors whereby hydrogen

00:11:29.990 --> 00:11:31.650
is stored in other compounds.

00:11:31.650 --> 00:11:35.670
So if we can use all those fuels directly,

00:11:35.670 --> 00:11:39.150
then you actually reduce
the energy that's needed

00:11:39.150 --> 00:11:42.810
to create them and also
improve the cost outcome.

00:11:44.100 --> 00:11:46.980
Singapore is in a unique
leadership position.

00:11:46.980 --> 00:11:49.140
We are the global leading bunkering hub,

00:11:49.140 --> 00:11:52.260
so we have to be stewards
for the maritime industry

00:11:52.260 --> 00:11:54.030
and also the global supply chain.

00:11:54.030 --> 00:11:57.360
So whatever we are doing is
really to not just reinforce

00:11:57.360 --> 00:12:01.710
our current status, but
also to then elevate us,

00:12:01.710 --> 00:12:04.980
propelling us to not just a
global leader in supply chain,

00:12:04.980 --> 00:12:08.250
but one that fix the lead
in sustainability outcomes.

00:12:09.810 --> 00:12:11.910
- [Narrator] Another source
of sustainable liquid fuel

00:12:11.910 --> 00:12:14.070
has already been commercialized.

00:12:14.070 --> 00:12:17.260
The challenge now is to
achieve greater adoption.

00:12:17.260 --> 00:12:20.640
At Neste, a variety of waste and residue

00:12:20.640 --> 00:12:22.860
such as used cooking oil and animal fats

00:12:22.860 --> 00:12:25.560
from food processing waste
arriving from the region

00:12:25.560 --> 00:12:27.630
are processed into renewable diesel

00:12:27.630 --> 00:12:29.760
and other renewable products.

00:12:29.760 --> 00:12:33.030
The fuel, known as Neste,
My Renewable Diesel,

00:12:33.030 --> 00:12:34.590
is a drop-in solution,

00:12:34.590 --> 00:12:37.530
so it's fully compatible
with diesel engines.

00:12:37.530 --> 00:12:40.820
It can be blended with
normal diesel or used neat.

00:12:40.820 --> 00:12:42.580
According to Neste's calculations,

00:12:42.580 --> 00:12:46.680
based on the EU renewable
energy directive,

00:12:46.680 --> 00:12:49.650
it's renewable diesel releases 90% less

00:12:49.650 --> 00:12:52.500
greenhouse gas emissions
over the fuel's lifecycle

00:12:52.500 --> 00:12:54.330
compared to fossil diesel.

00:12:54.330 --> 00:12:58.200
Here's why, emissions from
fossil fuels don't circulate

00:12:58.200 --> 00:13:00.660
because the carbon bound in oil or coal

00:13:00.660 --> 00:13:03.660
has been outta circulation
for millions of years.

00:13:03.660 --> 00:13:05.160
Any emissions are considered additional

00:13:05.160 --> 00:13:07.290
when released into the atmosphere

00:13:07.290 --> 00:13:10.230
and that's why it speeds
up climate change.

00:13:10.230 --> 00:13:13.230
On the other hand, Neste,
My Renewable Diesel,

00:13:13.230 --> 00:13:15.410
is made largely from waste and residues,

00:13:15.410 --> 00:13:18.390
including those from
vegetable oil processing

00:13:18.390 --> 00:13:20.430
and used cooking oil.

00:13:20.430 --> 00:13:22.980
Renewable raw materials
during their lifetimes

00:13:22.980 --> 00:13:26.040
soak up carbon dioxide
through photosynthesis.

00:13:26.040 --> 00:13:29.670
When renewable diesel is
burned, it releases CO2,

00:13:29.670 --> 00:13:31.500
but what is returned to the atmosphere

00:13:31.500 --> 00:13:34.620
is equal to the amount
absorbed by the plants earlier.

00:13:34.620 --> 00:13:37.020
So CO2 is circulated.

00:13:37.020 --> 00:13:41.320
- Even in a pandemic
environment, there is about 800

00:13:42.810 --> 00:13:46.050
million tons of diesel
being consumed on the planet

00:13:46.050 --> 00:13:48.390
every year and that is expected

00:13:48.390 --> 00:13:51.540
to rebound again to 900 million tons.

00:13:51.540 --> 00:13:54.840
70% of that is heavy duty transportation.

00:13:54.840 --> 00:13:59.310
If we would even achieve
50% electrification

00:13:59.310 --> 00:14:02.910
in road transportation, let's say by 2030,

00:14:02.910 --> 00:14:05.250
well there is still 400 million tons

00:14:05.250 --> 00:14:09.060
of fossil based diesel
being consumed in the world.

00:14:09.060 --> 00:14:12.010
So that means that our renewable diesel

00:14:12.010 --> 00:14:14.910
still has a huge opportunity

00:14:14.910 --> 00:14:18.040
to help decarbonize and replace
that fossil based diesel.

00:14:18.040 --> 00:14:19.110
(gentle music)

00:14:19.110 --> 00:14:22.200
- [Narrator] Neste also produces
sustainable aviation fuel

00:14:22.200 --> 00:14:24.660
or SAF as it is commonly known.

00:14:26.320 --> 00:14:29.940
SAF used neat helps reduce
greenhouse gas emissions

00:14:29.940 --> 00:14:32.970
over the fuel's lifecycle by up to 80%

00:14:32.970 --> 00:14:34.590
compared to fossil jet fuel.

00:14:37.970 --> 00:14:38.850
(gentle music)

00:14:38.850 --> 00:14:41.730
300 million tons of fossil based jet fuel

00:14:41.730 --> 00:14:44.940
was used on average before the pandemic.

00:14:44.940 --> 00:14:47.570
Because of the sheer volume
of flights worldwide,

00:14:47.570 --> 00:14:51.120
the carbon cutting potential is massive,

00:14:51.120 --> 00:14:52.950
but SAF doesn't come cheap.

00:14:52.950 --> 00:14:55.680
It's currently three to
five times more expensive

00:14:55.680 --> 00:14:57.050
than conventional jet fuel.

00:14:57.050 --> 00:15:00.970
The higher cost prevents a
wider uptake and in turn,

00:15:00.970 --> 00:15:05.040
makes the prospect of
scaling up supply difficult.

00:15:05.040 --> 00:15:07.470
Singapore's national carrier, SIA,

00:15:07.470 --> 00:15:11.240
first trialed sustainable
aviation fuel in 2017

00:15:11.240 --> 00:15:14.190
on over three months of
flights between Singapore

00:15:14.190 --> 00:15:15.330
and San Francisco.

00:15:16.440 --> 00:15:19.980
- We saved 320 tons of carbon dioxide.

00:15:19.980 --> 00:15:24.000
Also in 2020 we deployed
SAF on our flights

00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:26.030
between Stockholm and Moscow

00:15:26.030 --> 00:15:28.650
and we continue to look
out for opportunities

00:15:28.650 --> 00:15:32.620
to deploy sustainable
aviation fuel or more flights.

00:15:32.620 --> 00:15:34.170
(gentle music)

00:15:34.170 --> 00:15:36.120
- [Narrator] The airline
aims to steadily increase

00:15:36.120 --> 00:15:40.080
its use of SAF to achieve
carbon neutrality by 2050

00:15:40.080 --> 00:15:43.020
and they're not going at it alone.

00:15:43.020 --> 00:15:44.930
- I think it takes two hands to clap.

00:15:44.930 --> 00:15:48.600
If we are able to stimulate
higher sustainable

00:15:48.600 --> 00:15:51.780
aviation fuel demand from
the traveling public,

00:15:51.780 --> 00:15:55.250
this would give us a chance
to break that vicious cycle

00:15:55.250 --> 00:15:58.920
and lower the price of
sustainable aviation fuel,

00:15:58.920 --> 00:16:00.690
making it a lot more affordable

00:16:00.690 --> 00:16:03.330
for everyone to travel sustainably.

00:16:04.350 --> 00:16:05.180
(gentle music)

00:16:05.180 --> 00:16:07.920
- [Narrator] An energy
revolution is gathering momentum,

00:16:07.920 --> 00:16:10.950
with solutions already
in place to enable clean

00:16:10.950 --> 00:16:12.970
and renewable power to
be harvested everywhere.

00:16:12.970 --> 00:16:17.310
Along with new technologies
to make our consumption

00:16:17.310 --> 00:16:20.970
of energy much more
efficient and new solutions

00:16:20.970 --> 00:16:23.580
for liquid fuels to decarbonize sectors

00:16:23.580 --> 00:16:26.160
that are typically hard to abate.

00:16:26.160 --> 00:16:29.340
The time has come now for
humanity to make the switch

00:16:29.340 --> 00:16:32.420
to a more sustainable energy future.

00:16:32.420 --> 00:16:35.010
(gentle music)

00:16:45.150 --> 00:16:48.330
Our carbon footprints are
larger than we realize,

00:16:48.330 --> 00:16:50.940
from the buildings we
live in to all the things

00:16:50.940 --> 00:16:52.770
we surround our lives with,

00:16:52.770 --> 00:16:55.920
everything is embedded
with carbon emissions.

00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:58.720
At the rate we're consuming
and producing our materials,

00:16:58.720 --> 00:17:02.160
we are headed for a climate emergency.

00:17:07.230 --> 00:17:09.390
Plastic, a wonder material

00:17:09.390 --> 00:17:11.210
that change manufacturing forever

00:17:11.210 --> 00:17:14.280
and revolutionized the global economy.

00:17:14.280 --> 00:17:17.820
Durable, light and used
and practically everything.

00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:23.910
The problem is, producing
it is very carbon intensive.

00:17:23.910 --> 00:17:25.540
Plastic is made from crude oil,

00:17:25.540 --> 00:17:28.830
it's processed into
monomers like ethylene,

00:17:28.830 --> 00:17:31.350
then polymerized into polyethylene,

00:17:31.350 --> 00:17:33.840
which then becomes plastic pellets.

00:17:33.840 --> 00:17:36.310
They're then melted and
molded to make products,

00:17:36.310 --> 00:17:40.230
as much as 8% of the
world's total oil supply

00:17:40.230 --> 00:17:42.180
is used to make plastic

00:17:42.180 --> 00:17:47.180
and producing or incinerating
plastics produces 850 million

00:17:47.250 --> 00:17:49.530
metric tons of greenhouse gases a year,

00:17:49.530 --> 00:17:53.010
that's equal to 180
coal fire power plants.

00:17:53.970 --> 00:17:54.810
(gentle music)

00:17:54.810 --> 00:17:58.590
Up to four to 8% of all
plastic is recycled,

00:17:58.590 --> 00:18:00.440
and when it isn't disposed correctly,

00:18:00.440 --> 00:18:04.050
it pollutes the environment
and even harms our food supply.

00:18:05.040 --> 00:18:07.350
- We want to make sure
that we have the right

00:18:07.350 --> 00:18:09.660
and the most advanced
technologies in place

00:18:09.660 --> 00:18:13.020
to ensure that the plastic
waste is being recycled,

00:18:13.020 --> 00:18:16.890
therefore contributing
to a circular economy.

00:18:16.890 --> 00:18:18.750
- [Narrator] The alliance
to end plastic waste

00:18:18.750 --> 00:18:20.400
works with venture capitalists,

00:18:20.400 --> 00:18:23.130
financial institutions
and private investors

00:18:23.130 --> 00:18:25.560
to channel much needed funds into research

00:18:25.560 --> 00:18:27.000
on new technologies

00:18:27.000 --> 00:18:30.090
to end the world's problems
with plastic waste.

00:18:30.090 --> 00:18:33.240
- The value of the plastic waste
that enters the environment

00:18:33.240 --> 00:18:36.750
ends up in open dump fields
or in incineration today

00:18:36.750 --> 00:18:38.640
or in landfills for that matter,

00:18:38.640 --> 00:18:41.600
has a value estimated of between 80

00:18:41.600 --> 00:18:43.500
and $120 billion.

00:18:43.500 --> 00:18:47.970
A value that today is lost
but doesn't have to be lost.

00:18:47.970 --> 00:18:51.690
- [Narrator] One of the
Alliance's many partners is CRDC,

00:18:51.690 --> 00:18:55.290
the Center for Regenerative
Design and Collaboration.

00:18:55.290 --> 00:18:57.960
In Costa Rica, the company collects

00:18:57.960 --> 00:19:00.660
all types of plastic waste and converts it

00:19:00.660 --> 00:19:03.630
into a high value concrete
modifier that's used

00:19:03.630 --> 00:19:05.490
in making a new type of concrete.

00:19:06.870 --> 00:19:09.030
- We can show a real working example

00:19:09.030 --> 00:19:10.530
of the circular economy.

00:19:10.530 --> 00:19:15.530
We're going to be converting
90 tons a day of waste plastic

00:19:15.900 --> 00:19:19.050
that no one wanted and in
fact had a negative value.

00:19:19.050 --> 00:19:21.090
That negative value we're gonna convert

00:19:21.090 --> 00:19:24.210
into appreciating assets that
will make a real difference

00:19:24.210 --> 00:19:26.520
to infrastructure and the community.

00:19:27.420 --> 00:19:30.480
- [Narrator] Plastic waste
of all sorts is collected.

00:19:30.480 --> 00:19:32.880
This plastic is shredded into small pieces

00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:34.920
and batched by density.

00:19:34.920 --> 00:19:37.710
It is then preconditioned
with a special mix

00:19:37.710 --> 00:19:39.120
of mineral additives

00:19:39.120 --> 00:19:41.940
before being sent to a heat extruder.

00:19:41.940 --> 00:19:44.610
Subsequently, this mixture is cooled

00:19:44.610 --> 00:19:48.900
and granulated into fine
particles and Resin8 is born.

00:19:49.980 --> 00:19:52.620
Resin8 can be added to a wide variety

00:19:52.620 --> 00:19:54.840
of structural concrete products

00:19:54.840 --> 00:19:57.840
to either decrease
weight, increase strength,

00:19:57.840 --> 00:20:01.660
or even provide better
insulation and acoustics.

00:20:01.660 --> 00:20:02.960
(gentle music)

00:20:02.960 --> 00:20:04.920
- People understand that
we need to make a change.

00:20:04.920 --> 00:20:06.840
We need to make a change specifically

00:20:06.840 --> 00:20:08.820
in this plastic problem.

00:20:09.690 --> 00:20:11.670
- [Narrator] While
recycling picks up speed,

00:20:11.670 --> 00:20:14.310
new research into more
sustainable substitutes

00:20:14.310 --> 00:20:15.960
for plastic is underway.

00:20:16.830 --> 00:20:21.000
RWDC produces Solon, a raw
material that could be used

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:24.120
to replace plastics in some products.

00:20:24.120 --> 00:20:27.060
Solon is a biologically benign material

00:20:27.060 --> 00:20:30.330
made from plant-based oils
like used cooking oil.

00:20:31.320 --> 00:20:34.230
The used cooking oil is
converted to a type of polymer

00:20:34.230 --> 00:20:38.070
called PHA by microbes
during fermentation.

00:20:38.070 --> 00:20:39.900
When fermentation is complete,

00:20:39.900 --> 00:20:43.950
the PHA is separated and
compounded into a resin.

00:20:43.950 --> 00:20:47.700
These PHA resins are used
as a drop-in replacement

00:20:47.700 --> 00:20:50.010
for traditional petroleum-based resins

00:20:50.010 --> 00:20:53.130
to make single-use articles
people use every day.

00:20:54.270 --> 00:20:58.320
- And as we examine every
known living system,

00:20:58.320 --> 00:21:02.070
we find the same thing that PHA is made

00:21:02.070 --> 00:21:07.070
and utilized in nature
and it's ubiquitous.

00:21:07.620 --> 00:21:09.360
- [Narrator] Because
it's a natural material,

00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:13.170
Solon is biodegradable when
it's placed in landfills.

00:21:13.170 --> 00:21:15.420
It also has a fraction
of the carbon footprint

00:21:15.420 --> 00:21:17.790
compared to regular plastic.

00:21:17.790 --> 00:21:19.650
When it's done being used,

00:21:19.650 --> 00:21:22.230
a product made from
Solon gets a second life.

00:21:23.730 --> 00:21:28.500
- We can use it to recycle
and remake an article.

00:21:28.500 --> 00:21:31.500
We can use it to make other articles

00:21:31.500 --> 00:21:33.510
different than what it was originally,

00:21:33.510 --> 00:21:37.710
or we can use it in a composting scenario

00:21:37.710 --> 00:21:40.650
where it then becomes organic matter

00:21:40.650 --> 00:21:44.280
that we can use for growing food crops.

00:21:44.280 --> 00:21:47.040
We can also use it as animal food.

00:21:47.040 --> 00:21:50.970
So the end result of an
article made with Solon

00:21:50.970 --> 00:21:54.270
can be a wide array of possibilities

00:21:54.270 --> 00:21:55.830
and it gives us options

00:21:55.830 --> 00:21:58.740
that we don't have with other materials.

00:21:58.740 --> 00:21:59.670
(upbeat music)

00:21:59.670 --> 00:22:01.530
- [Narrator] Plastics
aren't our only obsession

00:22:01.530 --> 00:22:03.030
that's costing the earth.

00:22:03.030 --> 00:22:04.860
There's also clothes.

00:22:04.860 --> 00:22:08.400
Textiles are the second
largest polluter in the world,

00:22:08.400 --> 00:22:11.400
producing 10% of global carbon emissions

00:22:11.400 --> 00:22:14.070
and nearly 20% of wastewater.

00:22:14.070 --> 00:22:16.740
The fashion industry sucks up more energy

00:22:16.740 --> 00:22:19.350
than the aviation and
shipping sectors combined.

00:22:20.510 --> 00:22:21.390
(gentle music)

00:22:21.390 --> 00:22:24.690
Consider the lifecycle of
clothes, from growing cotton

00:22:24.690 --> 00:22:27.660
in the fields to
processing it into threads,

00:22:27.660 --> 00:22:31.350
then fabric and finally
into a piece of clothing.

00:22:31.350 --> 00:22:34.590
The clothes also need to be
stored and then distributed

00:22:34.590 --> 00:22:37.770
so there's carbon emitted at every step

00:22:37.770 --> 00:22:39.180
and then they quickly add up

00:22:39.180 --> 00:22:40.950
because everyone buys clothes

00:22:40.950 --> 00:22:43.170
and we're buying them more often.

00:22:43.170 --> 00:22:44.940
Clothes also need to be washed

00:22:44.940 --> 00:22:47.910
and ironed and often disposed.

00:22:47.910 --> 00:22:49.980
Clothes produce up to 10%

00:22:49.980 --> 00:22:51.960
of the world's global carbon emissions

00:22:51.960 --> 00:22:54.930
and more than 80% of all clothing

00:22:54.930 --> 00:22:57.660
finally ends up in
landfills or incinerators,

00:22:57.660 --> 00:22:59.820
which also release carbon emissions.

00:23:02.880 --> 00:23:05.130
Scientists are now learning
new and more efficient ways

00:23:05.130 --> 00:23:06.730
to produce clothes.

00:23:06.730 --> 00:23:09.750
LanzaTech has a circular economy approach,

00:23:09.750 --> 00:23:11.520
using waste as a resource.

00:23:11.520 --> 00:23:15.240
It's diverting flu gases from smokestacks.

00:23:15.240 --> 00:23:18.930
A bacteria ingests the gases
and turns it into ethanol

00:23:18.930 --> 00:23:21.020
through a process of fermentation.

00:23:21.020 --> 00:23:23.500
Ethanol then becomes the building block

00:23:23.500 --> 00:23:26.490
for a range of products, clothes included,

00:23:26.490 --> 00:23:28.640
that would've been
produced with petroleum.

00:23:29.880 --> 00:23:31.410
- That we way to think about ethanol

00:23:31.410 --> 00:23:34.050
is to really think about ethylene.

00:23:34.050 --> 00:23:38.850
Today we use ethylene that's
made from petrochemicals

00:23:38.850 --> 00:23:42.060
and it is converted to everything

00:23:42.060 --> 00:23:43.830
you use in your daily life.

00:23:43.830 --> 00:23:47.340
Polyethylene for bottles,
polyester for your clothes.

00:23:47.340 --> 00:23:50.520
All we've done is we've made
ethanol, make that ethanol

00:23:50.520 --> 00:23:52.890
into ethylene and then that ethylene

00:23:52.890 --> 00:23:56.820
is exactly like a petro
ethylene and it can be used

00:23:56.820 --> 00:23:59.670
to make everything we
use in our daily lives.

00:23:59.670 --> 00:24:01.680
- [Narrator] LanzaTech
is scaling up its impact

00:24:01.680 --> 00:24:04.020
by working with mainstream consumer brands

00:24:04.020 --> 00:24:06.790
eager to reduce our
products carbon footprints.

00:24:06.790 --> 00:24:09.380
(gentle music)

00:24:10.320 --> 00:24:13.710
- As more people get
better quality of life,

00:24:13.710 --> 00:24:15.630
they'll start to buy more things.

00:24:15.630 --> 00:24:20.370
We don't want those things to
come from fresh fossil carbon,

00:24:20.370 --> 00:24:22.080
and so that's what we're trying to show

00:24:22.080 --> 00:24:24.070
is that these things are possible

00:24:24.070 --> 00:24:26.280
and that there is a future,

00:24:26.280 --> 00:24:30.750
we can decouple our fossil
life from our everyday life.

00:24:32.010 --> 00:24:34.950
- [Narrator] That decoupling
is gaining momentum.

00:24:34.950 --> 00:24:38.680
About 75% of all clothes contained cotton,

00:24:38.680 --> 00:24:41.640
that involves farming,
which is highly resourced

00:24:41.640 --> 00:24:42.960
and carbon intensive.

00:24:44.010 --> 00:24:45.660
This American startup has developed

00:24:45.660 --> 00:24:47.910
a much more efficient process

00:24:47.910 --> 00:24:50.820
and makes cotton grown
from cells in a lab.

00:24:51.870 --> 00:24:53.370
- It's faster and more efficient

00:24:53.370 --> 00:24:56.340
because we don't have to
grow the whole cotton plant.

00:24:56.340 --> 00:24:59.180
So if you go to the field,
it will take 180 days

00:24:59.180 --> 00:25:03.870
to grow the whole cotton and
120 only to grow the plant.

00:25:03.870 --> 00:25:06.360
So what we do is we leapfrog the process

00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:08.010
by growing from a single cell,

00:25:08.010 --> 00:25:09.900
directly to the cotton fiber.

00:25:11.700 --> 00:25:14.040
- [Narrator] Galley's approach
demonstrates many advantages

00:25:14.040 --> 00:25:16.030
of growing cotton this way.

00:25:16.030 --> 00:25:19.260
It's grown all year round
in a controlled setting,

00:25:19.260 --> 00:25:21.480
so production cycles are consistent

00:25:21.480 --> 00:25:23.850
regardless of the weather outside,

00:25:23.850 --> 00:25:26.640
perfect for supply chain management,

00:25:26.640 --> 00:25:28.920
less land is needed and the process

00:25:28.920 --> 00:25:33.780
uses just 15% of water required
to grow cotton in a field.

00:25:34.740 --> 00:25:37.410
That's a billion liters
of water that gets saved

00:25:37.410 --> 00:25:41.190
for every 1000 tons of cotton produced,

00:25:41.190 --> 00:25:44.460
there are savings on carbon emissions too.

00:25:44.460 --> 00:25:47.790
- So in terms of CO2, the
production of cotton today

00:25:47.790 --> 00:25:51.840
requires 220 million
metric tons every year.

00:25:51.840 --> 00:25:54.140
So this corresponds to approximately

00:25:54.140 --> 00:25:58.260
a car driving the entire
earth three times.

00:25:58.260 --> 00:26:01.590
So in our process it's carbon natural.

00:26:02.970 --> 00:26:04.740
- [Narrator] While cotton gets a makeover,

00:26:04.740 --> 00:26:06.540
new technologies are being developed

00:26:07.440 --> 00:26:09.000
to make a different kind of leather.

00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:10.500
These leather products are made

00:26:10.500 --> 00:26:13.590
not from the hide of
animals but from mycelium,

00:26:13.590 --> 00:26:16.680
a fungal thread that's
found deep underground.

00:26:17.610 --> 00:26:19.350
- Mycelium are nature's recyclers.

00:26:19.350 --> 00:26:22.380
They take things that are waste products,

00:26:22.380 --> 00:26:26.610
dead trees, plants, bugs, old mushrooms

00:26:26.610 --> 00:26:28.740
and biodegrade them and turn them

00:26:28.740 --> 00:26:31.200
into new mushrooms and new mycelium.

00:26:31.200 --> 00:26:33.090
And this is in contrast to leather

00:26:33.090 --> 00:26:34.980
where you raise a cow intentionally

00:26:34.980 --> 00:26:36.960
for the meat for two or three years

00:26:36.960 --> 00:26:39.720
or for the milk and then take that cow

00:26:39.720 --> 00:26:41.630
to slaughter and have a hide.

00:26:41.630 --> 00:26:42.600
(gentle music)

00:26:42.600 --> 00:26:44.910
- [Narrator] Mycelium is
grown in under two weeks

00:26:44.910 --> 00:26:47.220
using Bolt Threads' approach.

00:26:47.220 --> 00:26:50.580
It is processed to make
Mylo, Bolt's patented name

00:26:50.580 --> 00:26:52.350
for the fabric it produces.

00:26:53.310 --> 00:26:55.740
It looks and feels like
leather but does away

00:26:55.740 --> 00:26:57.090
with greenhouse gas emissions

00:26:57.090 --> 00:26:59.670
associated with raising livestock.

00:26:59.670 --> 00:27:01.260
Mylo is now being used

00:27:01.260 --> 00:27:03.720
by some of the world's
biggest fashion brands.

00:27:04.680 --> 00:27:07.260
- A huge swath of consumers
look at this planet

00:27:07.260 --> 00:27:09.550
and watch climate change ravaging

00:27:09.550 --> 00:27:12.270
much of what we know and love

00:27:12.270 --> 00:27:13.980
and they wanna put their dollars

00:27:13.980 --> 00:27:15.060
and their purchasing decisions

00:27:15.060 --> 00:27:17.310
to work in a way that's
helpful, not harmful.

00:27:17.310 --> 00:27:21.150
And what we find is that
brands are eager to adopt

00:27:21.150 --> 00:27:22.700
sustainable alternative materials

00:27:22.700 --> 00:27:25.620
for the roughly 100
billion units of apparel

00:27:25.620 --> 00:27:27.660
we make on this planet every year

00:27:27.660 --> 00:27:30.080
and move them to something
more sustainable.

00:27:30.080 --> 00:27:31.080
(upbeat music)

00:27:31.080 --> 00:27:33.680
- [Narrator] Another leather-like product

00:27:33.680 --> 00:27:35.480
that's also been
commercialized is Piñatex.

00:27:35.480 --> 00:27:38.730
It's made of waste in pineapple farms.

00:27:38.730 --> 00:27:40.440
Pineapple leaves are typically burned

00:27:40.440 --> 00:27:42.420
after the fruits are harvested.

00:27:42.420 --> 00:27:44.010
Those leaves are now spared

00:27:44.010 --> 00:27:46.840
and used as feedstock to produce Piñatex.

00:27:48.570 --> 00:27:53.570
- In 2020, we actually used 825
tons of pineapple leaf waste

00:27:54.630 --> 00:27:58.140
and that is an equivalent of 264 tons

00:27:58.140 --> 00:28:00.870
of carbon dioxide equivalent
not being released

00:28:00.870 --> 00:28:03.180
into the atmosphere and very concretely,

00:28:03.180 --> 00:28:06.660
that represents about the emission

00:28:06.660 --> 00:28:11.450
used by if you charge
33 million smart phones.

00:28:11.450 --> 00:28:14.550
(speaking in foreign language)

00:28:14.550 --> 00:28:17.190
- [Narrator] It's not just
an ecological solution.

00:28:17.190 --> 00:28:20.760
The approach is good for
business and communities too.

00:28:20.760 --> 00:28:22.060
- The triple impact, economy impact,

00:28:22.060 --> 00:28:25.210
social impact by creating new jobs

00:28:25.210 --> 00:28:29.160
and opportunities and
an environmental impact

00:28:29.160 --> 00:28:31.860
by obviously reducing a carbon footprint

00:28:31.860 --> 00:28:34.860
is really at the heart
of all the decisions

00:28:34.860 --> 00:28:38.310
we make, is the core
business model we work on.

00:28:39.180 --> 00:28:41.010
- [Narrator] Clothes, bags and plastics

00:28:41.010 --> 00:28:44.610
are getting less wasteful,
what about whole cities?

00:28:44.610 --> 00:28:47.550
As societies get richer, cities develop,

00:28:47.550 --> 00:28:49.370
construction may be good for economies,

00:28:49.370 --> 00:28:52.980
but it's one of the biggest
culprits of climate change.

00:28:52.980 --> 00:28:54.660
Much of the sector's carbon emissions

00:28:54.660 --> 00:28:56.160
come from cement production.

00:28:57.480 --> 00:29:01.410
Cement is the stuff that
holds concrete together.

00:29:01.410 --> 00:29:03.990
Half of the emissions
produced come from producing

00:29:03.990 --> 00:29:06.470
the heat required for
the production process.

00:29:06.470 --> 00:29:09.430
The other half comes from
just using limestone.

00:29:09.430 --> 00:29:12.200
The key feedstock for making cement,

00:29:12.200 --> 00:29:14.370
limestone is calcium carbonate.

00:29:14.370 --> 00:29:19.350
When it's heated, 44% of its
waste is released as CO2.

00:29:19.350 --> 00:29:22.650
Altogether, for every
ton of cement produced,

00:29:22.650 --> 00:29:25.860
almost a ton of CO2 gets released.

00:29:25.860 --> 00:29:28.350
- Cement is the second most
consumed thing on earth

00:29:28.350 --> 00:29:30.240
behind water, there's four billion tons

00:29:30.240 --> 00:29:31.620
of it produced a year.

00:29:31.620 --> 00:29:33.350
So when you take just the amount of CO2,

00:29:33.350 --> 00:29:35.090
0.8 tons of CO2 per cement produced

00:29:35.090 --> 00:29:37.890
and the fact that it's
four billion tons per year,

00:29:37.890 --> 00:29:40.650
it's clear why that leads to
8% of the world's CO2 emissions

00:29:40.650 --> 00:29:42.660
coming from cement production.

00:29:42.660 --> 00:29:44.190
- [Narrator] At a plant in California,

00:29:44.190 --> 00:29:48.840
CO2 emitted as exhaust from the
cement manufacturing process

00:29:48.840 --> 00:29:52.020
is converted into a material
that works just like cement.

00:29:52.020 --> 00:29:53.040
(upbeat music)

00:29:53.040 --> 00:29:55.770
- We really took our cues or
our inspiration from nature,

00:29:55.770 --> 00:29:57.990
so the same way coral reefs form in nature

00:29:57.990 --> 00:30:00.660
and how shells form in nature,
instead of emitting CO2,

00:30:00.660 --> 00:30:03.150
they're actually taking CO2, absorbing it,

00:30:03.150 --> 00:30:05.670
and creating a reactive form of limestone.

00:30:05.670 --> 00:30:07.330
If you talk specifically
about our process,

00:30:07.330 --> 00:30:09.630
we're taking that same
feedstock of limestone.

00:30:09.630 --> 00:30:12.450
We're putting it through a
kiln, we're emitting CO2,

00:30:12.450 --> 00:30:15.600
but then we're recapturing
that CO2 to make this form

00:30:15.600 --> 00:30:18.330
of reactive limestone
and we've engineered it

00:30:18.330 --> 00:30:19.860
in the way that it can be used

00:30:19.860 --> 00:30:21.210
both as a partial replacement

00:30:21.210 --> 00:30:24.930
to existing cement or as
a 100% standalone cement.

00:30:26.040 --> 00:30:27.690
- [Narrator] It's a bolt-on process,

00:30:27.690 --> 00:30:30.030
which means cement
producers don't need to make

00:30:30.030 --> 00:30:32.610
any upstream changes
to their feed, stocks,

00:30:32.610 --> 00:30:34.890
machinery, systems and processes

00:30:34.890 --> 00:30:37.470
which they've already invested heavily in.

00:30:37.470 --> 00:30:42.000
It makes the technology
easily adoptable and scalable.

00:30:43.020 --> 00:30:44.010
(gentle music)

00:30:44.010 --> 00:30:46.560
Another company in Canada also sees CO2

00:30:46.560 --> 00:30:49.710
not as a waste, but as a resource.

00:30:49.710 --> 00:30:53.370
Svante designed a
proprietary filter system

00:30:53.370 --> 00:30:56.190
that traps CO2 from high polluting plants

00:30:56.190 --> 00:30:59.490
such as cement, limestone and hydrogen.

00:30:59.490 --> 00:31:01.890
CO2 produced from cement manufacturing

00:31:01.890 --> 00:31:04.740
is typically released through smokestacks.

00:31:04.740 --> 00:31:07.560
Savane's technology captures the CO2

00:31:07.560 --> 00:31:09.720
before it's released into the atmosphere.

00:31:11.370 --> 00:31:12.930
This is how it works.

00:31:12.930 --> 00:31:15.850
The flu gas is diverted
to a rotating system

00:31:15.850 --> 00:31:20.160
where carbon dioxide is trapped
by Svante's nano filters.

00:31:20.160 --> 00:31:21.660
When the filter is saturated,

00:31:21.660 --> 00:31:24.840
the CO2 is released for storage.

00:31:24.840 --> 00:31:28.080
The CO2 can then be part
of cement manufacturing

00:31:28.080 --> 00:31:31.320
for carbon cured concrete or
safely stored underground.

00:31:32.970 --> 00:31:36.390
Svante says each of their plants
can capture a million tons

00:31:36.390 --> 00:31:39.600
of CO2 in a year and at a cost that's half

00:31:39.600 --> 00:31:42.900
of other conventional
carbon capture technologies.

00:31:42.900 --> 00:31:45.780
- Part of the challenge
for smaller players

00:31:45.780 --> 00:31:48.480
in industry is that it's
very difficult for them

00:31:48.480 --> 00:31:52.050
to adopt new CO2 capture technology.

00:31:52.050 --> 00:31:55.380
Svante is developing a
solution that is simpler,

00:31:55.380 --> 00:31:59.760
less complex and less expensive
so that smaller players

00:31:59.760 --> 00:32:01.560
and smaller manufacturing plants

00:32:01.560 --> 00:32:04.650
are a smaller emitters
can adopt the technology

00:32:04.650 --> 00:32:08.340
and it can be a widely adopted globally.

00:32:09.480 --> 00:32:12.030
- [Narrator] In Singapore,
sustainable building materials

00:32:12.030 --> 00:32:15.780
are being applied on
an unprecedented scale.

00:32:15.780 --> 00:32:18.480
The city's Megaport uses a material

00:32:18.480 --> 00:32:21.960
called ground granulated
blast furnace slag,

00:32:21.960 --> 00:32:23.970
a byproduct of steel production.

00:32:24.840 --> 00:32:28.740
The process reduces cement use by 75%.

00:32:28.740 --> 00:32:31.530
The project uses five
million cubic meters,

00:32:31.530 --> 00:32:34.530
about 2000 Olympic size swimming pools

00:32:34.530 --> 00:32:37.650
worth of carbon cured
concrete embodied with CO2

00:32:37.650 --> 00:32:40.890
that was captured from the
concrete manufacturing process.

00:32:42.690 --> 00:32:47.170
- It will save us 1.3 million tons of CO2

00:32:47.170 --> 00:32:51.060
and that is equivalent to removing 260,000

00:32:51.060 --> 00:32:54.030
petrol cars from the roads permanently.

00:32:54.030 --> 00:32:55.470
A lot of people think that it will cost

00:32:55.470 --> 00:32:57.990
an arm and a leg to use green materials,

00:32:57.990 --> 00:33:00.720
but what we have proven is
that we can do this safely,

00:33:00.720 --> 00:33:02.370
reliably, at this scale,

00:33:02.370 --> 00:33:04.620
maybe at a marginal cost escalation

00:33:04.620 --> 00:33:07.260
and that's a very important signal

00:33:07.260 --> 00:33:09.030
to the industry that it is time now

00:33:09.030 --> 00:33:11.640
to embrace the use of green materials.

00:33:11.640 --> 00:33:12.540
(gentle music)

00:33:12.540 --> 00:33:14.220
- [Narrator] We've arrived at the dawn

00:33:14.220 --> 00:33:16.530
of a new industrial revolution,

00:33:16.530 --> 00:33:18.450
where waste becomes resource,

00:33:18.450 --> 00:33:21.900
where materials get a valuable
second life or as many lives

00:33:21.900 --> 00:33:24.510
as possible and where they are created

00:33:24.510 --> 00:33:26.460
much more efficiently.

00:33:26.460 --> 00:33:30.030
The stage is now set to
inspire greater adoption

00:33:30.030 --> 00:33:32.700
and more innovation to help sustain

00:33:32.700 --> 00:33:35.640
all our material needs
for generations to come.

00:33:42.540 --> 00:33:45.130
(gentle music)

00:33:49.260 --> 00:33:53.100
Food, it sustains us and so much more,

00:33:53.100 --> 00:33:54.450
but it could soon run out.

00:33:55.350 --> 00:33:57.430
Affluence is driving up consumption,

00:33:57.430 --> 00:34:00.450
so is growth in populations.

00:34:00.450 --> 00:34:02.790
At the rate we're eating,
the world needs to grow

00:34:02.790 --> 00:34:06.180
as much as 70% more food in just 30 years.

00:34:07.170 --> 00:34:09.240
An unthinkable target of how we eat

00:34:09.240 --> 00:34:12.350
and grow our food remains unchanged.

00:34:12.350 --> 00:34:14.930
(gentle music)

00:34:17.160 --> 00:34:20.130
This is agriculture as we know it today.

00:34:20.130 --> 00:34:24.330
A land, water and energy
intensive industry,

00:34:24.330 --> 00:34:27.180
also well known is its
greenhouse gas emissions.

00:34:29.550 --> 00:34:30.550
(upbeat music)

00:34:30.550 --> 00:34:32.010
Forests are nature's carbon sinks,

00:34:32.010 --> 00:34:33.840
and when that's cleared for farming,

00:34:33.840 --> 00:34:35.890
more carbon is released to the atmosphere.

00:34:35.890 --> 00:34:40.260
Modern agriculture also involves
machinery which burn fuel,

00:34:40.260 --> 00:34:44.100
and there's fertilizers which
also have a carbon footprint.

00:34:44.100 --> 00:34:46.950
And since farms are located
far away from cities,

00:34:46.950 --> 00:34:49.980
the food miles also drive
up carbon emissions.

00:34:49.980 --> 00:34:52.170
Even before it reaches our plates,

00:34:52.170 --> 00:34:54.930
food would've already released 10%

00:34:54.930 --> 00:34:57.450
of all greenhouse gas emissions globally.

00:34:59.040 --> 00:35:00.570
Vertical farms grow fruits

00:35:00.570 --> 00:35:03.300
and vegetables much more efficiently.

00:35:03.300 --> 00:35:07.110
This is a Bowery farm, it's
100 times more productive

00:35:07.110 --> 00:35:10.050
per square foot than a traditional farm.

00:35:10.050 --> 00:35:11.790
It's also packed with technology

00:35:11.790 --> 00:35:14.580
that controls every aspect
of the farm's environment.

00:35:15.420 --> 00:35:18.120
- You have this powerful
recursive learning loop

00:35:18.120 --> 00:35:20.520
that's iterating, testing, watching,

00:35:20.520 --> 00:35:24.540
iterating, testing, watching
at a very large scale,

00:35:24.540 --> 00:35:27.330
which is helping to drive
not only increases in yields,

00:35:27.330 --> 00:35:30.600
but really exciting, fun, vibrant taste

00:35:30.600 --> 00:35:34.380
in flavors in the crops
that we grow themselves.

00:35:34.380 --> 00:35:36.600
- [Narrator] Because conditions
are so carefully controlled,

00:35:36.600 --> 00:35:39.900
Bowery grows a diverse variety of crops,

00:35:39.900 --> 00:35:42.490
that includes many that
are just too fragile

00:35:42.490 --> 00:35:46.470
for traditional farms and
long distribution journeys.

00:35:46.470 --> 00:35:48.660
The farm is just outside the city,

00:35:48.660 --> 00:35:50.850
so distribution is cheaper and faster

00:35:50.850 --> 00:35:53.400
and produce fresher when
it reaches the stores.

00:35:54.540 --> 00:35:56.220
- We think about sustainability

00:35:56.220 --> 00:35:57.690
as being multi-dimensional

00:35:57.690 --> 00:36:00.210
and so it's of course the
component of resources,

00:36:00.210 --> 00:36:02.790
but it's also economic sustainability

00:36:02.790 --> 00:36:04.230
and commercial sustainability.

00:36:04.230 --> 00:36:06.660
And so we think a lot
about how do we make sure

00:36:06.660 --> 00:36:08.370
that we can democratize access

00:36:08.370 --> 00:36:10.260
to high quality fresh produce.

00:36:10.260 --> 00:36:12.480
Everybody should be able to try

00:36:12.480 --> 00:36:15.050
great flavorful produce all the time.

00:36:15.050 --> 00:36:17.220
(gentle music)

00:36:17.220 --> 00:36:19.460
- [Narrator] While Bowery
makes farms more efficient,

00:36:19.460 --> 00:36:22.290
Unfold selects, and develop seeds

00:36:22.290 --> 00:36:25.320
that are more productive
for vertical farming.

00:36:25.320 --> 00:36:27.420
- There's been a lot of
investment in the sector,

00:36:27.420 --> 00:36:28.710
but it's really been focused

00:36:28.710 --> 00:36:30.570
on the infrastructure of the farm.

00:36:30.570 --> 00:36:32.790
Really amazing state-of-the-art facilities

00:36:32.790 --> 00:36:34.140
to grow the crops.

00:36:34.140 --> 00:36:37.170
What was missing was
the genetics or the seed

00:36:37.170 --> 00:36:41.040
that really is optimized to be
grown under those conditions.

00:36:41.040 --> 00:36:43.810
So you want to have seed
that actually can respond

00:36:43.810 --> 00:36:45.750
to all that environmental control,

00:36:45.750 --> 00:36:48.180
that really is optimized for production

00:36:48.180 --> 00:36:50.520
under artificial light with the systems

00:36:50.520 --> 00:36:52.920
that control all the other
environmental pieces.

00:36:55.080 --> 00:36:57.820
- [Narrator] Another type of
farming is headed for a reboot.

00:36:57.820 --> 00:37:02.400
Livestock makes up half of
global methane emissions.

00:37:02.400 --> 00:37:04.020
Methane is a greenhouse gas

00:37:04.020 --> 00:37:08.460
and it's 26 times more potent than CO2.

00:37:08.460 --> 00:37:11.100
But new technologies in our
midst are making us rethink

00:37:11.100 --> 00:37:12.810
what we know of meat.

00:37:15.510 --> 00:37:16.950
(upbeat music)

00:37:16.950 --> 00:37:18.840
The Impossible burger.

00:37:18.840 --> 00:37:21.660
It's claimed to taste exactly like meat,

00:37:21.660 --> 00:37:23.340
what is made from plants.

00:37:23.340 --> 00:37:25.890
It even bleeds like a medium rare burger.

00:37:27.570 --> 00:37:28.410
(upbeat music)

00:37:28.410 --> 00:37:31.530
The protein packing burger
is made from soy and potatoes

00:37:31.530 --> 00:37:35.730
and the fats come from
coconut and sunflower oils.

00:37:35.730 --> 00:37:38.670
There's also a mix of flavor
ingredients along with heme,

00:37:38.670 --> 00:37:41.790
which provides the look,
feel, and taste of meat.

00:37:42.690 --> 00:37:44.520
- Heme's not only responsible
for the flavor of meat,

00:37:44.520 --> 00:37:47.250
it's also a basic building
block of life on earth

00:37:47.250 --> 00:37:49.740
and it's present in every cell.

00:37:49.740 --> 00:37:51.360
And so what our scientists discover

00:37:51.360 --> 00:37:52.950
is you could also get that from plants.

00:37:52.950 --> 00:37:56.070
We started by extracting
heme from the root nodules

00:37:56.070 --> 00:37:58.290
of soybeans and that's why our heme

00:37:58.290 --> 00:38:00.660
is called soy hemoglobin.

00:38:00.660 --> 00:38:03.060
So we then adapted to do
a fermentation process

00:38:03.060 --> 00:38:04.530
and essentially you're
growing that same heme

00:38:04.530 --> 00:38:06.610
that's found in the roots of soy,

00:38:06.610 --> 00:38:08.580
but you're growing it in yeast

00:38:08.580 --> 00:38:12.780
and then that makes it
much more efficient,

00:38:12.780 --> 00:38:13.610
much more scalable,

00:38:13.610 --> 00:38:15.660
and so we're able to
provide that ingredient

00:38:15.660 --> 00:38:17.970
into our product at a low cost.

00:38:17.970 --> 00:38:19.440
(gentle music)

00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:22.170
- [Narrator] Impossible is
sold as meatless alternatives

00:38:22.170 --> 00:38:24.810
in restaurants and supermarkets in the US,

00:38:24.810 --> 00:38:26.100
Hong Kong and Singapore.

00:38:26.100 --> 00:38:29.280
In the US, the plant-based meat market,

00:38:29.280 --> 00:38:31.440
including Impossible in others,

00:38:31.440 --> 00:38:34.520
is worth 1.4 billion US dollars,

00:38:34.520 --> 00:38:39.520
making up 2.7% of all US
retail packaged meat sales.

00:38:40.380 --> 00:38:43.590
Impossible says nine out
of 10 of its customers

00:38:43.590 --> 00:38:45.270
are traditional meat eaters.

00:38:46.500 --> 00:38:49.320
- Meat made from Impossible
versus meat made from Macau

00:38:49.320 --> 00:38:53.850
uses 87% less water, 96% less land,

00:38:53.850 --> 00:38:55.620
89% less carbon emissions

00:38:55.620 --> 00:38:58.560
and contributes 92% less water pollution.

00:38:58.560 --> 00:39:00.270
If you were to purchase one pack

00:39:00.270 --> 00:39:02.490
of our retail product in store,

00:39:02.490 --> 00:39:06.030
that would be equivalent
to saving 250 bottles

00:39:06.030 --> 00:39:07.590
of water and those are the big bottles,

00:39:07.590 --> 00:39:09.320
the bottles that are 500 milliliters,

00:39:09.320 --> 00:39:12.890
just with that one pack
of Impossible burger.

00:39:12.890 --> 00:39:13.830
(gentle music)

00:39:13.830 --> 00:39:16.350
- [Narrator] Other meats are
heading in a similar direction,

00:39:16.350 --> 00:39:21.090
like chicken, by far the
most consumed meat worldwide.

00:39:21.090 --> 00:39:23.490
TiNDLE is a plant-based
chicken alternative

00:39:23.490 --> 00:39:26.330
with just as impressive carbon savings.

00:39:26.330 --> 00:39:30.180
- If you look at TiNDLE and
compare it to animal chicken,

00:39:30.180 --> 00:39:32.910
it's about 88% less
greenhouse gas emissions,

00:39:32.910 --> 00:39:36.790
82% less water consumption
and 74% less 90.

00:39:38.040 --> 00:39:41.220
- [Narrator] TiNDLE's plant-based
chicken is made like this.

00:39:41.220 --> 00:39:43.710
There are nine ingredients
that go into it.

00:39:43.710 --> 00:39:47.040
Water, soy, wheat gluten, wheat starch,

00:39:47.040 --> 00:39:50.790
sunflower oil, natural
flavoring, coconut oil,

00:39:50.790 --> 00:39:53.280
methyl cellulose and oat fiber.

00:39:53.280 --> 00:39:55.320
The sunflower oil and natural flavoring

00:39:55.320 --> 00:39:59.280
are what makes Lippy,
a proprietary emulsion.

00:39:59.280 --> 00:40:01.200
Lippy gives TiNDLE the aroma,

00:40:01.200 --> 00:40:03.180
taste and cook ability of chicken.

00:40:04.410 --> 00:40:05.400
- Put it in a simple way,

00:40:05.400 --> 00:40:08.160
it's chicken fat made
entirely out of plants.

00:40:08.160 --> 00:40:11.790
It's an emulsion made
with natural ingredients

00:40:11.790 --> 00:40:14.910
entirely from plants that
recreates that experience

00:40:14.910 --> 00:40:17.270
you would expect from chicken fat.

00:40:17.270 --> 00:40:18.720
(food crackling)

00:40:18.720 --> 00:40:19.620
When you're cooking,

00:40:19.620 --> 00:40:22.830
you will see it manifest in
itself through the browning,

00:40:22.830 --> 00:40:25.980
the smell, the taste, and when you eat it,

00:40:25.980 --> 00:40:27.630
you can definitely resemble

00:40:27.630 --> 00:40:30.180
that delicious chicken
taste that we all love.

00:40:31.260 --> 00:40:32.910
- [Narrator] TiNDLE, which
is based in Singapore,

00:40:32.910 --> 00:40:36.060
was developed in collaboration
with local chefs.

00:40:36.060 --> 00:40:38.850
Singapore was where TiNDLE
launched its global debut

00:40:38.850 --> 00:40:43.650
and now has over 100 restaurant
partners across the world.

00:40:43.650 --> 00:40:45.810
- When Singapore did set itself

00:40:45.810 --> 00:40:48.690
to become a, let's call it a
Silicon Valley of food tech,

00:40:48.690 --> 00:40:50.790
the amount of transformation
that has been happening

00:40:50.790 --> 00:40:52.350
has been quite substantial.

00:40:52.350 --> 00:40:56.910
If you compare back to 2018, 17 to today,

00:40:56.910 --> 00:40:58.560
it's a completely different environment

00:40:58.560 --> 00:41:01.800
in terms of venture capital,
in terms of startups,

00:41:01.800 --> 00:41:03.360
in terms of multinational companies

00:41:03.360 --> 00:41:05.220
with the R&D centers here

00:41:05.220 --> 00:41:07.220
and universities developing as well

00:41:07.220 --> 00:41:09.840
their programs around sustainable food.

00:41:12.180 --> 00:41:14.460
- [Narrator] Among more recent
entrants joining the fold

00:41:14.460 --> 00:41:17.670
is one startup that's making
meat from micro algae.

00:41:19.320 --> 00:41:21.960
- Where there is water,
there is micro algae.

00:41:21.960 --> 00:41:24.480
You can't find it anywhere on this planet,

00:41:24.480 --> 00:41:26.790
in the ocean, in the freshwater,

00:41:26.790 --> 00:41:30.910
sometimes you can even find
it in the fossil records.

00:41:30.910 --> 00:41:31.800
(upbeat music)

00:41:31.800 --> 00:41:33.360
- [Narrator] The micro algae is is placed

00:41:33.360 --> 00:41:36.030
in a fermentation tank and fed food waste

00:41:36.030 --> 00:41:39.690
like spent grain, okara and molasses.

00:41:39.690 --> 00:41:42.990
The microalgae grows and it's
harvested within three days

00:41:42.990 --> 00:41:46.110
and turn into a flower
that's rich in proteins.

00:41:46.110 --> 00:41:47.730
Different strains of microalgae,

00:41:47.730 --> 00:41:49.490
also the way it's grown or fed,

00:41:49.490 --> 00:41:51.630
could determine different food flavors

00:41:51.630 --> 00:41:53.310
resembling different foods.

00:41:55.090 --> 00:41:57.000
(gentle music)

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:00.000
The company plans to work with
plant-based protein producers

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:01.990
to replace soy and other flours.

00:42:01.990 --> 00:42:05.220
Flour from micro algae grows faster

00:42:05.220 --> 00:42:06.960
and uses fewer resources.

00:42:08.070 --> 00:42:11.280
- It will also be a lot more sustainable

00:42:11.280 --> 00:42:14.430
when you trying to produce
it, and not only that,

00:42:14.430 --> 00:42:19.020
don't forget micro algae has
all the essential amino acids

00:42:19.020 --> 00:42:20.700
needed by the human being.

00:42:20.700 --> 00:42:23.130
It even has all the vitamin B group.

00:42:23.130 --> 00:42:24.720
So nutrition wise,

00:42:24.720 --> 00:42:28.830
it will possibly be even better
than all the protein flour

00:42:28.830 --> 00:42:31.800
that we're using so widely today.

00:42:33.120 --> 00:42:35.260
- [Narrator] Plant-based meat
alternatives are one thing,

00:42:35.260 --> 00:42:38.170
but how about making meat without animals?

00:42:38.170 --> 00:42:39.180
(upbeat music)

00:42:39.180 --> 00:42:42.420
Upside Foods based in
California grows real meat

00:42:42.420 --> 00:42:44.160
from stem cells in a process

00:42:44.160 --> 00:42:46.440
that is similar to fermentation.

00:42:46.440 --> 00:42:49.110
In 2017, Upside Foods demonstrated

00:42:49.110 --> 00:42:52.050
the world's first cultivated chicken.

00:42:52.050 --> 00:42:54.450
- We take high quality
animal cells from cows

00:42:54.450 --> 00:42:57.410
and pigs and chickens,
and we find the cells

00:42:57.410 --> 00:43:00.540
that can continue to grow and double

00:43:00.540 --> 00:43:03.840
and double and double just as
they would inside an animal

00:43:03.840 --> 00:43:05.820
at the end of it, when
they touch each other,

00:43:05.820 --> 00:43:06.960
they start forming tissues

00:43:06.960 --> 00:43:08.520
just like they would in an animal.

00:43:08.520 --> 00:43:10.940
And then once they start forming tissues,

00:43:10.940 --> 00:43:12.360
they start developing
thicker and thicker layers

00:43:12.360 --> 00:43:15.120
of muscle and fat and connective tissues.

00:43:15.120 --> 00:43:17.250
And when we start to
cook our favorite foods,

00:43:17.250 --> 00:43:19.950
you start experiencing
food as it should be

00:43:19.950 --> 00:43:23.070
with the deliciousness and
the desirability of meat,

00:43:23.070 --> 00:43:25.710
but not the enormous downsides that come

00:43:25.710 --> 00:43:27.270
with raising billions of animals

00:43:27.270 --> 00:43:29.190
to feed humans who love eating meat.

00:43:30.710 --> 00:43:32.160
(gentle music)

00:43:32.160 --> 00:43:34.350
- [Narrator] Traditional
meat and dairy industries

00:43:34.350 --> 00:43:38.010
using livestock farming account for 14.5%

00:43:38.010 --> 00:43:39.900
of total manmade emissions.

00:43:39.900 --> 00:43:43.200
That's 7.1 gigatons of
greenhouse gases annually.

00:43:43.200 --> 00:43:48.150
At scale, Upside expects its
cultivated meat production

00:43:48.150 --> 00:43:50.880
to emit significantly
fewer greenhouse gases.

00:43:51.720 --> 00:43:53.730
Independent researchers project cuts

00:43:53.730 --> 00:43:57.180
in emissions by as much as 90%.

00:43:57.180 --> 00:43:59.190
- When we talk about first principles,

00:43:59.190 --> 00:44:01.200
cultivated meat takes animal cells

00:44:01.200 --> 00:44:03.230
and grows them directly into meat,

00:44:03.230 --> 00:44:05.660
whereas an animal has to do a lot more,

00:44:05.660 --> 00:44:08.640
in addition to growing meat
on it, it has to run around,

00:44:08.640 --> 00:44:10.500
heal broken bones, have babies,

00:44:10.500 --> 00:44:12.180
so it uses a lot of calories

00:44:12.180 --> 00:44:14.700
for things that are not
going into making meat.

00:44:14.700 --> 00:44:17.850
So at a very simple level
with cultivated meat,

00:44:17.850 --> 00:44:21.270
all the calories we feed our
animal cells are being used

00:44:21.270 --> 00:44:25.470
to make meat, so therefore,
by a very vast margin,

00:44:25.470 --> 00:44:27.990
cultivated meat is gonna
be much more efficient

00:44:27.990 --> 00:44:31.950
in the world to produce
meat with less resources.

00:44:31.950 --> 00:44:33.000
(gentle music)

00:44:33.000 --> 00:44:34.560
- [Narrator] Another Singaporean startup

00:44:34.560 --> 00:44:37.380
disrupts livestock agriculture
in a different way.

00:44:38.340 --> 00:44:40.710
TurtleTree makes milk in a lab.

00:44:40.710 --> 00:44:43.430
The process also involves stem cells

00:44:43.430 --> 00:44:46.410
in this case from freshly expressed milk.

00:44:46.410 --> 00:44:48.750
Stem cells are grown in a bioreactor,

00:44:48.750 --> 00:44:51.330
then lactation is induced

00:44:51.330 --> 00:44:54.150
in TurtleTree's patented lactation media,

00:44:54.150 --> 00:44:56.340
a liquid that contains various components

00:44:56.340 --> 00:44:58.590
naturally present in mammals.

00:44:58.590 --> 00:45:01.560
The process yields milk
components and these could be used

00:45:01.560 --> 00:45:04.170
to produce various dairy products.

00:45:04.170 --> 00:45:07.200
- It reduces greenhouse emission gas

00:45:07.200 --> 00:45:11.190
by as much as 78 to 96%,

00:45:11.190 --> 00:45:15.060
reduces water usage from 82 to 96%

00:45:15.060 --> 00:45:20.060
and reduces land usage by 99%.

00:45:20.070 --> 00:45:21.720
So it's a far more efficient way

00:45:21.720 --> 00:45:24.100
and humane way to produce milk.

00:45:24.100 --> 00:45:25.500
(gentle music)

00:45:25.500 --> 00:45:27.810
- [Narrator] TurtleTree
says all milk from mammals

00:45:27.810 --> 00:45:30.420
could be produced using their process.

00:45:30.420 --> 00:45:34.390
Even infant milk powder,
currently made with cow's milk.

00:45:34.390 --> 00:45:36.060
(gentle music)

00:45:36.060 --> 00:45:39.180
Another new development is
the epitome of future food.

00:45:40.620 --> 00:45:43.830
Imagine if food could
be made from just air.

00:45:46.050 --> 00:45:48.720
- Food out of thin air
sounds like science fiction,

00:45:48.720 --> 00:45:51.820
but actually at Solar
Foods we've been producing

00:45:51.820 --> 00:45:54.660
food out of thin air
for more than two years.

00:45:54.660 --> 00:45:56.580
What we are going to do next is build

00:45:56.580 --> 00:45:59.820
our first commercial facility
that we call The Demo.

00:45:59.820 --> 00:46:03.110
It's supposed to be operating
in the beginning of 2023

00:46:03.110 --> 00:46:06.870
and after that, we scale
it to an industrial scale.

00:46:08.100 --> 00:46:10.590
- [Narrator] The company
makes what they call Solein,

00:46:10.590 --> 00:46:13.230
a protein that's produced with materials

00:46:13.230 --> 00:46:15.390
that are abundant in nature and a process

00:46:15.390 --> 00:46:17.550
that could even be carbon negative.

00:46:17.550 --> 00:46:20.370
That's because land now
used for agriculture

00:46:20.370 --> 00:46:22.260
could be returned, so performing

00:46:22.260 --> 00:46:24.630
their original role as carbon sinks.

00:46:25.980 --> 00:46:30.060
It starts with a microorganism
cultivated in a fermentor.

00:46:30.060 --> 00:46:32.460
No sugars or other agriculture agents

00:46:32.460 --> 00:46:35.250
are used to aid fermentation.

00:46:35.250 --> 00:46:38.580
Water from air is split
by renewable electricity

00:46:38.580 --> 00:46:40.800
into hydrogen and oxygen.

00:46:40.800 --> 00:46:45.800
The cells are fed CO2,
hydrogen and mineral nutrients,

00:46:46.230 --> 00:46:47.910
and now CO2 for the process

00:46:47.910 --> 00:46:50.820
could be captured from the
air in an occupied room.

00:46:52.500 --> 00:46:54.640
The fermentation process
results in a protein powder,

00:46:54.640 --> 00:46:57.570
which could replace agricultural products

00:46:57.570 --> 00:47:02.130
like soy and peas, used in
making plant-based proteins.

00:47:02.130 --> 00:47:04.170
- We can go literally to produce this food

00:47:04.170 --> 00:47:06.570
in the middle of desert
and it doesn't end there.

00:47:06.570 --> 00:47:10.560
We can go in urban settings
because every one of us

00:47:10.560 --> 00:47:14.700
breathe about one kilogram of
carbon dioxide out every day.

00:47:14.700 --> 00:47:18.090
We can capture even from the
ventilation of buildings,

00:47:18.090 --> 00:47:20.030
carbon dioxide that we breathe out,

00:47:20.030 --> 00:47:24.210
capture that and put it back
into food in urban settings.

00:47:24.210 --> 00:47:26.400
Therefore, we can bring food production

00:47:26.400 --> 00:47:30.900
very close to very urban settings

00:47:30.900 --> 00:47:34.140
and within mega cities of future.

00:47:34.140 --> 00:47:34.970
(upbeat music)

00:47:34.970 --> 00:47:37.800
- [Narrator] An agricultural
revolution is underway.

00:47:37.800 --> 00:47:41.790
Turning what was once
science fiction into reality.

00:47:41.790 --> 00:47:43.230
Bold new technologies

00:47:43.230 --> 00:47:46.140
are reducing the environmental
impact of food production.

00:47:46.140 --> 00:47:48.930
It's now up to consumers everywhere

00:47:48.930 --> 00:47:52.650
to make the switch to more
sustainably grown foods.

00:47:52.650 --> 00:47:56.550
An opportunity for everyone
to be a climate trailblazer.

00:47:57.640 --> 00:48:00.230
(upbeat music)

00:48:27.620 --> 00:48:29.290
(gentle music)