WEBVTT

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(soft piano music)

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♪

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(all)
Happy birthday!

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♪

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(narrator)
We start out our lives carefree

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and without worries
about time,

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as we enjoy those things
that really matter to us:

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family, hobbies, travel.

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We have our whole lives
ahead of us,

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27,000 days, on average.

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Or, if you prefer,
650,000 hours.

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We feel like we have
all the time in the world.

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(music becomes urgent)

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But actually,
that\'\'s not true.

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Soon, time starts
slipping through our fingers.

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Everything we do
is timed with precision

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and done in a hurry.

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Why does this happen?

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Under capitalism,

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time has become a resource
with a huge economic value.

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And those profiting from it

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want as much of our time
as possible.

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They even steal it from us.

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♪

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So, who or what are
those time thieves,

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and how can we fight them?

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♪

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(woman speaking
foreign language)

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(narrator)
First of all,

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we have to learn
how to recognize

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the time thieves.

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(jaunty music)

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♪

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Take the opening
of this new restaurant,

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for example.

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♪

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♪

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♪

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(narrator)
The promise of self-service

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is that we buy
cheaper and faster

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and we even think
we\'\'re having fun

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doing some of the work.

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But actually,

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the time you spend
working in the kitchen

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is time skillfully
stolen from you.

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-(crash)
-We need a chef!

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(narrator)
Foodsy closed after
just three days.

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\"Be your own chef\"
hadn\'\'t taken off.

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In fact, it was
a publicity stunt

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cooked up by the hotel
and catering union

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with Edwin\'\'s complicity.

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But why?

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(tense music)

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(narrator)
Foodsy was set up
to denounce the time thieves

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that are already
stealing our time

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every day,
everywhere.

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♪

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It was meant
to open our eyes to the fact

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that we are working
even when we think we are not.

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Restaurants are
just one example.

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When we go on holiday,

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we search for our own
flights and hotels.

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And then, we still
have work to do.

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Remember?

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A few years ago,
these things were done

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by paid staff...

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until companies realized
that they could hire us instead.

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♪

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(narrator)
Chronos wasn\'\'t always in charge.

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For centuries,
the sun and the stars,

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the weather and the seasons
were our timekeepers,

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imprecise and subjective,

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until we decided
time is money.

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(streetcar\'\'s bell clangs)

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And this meant
quantifying and valuing time

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in precise units,

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with the help of Chronos.

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(male speaker)
How is it that
we became a culture

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that began to measure life
by clock time?

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And that becomes
a whole interesting story.

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(crossing bells clanging)

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(train whistle blares)

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(narrator)
Our perception of time
underwent a radical change

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about 150 years ago,

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at the start
of industrialization

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and long-distance travel.

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(soft rhythmic music)

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♪

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(Levine)
If you were moving on a train,

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you could be existing
in several different times.

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So, you just boarded the train
in Oakland, California,

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and you\'\'re getting ready
to take that train

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across the country,

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and you board that train
at 3:00 in the afternoon,

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and your first stop
is going to be in Sacramento,

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where you get there
in real, physical time

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45 minutes later,

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but you look at the clock
in the station

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and it says 2:45.

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(playful music)

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(narrator)
Standard time didn\'\'t yet exist,

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so each stop was in its own
time zone, so to speak.

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Timetables would tell travelers

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how many minutes
to add and subtract

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at each station.

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♪

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Crossing the US,
for instance,

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meant resetting one\'\'s watch
up to 220 times.

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♪

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And this had consequences.

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(train chuffing)

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In August 1853,
a train left Providence

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and headed north.

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♪

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Approaching from
the opposite direction

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was a train heading south.

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(music turns urgent)

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(Levine)
The time that a conductor
was operating on in one train

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was not the same
as the other train.

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It was actually dangerous.

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♪

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(narrator)
Soon after, both trains entered
a section of single track.

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♪

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Fourteen people died

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because of just
a few minutes\'\' difference

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between the two conductors.

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This was just one
of twelve accidents

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that occurred in the US
that year.

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(Levine)
These train crashes
articulated the absolute urgency

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of people being able to speak
the same time language,

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to at least understand,

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at least to be able
to be clear about

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what time another person
was living on.

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(bell clanging)

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(whistle blares)

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(narrator)
Soon after, US train companies
adopted standard time zones,

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just as many other countries
had already done.

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(bell clanging)

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The good news?

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The number of accidents dropped.

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The bad news?

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Now we became
slaves of the clock.

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(playfully dramatic music)

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♪

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The new railroad time
became the norm for everyone,

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and selling watches,
a lucrative new business.

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♪

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(ticking)

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♪

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A new word appeared
in the dictionary:

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punctuality.

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♪

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(Levine)
The kind of person
that we respect

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is the sort of person
who keeps track of time,

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who lives by clock time.

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And the person who doesn\'\'t
is somebody who is--

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is not only a bad person
and somebody who is

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doomed to failure
and sometimes tragedy.

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(male speaker)
This is the clock.

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The time is 1:00.

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It is 1:00.

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One, two, three, four...

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(school bell rings)

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(chatter)

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(narrator)
Ever since then,

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it\'\'s been compulsory
to learn to read the clock

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and live by precise time,

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and this doesn\'\'t come
naturally to us.

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(school bell rings)

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(clamor)

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(narrator)
But education does
everything possible

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to suppress our subjective
perception of time.

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(murmur of conversation)

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(dark music)

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(narrator)
But conditioning us
to live by clock time

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is just the first step.

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A globalized world
needs all our clocks

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to be in sync.

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How was that made to happen?

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(lively music)

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(narrator)
This is where, in 1912,

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the International Time Bureau
was founded.

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(pensive music)

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Every day, the Bureau
transmitted a global time signal

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by radio,

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using one of the world\'\'s
most famous structures.

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(beeping)

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(narrator)
The signal from Paris

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was received by observatories
around the world,

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where it became the norm.

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♪

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The right time would be
communicated to the locals

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via a so-called time ball.

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It would send a signal
at the same hour every day.

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(various bells chiming)

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A century ago,

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there used to be hundreds
of working time balls,

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all visible and audible
from afar.

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♪

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They synchronized
an increasingly globalized

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and connected world.

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♪

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(music grows dark)

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Today, technology has advanced.

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We are now kept in sync
by a global network

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of 450 atomic clocks.

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(narrator)
Everything we do in life

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is controlled
with utmost precision

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and monetized.

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(electronic music)

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(narrator)
Governments and
private businesses

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are charged
a good amount of money

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for the official time signal.

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Precise time has become
a product.

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♪

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(mechanized female voice)
After the third stroke,

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it will be 7:02:40.

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(beeping)

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(soft music)

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(narrator)
Official studies conducted
by Robert Levine and his team

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show that in modern cities,
we are walking

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faster and faster
to gain precious minutes.

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♪

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(Levine)
It\'\'s really interesting to look
at some of the consequences

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of this pace of life.

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We find, for example,
that people in places that--

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where people walk faster
and they work faster

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and they talk faster,

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that they also have a tendency
to have higher rates

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of coronary artery disease.

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We find that places
with a faster pace of life

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are less likely
to assist a stranger in need,

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to take the time
to assist a stranger in need.

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♪

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(narrator)
In the US and Japan,

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it\'\'s even possible
to say goodbye to loved ones

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by using time-saving
drive-thru funeral services.

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(narrator)
The tyranny of the clock
has created a new business:

00:18:21.792 --> 00:18:23.333
time management workshops,

00:18:23.333 --> 00:18:28.417
where we learn to identify
and fight time thieves.

00:20:19.208 --> 00:20:22.083
(soft music)

00:20:22.083 --> 00:20:23.083
(narrator)
As a result,

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we count and valuate
every single minute of the day

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and put ourselves under pressure
to always be efficient

00:20:31.208 --> 00:20:32.667
and productive.

00:20:32.667 --> 00:20:36.417
Where does this come from?

00:20:36.417 --> 00:20:38.959
(punch clock chiming)

00:20:38.959 --> 00:20:42.750
A century ago, a new
time control tool was invented,

00:20:42.750 --> 00:20:43.458
the punch clock,

00:20:43.458 --> 00:20:46.291
recording the arrival
and departure of workers.

00:20:46.291 --> 00:20:48.291
(Levine)
Once we had this
technology available--

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in fact, the owners realized
that they could use this

00:20:51.375 --> 00:20:53.166
not only to keep track
of the time

00:20:53.166 --> 00:20:57.667
but to keep track
of how people use their time.

00:20:57.667 --> 00:20:58.959
♪

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We begin to think about

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any time that\'\'s
not used productively

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is going to be wasted time.

00:21:06.041 --> 00:21:07.542
And this is when
we started to see

00:21:07.542 --> 00:21:13.667
the way that time could be used
in power relationships,

00:21:13.667 --> 00:21:17.834
that the more powerful
now began to control

00:21:17.834 --> 00:21:23.375
the less powerful
people\'\'s time,

00:21:23.375 --> 00:21:31.250
and where power, money, and time
began to converge.

00:21:31.250 --> 00:21:33.000
(dramatic music)

00:21:33.000 --> 00:21:36.625
(narrator)
Our time was now owned
by somebody else,

00:21:36.625 --> 00:21:38.166
who exploited it
in the same way

00:21:38.166 --> 00:21:41.166
as the machines
and raw materials.

00:21:41.166 --> 00:21:49.083
♪

00:21:49.083 --> 00:21:50.834
(film projector running)

00:21:50.834 --> 00:21:55.959
(Levine)
I have to use my time
in such a way that pleases

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the people who are
controlling me.

00:21:58.999 --> 00:22:03.750
And this relationship
between time, money, and power

00:22:03.750 --> 00:22:07.333
has been one that\'\'s had
a very profound influence

00:22:07.333 --> 00:22:12.166
on much of the way
we live our lives.

00:22:12.166 --> 00:22:17.083
♪

00:22:17.083 --> 00:22:18.917
(male speaker)
...assembling other parts.

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And this is a typical example
of mass production.

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So you see we have...

00:22:24.041 --> 00:22:27.500
(narrator)
Today, time control at work
has become a science,

00:22:27.500 --> 00:22:32.000
taught at engineering schools
around the world.

00:22:39.999 --> 00:22:40.959
(narrator)
The goal?

00:22:40.959 --> 00:22:44.917
To reduce human beings
to a sequence of timed motions.

00:22:44.917 --> 00:22:48.333
(male speaker)
So it\'\'s tracking our hands,
I think now it has

00:22:48.333 --> 00:22:50.542
tracked my hands,
and the first thing I\'\'m doing

00:22:50.542 --> 00:22:53.333
is getting this part,
moving it over here.

00:22:53.333 --> 00:22:58.417
(narrator)
Where are seconds being wasted
and, hence, productivity lost,

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and with it,
potential profits?

00:23:03.208 --> 00:23:05.959
(male speaker)
Maybe you could do
something over here.

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Did you have an idea?

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(narrator)
Tasks broken down into units

00:23:09.917 --> 00:23:14.166
as small as
a thirtieth of a second.

00:23:35.500 --> 00:23:37.083
♪

00:23:37.083 --> 00:23:38.250
(narrator)
All over the planet,

00:23:38.250 --> 00:23:41.458
from Europe to China,
India, and the US,

00:23:41.458 --> 00:23:46.208
production lines are
optimized this way.

00:23:46.208 --> 00:23:49.458
Who invented this system?

00:23:54.291 --> 00:23:57.834
First, there was Ford
and the assembly line.

00:23:57.834 --> 00:24:00.417
Soon after,
in the early 20th century,

00:24:00.417 --> 00:24:04.125
an eccentric New England family
took the next step.

00:24:04.125 --> 00:24:07.083
(Lancaster)
The people who used
to live in this house

00:24:07.083 --> 00:24:10.583
were the Gilbreths,
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

00:24:10.583 --> 00:24:14.291
and their dozen children.

00:24:14.291 --> 00:24:16.208
They bought this house

00:24:16.208 --> 00:24:19.208
just about the end
of the First World War

00:24:19.208 --> 00:24:20.709
as a summer place.

00:24:20.709 --> 00:24:22.834
It had two lighthouses--
this one,

00:24:22.834 --> 00:24:26.291
and the other one that\'\'s
the other side of the house.

00:24:26.291 --> 00:24:27.959
They used one of them
as a laboratory

00:24:27.959 --> 00:24:31.875
and the other they packed
the children in like sardines

00:24:31.875 --> 00:24:32.917
to sleep in.

00:24:32.917 --> 00:24:36.208
The children weren\'\'t encouraged
to waste time in the summer.

00:24:36.208 --> 00:24:39.250
Father thought they should
always be learning something,

00:24:39.250 --> 00:24:42.333
so Morse code was one of
the things that he taught them.

00:24:42.333 --> 00:24:45.917
And so, he would put the symbols
all over the house

00:24:45.917 --> 00:24:47.208
and he would leave messages,

00:24:47.208 --> 00:24:49.667
like the whereabouts
of a Hershey bar

00:24:49.667 --> 00:24:53.333
or a voucher to get
an ice cream soda in town,

00:24:53.333 --> 00:24:55.709
so the children learned
very quickly

00:24:55.709 --> 00:24:58.667
what these symbols meant.

00:24:59.875 --> 00:25:02.458
One summer, Frank Gilbreth
had this really good idea,

00:25:02.458 --> 00:25:05.583
to see if he could work out
the most efficient way

00:25:05.583 --> 00:25:06.375
of picking blueberries.

00:25:06.375 --> 00:25:10.166
He divided a section
of this moor up into squares

00:25:10.166 --> 00:25:13.166
and set the children
to see who could pick

00:25:13.166 --> 00:25:15.583
the most the fastest.

00:25:15.583 --> 00:25:16.959
(tense music)

00:25:16.959 --> 00:25:22.083
(narrator)
The children were guinea pigs
for the family business,

00:25:22.083 --> 00:25:25.291
and the clock was there
for a reason.

00:25:25.291 --> 00:25:29.375
♪

00:25:29.375 --> 00:25:33.583
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
were America\'\'s most sought after

00:25:33.583 --> 00:25:36.792
time and efficiency
consultants.

00:25:36.792 --> 00:25:39.000
Their experiments would have
a lasting impact

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:42.208
on factory workers
around the world,

00:25:42.208 --> 00:25:43.583
all the way up to today.

00:25:43.583 --> 00:25:47.125
(Lancaster)
The Gilbreths were
kind of cutting edge.

00:25:47.125 --> 00:25:50.125
They were using film very early.

00:25:50.125 --> 00:25:53.917
♪

00:25:53.917 --> 00:25:57.709
Film was a new
and exciting medium.

00:25:57.709 --> 00:26:01.000
♪

00:26:01.000 --> 00:26:05.750
(narrator)
They called the results
time and motion studies.

00:26:05.750 --> 00:26:07.875
♪

00:26:07.875 --> 00:26:10.999
(Lancaster)
They showed the films they made
to the workers

00:26:10.999 --> 00:26:15.125
and got them to say,
\"Oh, look what Fred\'\'s doing.

00:26:15.125 --> 00:26:17.999
Oh, I wouldn\'\'t do it that way.\"

00:26:19.667 --> 00:26:24.000
(narrator)
Here\'\'s an example of
how they improved efficiency.

00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:25.750
The managers
of this soap factory

00:26:25.750 --> 00:26:29.917
wanted to gain time
in their packing department.

00:26:29.917 --> 00:26:30.750
(clock ticking)

00:26:30.750 --> 00:26:34.959
(Lancaster)
You\'\'ve got the Gilbreth clock
there going round and round.

00:26:34.959 --> 00:26:39.041
So that movement
compared with that clock

00:26:39.041 --> 00:26:43.333
is a really irrefutable,
if you like,

00:26:43.333 --> 00:26:44.999
scientific measurement

00:26:44.999 --> 00:26:47.750
of how long
something is taking.

00:26:47.750 --> 00:26:50.125
♪

00:26:50.125 --> 00:26:51.792
(narrator)
After surveying the worker,

00:26:51.792 --> 00:26:54.667
they designed an improved
sequence of motions

00:26:54.667 --> 00:26:58.500
that would exploit her time
to the maximum.

00:26:58.500 --> 00:27:03.583
♪

00:27:03.583 --> 00:27:08.041
The solution goes far beyond
simply applying time pressure.

00:27:08.041 --> 00:27:10.834
By making the workstation
more ergonomic,

00:27:10.834 --> 00:27:14.792
the worker\'\'s output
is nearly doubled.

00:27:14.792 --> 00:27:16.834
♪

00:27:16.834 --> 00:27:18.750
(Lancaster)
They wanted them
to work faster.

00:27:18.750 --> 00:27:20.583
Yes, that\'\'s the whole point
of this.

00:27:20.583 --> 00:27:25.291
But they\'\'re saying that we can
help them to work faster,

00:27:25.291 --> 00:27:29.041
which will benefit us,
the employers,

00:27:29.041 --> 00:27:31.417
by making them less tired.

00:27:31.417 --> 00:27:32.667
(lively music)

00:27:32.667 --> 00:27:36.208
(newsreel announcer)
Time, the most vital
natural resource

00:27:36.208 --> 00:27:37.999
of a country at war.

00:27:37.999 --> 00:27:38.583
♪

00:27:38.583 --> 00:27:43.999
(narrator)
The Gilbreths\'\' method
soon conquered the world.

00:27:43.999 --> 00:27:45.792
♪

00:27:45.792 --> 00:27:46.834
During World War II,

00:27:46.834 --> 00:27:49.709
it was applied
in ammunition plants,

00:27:49.709 --> 00:27:52.250
plus some serious
rationing of breaks.

00:27:52.250 --> 00:27:53.667
(newsreel announcer)
Let\'\'s visit Jean.

00:27:53.667 --> 00:27:56.083
Well, she gets tired
in the afternoon sometimes,

00:27:56.083 --> 00:27:58.834
likes to take extra time off
for a smoke.

00:27:58.834 --> 00:28:01.875
That\'\'s all,
only a few minutes.

00:28:01.875 --> 00:28:04.208
(narrator)
The unscheduled
cigarette break

00:28:04.208 --> 00:28:07.583
leads to dire consequences.

00:28:07.583 --> 00:28:10.500
(dramatic music)

00:28:10.500 --> 00:28:11.583
♪

00:28:11.583 --> 00:28:16.959
Whereas a responsible
use of time equaled victory.

00:28:16.959 --> 00:28:21.875
(male singers)
♪ ...for victory ♪

00:28:21.875 --> 00:28:34.709
♪ For victory ♪

00:28:34.709 --> 00:28:38.709
Motion study,
particularly after the war,

00:28:38.709 --> 00:28:41.291
was really taking off.

00:28:41.291 --> 00:28:43.999
(pensive music)

00:28:43.999 --> 00:28:46.125
Efficiency became a religion

00:28:46.125 --> 00:28:49.709
in many, many fields of life.

00:28:49.709 --> 00:28:50.125
♪

00:28:50.125 --> 00:28:53.834
(narrator)
The Gilbreths\'\' technique spread
to more and more companies

00:28:53.834 --> 00:28:57.458
and helped spawn
a whole new industry,

00:28:57.458 --> 00:28:58.375
fast food.

00:28:58.375 --> 00:29:01.709
As workers\'\' breaks became
more regimented everywhere,

00:29:01.709 --> 00:29:06.250
the quick lunch required
even quicker preparation.

00:29:06.250 --> 00:29:15.417
♪

00:29:15.417 --> 00:29:17.417
In the modern
fast food industry,

00:29:17.417 --> 00:29:19.166
just as in many
other industries,

00:29:19.166 --> 00:29:23.834
the search for efficiency
has reached an extreme.

00:29:23.834 --> 00:29:25.375
♪

00:29:25.375 --> 00:29:27.542
(Gottfried)
Americans eat a lot of chicken.

00:29:27.542 --> 00:29:29.041
There\'\'s so many different
kinds of chicken,

00:29:29.041 --> 00:29:30.750
so many different places
that you can have chicken,

00:29:30.750 --> 00:29:33.667
it\'\'s very hard as a consumer
in the United States

00:29:33.667 --> 00:29:35.000
not to eat chicken.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:35.917
(chickens clucking)

00:29:35.917 --> 00:29:38.291
(narrator)
This billion-dollar industry

00:29:38.291 --> 00:29:39.208
owes its growing profits

00:29:39.208 --> 00:29:43.166
to the ever-present methods
of the Gilbreths.

00:29:44.917 --> 00:29:46.709
(Gottfried)
There are a certain
number of chickens

00:29:46.709 --> 00:29:48.625
that are delivered to
poultry plants in the morning,

00:29:48.625 --> 00:29:50.583
and all of those chickens
need to be processed

00:29:50.583 --> 00:29:52.291
and out the door
by the end of the day.

00:29:52.291 --> 00:29:53.917
It\'\'s a highly
industrialized process

00:29:53.917 --> 00:29:56.291
that the poultry companies
have scripted down

00:29:56.291 --> 00:29:58.166
to the individual second.

00:29:58.166 --> 00:29:59.834
♪

00:29:59.834 --> 00:30:03.208
(narrator)
And this script
doesn\'\'t allow for any absence

00:30:03.208 --> 00:30:07.625
from the production line,
whatever the reason.

00:30:07.625 --> 00:30:09.834
♪

00:30:09.834 --> 00:30:13.999
(Qasrawi)
A toilet break can take
five, ten minutes.

00:30:13.999 --> 00:30:16.625
A boss will see this
as five or ten minutes

00:30:16.625 --> 00:30:18.834
of productivity lost.

00:31:04.500 --> 00:31:07.999
(narrator)
The workers in this plant
are not alone.

00:31:07.999 --> 00:31:09.917
According to
an Oxfam investigation,

00:31:09.917 --> 00:31:14.291
a quarter of a million
US workers are affected.

00:31:14.291 --> 00:31:16.083
(Gottfried)
I was very shocked.

00:31:16.083 --> 00:31:18.125
You just assume that
these kind of conditions

00:31:18.125 --> 00:31:20.625
only exist
in developing countries

00:31:20.625 --> 00:31:22.542
and third world countries.

00:31:22.542 --> 00:31:23.917
(ominous music)

00:31:23.917 --> 00:31:25.333
(Qasrawi)
This is Toilet Break News.

00:31:25.333 --> 00:31:27.959
It\'\'s where we\'\'ve published
all of our stories

00:31:27.959 --> 00:31:30.208
about workers
being denied the right

00:31:30.208 --> 00:31:31.959
to use the toilets at work.

00:31:31.959 --> 00:31:36.291
We found the problem
in Spain, Germany, Sweden,

00:31:36.291 --> 00:31:41.959
the UK, Scotland, Wales,
Ireland, you name it.

00:31:42.458 --> 00:31:43.667
(narrator)
In many workplaces,

00:31:43.667 --> 00:31:48.250
high-tech surveillance is used
to control bathroom time.

00:31:48.250 --> 00:31:52.417
Nature calls,
but at a price.

00:31:52.417 --> 00:31:54.125
(Qasrawi)
They\'\'ll use chip cards,

00:31:54.125 --> 00:31:56.417
where a worker
might have to swipe out

00:31:56.417 --> 00:31:59.125
to go to the toilet,
and then swipe back in,

00:31:59.125 --> 00:32:01.834
that time being taken off
their overall pay.

00:32:01.834 --> 00:32:06.999
We\'\'ve heard tales of this
costing up to £50.

00:32:06.999 --> 00:32:09.000
♪

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:11.917
So GPS trackers
are used on workers

00:32:11.917 --> 00:32:13.875
such as pickers in warehouses

00:32:13.875 --> 00:32:16.375
to track their route
to the toilet,

00:32:16.375 --> 00:32:17.959
how often they use the toilet

00:32:17.959 --> 00:32:21.667
and how long
it\'\'s taking them to go.

00:32:21.667 --> 00:32:25.000
So if their route
is not the fastest route,

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:28.917
they will be questioned
about this.

00:33:06.250 --> 00:33:09.208
(solemn music)

00:33:09.208 --> 00:33:17.917
♪

00:33:17.917 --> 00:33:22.500
(Levine)
What we\'\'ve done is taken
the most ambiguous,

00:33:22.500 --> 00:33:28.709
subjective, amorphous idea
that one can think of, time,

00:33:28.709 --> 00:33:32.417
and we\'\'ve translated it
into the most objective,

00:33:32.417 --> 00:33:36.625
most tangible entities
that I know,

00:33:36.625 --> 00:33:38.999
and that\'\'s money.

00:33:38.999 --> 00:33:44.709
♪

00:33:44.709 --> 00:33:48.208
(narrator)
The capitalist hunger
for efficiency and profit

00:33:48.208 --> 00:33:51.542
has contaminated
our perception of time,

00:33:51.542 --> 00:33:53.291
and not only at work

00:33:53.291 --> 00:33:56.041
but also in our personal lives.

00:33:56.041 --> 00:34:03.291
♪

00:36:00.792 --> 00:36:04.709
(water lapping)

00:36:04.709 --> 00:36:11.625
♪

00:36:11.625 --> 00:36:14.625
(narrator)
We have started feeling guilty
even about things

00:36:14.625 --> 00:36:19.875
we used to feel entitled to
after work in our leisure time.

00:36:19.875 --> 00:36:23.250
♪

00:36:52.667 --> 00:37:00.625
♪

00:37:00.625 --> 00:37:03.709
(narrator)
But how to spend time
on what really matters,

00:37:03.709 --> 00:37:07.166
if many of us not only
feel guilty during our time off

00:37:07.166 --> 00:37:11.750
but guilty about any time
not spent at work.

00:37:11.750 --> 00:37:13.834
Let\'\'s have a look
at 1980s Japan,

00:37:13.834 --> 00:37:16.709
where the imbalance
between work and leisure

00:37:16.709 --> 00:37:19.458
reached an extreme.

00:37:19.458 --> 00:37:22.333
(paper crinkling)

00:37:46.333 --> 00:37:47.999
(narrator)
In fact, in the \'\'80s,

00:37:47.999 --> 00:37:54.250
Japan\'\'s strong work ethic
caused a major economic crisis.

00:37:54.250 --> 00:37:55.959
(Levine)
It was at a time when Japan,

00:37:55.959 --> 00:37:59.583
which has a fairly generous
vacation time schedule,

00:37:59.583 --> 00:38:01.583
people weren\'\'t taking
their vacation time,

00:38:01.583 --> 00:38:03.709
which, if you were in
the United States of course,

00:38:03.709 --> 00:38:05.333
you would think,
\"Oh, this is great.

00:38:05.333 --> 00:38:06.667
My employees,
I just love it.

00:38:06.667 --> 00:38:09.917
I\'\'m not paying them
and they\'\'re--you know,

00:38:09.917 --> 00:38:11.041
and they\'\'re still working,\"

00:38:11.041 --> 00:38:13.959
But what happened is
that economists in Japan found

00:38:13.959 --> 00:38:16.250
that it was hurting the economy

00:38:16.250 --> 00:38:18.375
because people
weren\'\'t spending money,

00:38:18.375 --> 00:38:22.333
they weren\'\'t taking the time
to spend money.

00:38:22.333 --> 00:38:24.667
(narrator)
The government decided
to take action

00:38:24.667 --> 00:38:30.000
to make the Japanese
spend more time consuming.

00:38:31.750 --> 00:38:34.083
A senior official
in the labor ministry

00:38:34.083 --> 00:38:38.875
became the poster child
for the campaign.

00:38:45.583 --> 00:38:48.417
(eerily upbeat music)

00:38:48.417 --> 00:38:53.417
♪

00:38:53.417 --> 00:38:57.083
(narrator)
The message was simple
and everywhere:

00:38:57.083 --> 00:39:01.625
Take some time off
to save the economy.

00:39:01.625 --> 00:39:10.625
♪

00:39:10.625 --> 00:39:14.999
(Levine)
A good worker is a worker
that goes out and shops.

00:39:14.999 --> 00:39:16.750
And there were
advertising slogans.

00:39:16.750 --> 00:39:22.625
\"A good employee is an employee
who takes their vacation time.\"

00:39:22.625 --> 00:39:25.208
(cameras snapping)

00:39:40.166 --> 00:39:44.959
(narrator)
But only very few Japanese
felt able to truly enjoy

00:39:44.959 --> 00:39:46.875
those holidays.

00:39:46.875 --> 00:39:47.709
♪

00:39:47.709 --> 00:39:50.875
(Levine)
What they produced
was a great culture clash,

00:39:50.875 --> 00:39:54.000
because here you have people
who were feeling,

00:39:54.000 --> 00:39:57.583
inside their guts,
that as a good Japanese,

00:39:57.583 --> 00:39:59.458
I shouldn\'\'t stop working.

00:39:59.458 --> 00:40:00.834
I need to keep on going.

00:40:00.834 --> 00:40:02.999
I know this is loyalty
to my company,

00:40:02.999 --> 00:40:05.458
and now somebody\'\'s
telling me that--

00:40:05.458 --> 00:40:09.417
that if you really want to be
loyal to your company,

00:40:09.417 --> 00:40:11.333
you have to stop working,

00:40:11.333 --> 00:40:13.709
and it was
a very difficult thing--

00:40:13.709 --> 00:40:17.333
it was very difficult
for people to embrace.

00:40:17.333 --> 00:40:19.999
(pensive music)

00:40:19.999 --> 00:40:21.500
♪

00:40:21.500 --> 00:40:23.834
(narrator)
The campaign was a failure.

00:40:23.834 --> 00:40:27.000
In fact,
the opposite happened.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:30.917
People spent
even more time working.

00:40:30.917 --> 00:40:33.041
♪

00:40:58.333 --> 00:41:02.125
(public address announcement)

00:41:02.125 --> 00:41:04.625
♪

00:41:04.625 --> 00:41:08.999
(narrator)
In today\'\'s Japan,
people work so much overtime

00:41:08.999 --> 00:41:11.333
that even employers
have realized

00:41:11.333 --> 00:41:13.667
that this is a problem.

00:41:13.667 --> 00:41:17.999
♪

00:41:56.250 --> 00:41:58.750
(narrator)
To force his staff to work less,

00:41:58.750 --> 00:42:01.959
Kimura shut down the office
at 9:00 p.m.

00:42:01.959 --> 00:42:07.083
No lights, no Wi-Fi,
no connected computers.

00:42:15.083 --> 00:42:17.875
(melancholy music)

00:42:17.875 --> 00:42:20.709
♪

00:42:36.792 --> 00:42:39.291
(beeping)

00:42:48.375 --> 00:42:50.000
♪

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:55.625
(narrator)
And this kind of overtime
can only lead to one thing.

00:42:55.625 --> 00:42:58.041
♪

00:43:24.792 --> 00:43:28.709
(narrator)
Burnout is on the increase
all over the world.

00:43:28.709 --> 00:43:30.875
With time, one can recover.

00:43:30.875 --> 00:43:34.834
But what if you never
get that time?

00:43:55.999 --> 00:43:58.500
(somber music)

00:43:58.500 --> 00:43:59.625
(narrator)
Their idyllic life

00:43:59.625 --> 00:44:01.959
and his enjoyment
of working as a chef

00:44:01.959 --> 00:44:05.750
would soon be
a thing of the past.

00:44:05.750 --> 00:44:06.458
♪

00:44:06.458 --> 00:44:08.834
When Teranishi was promoted
to manager,

00:44:08.834 --> 00:44:12.875
his work started eating up
all his waking hours.

00:44:12.875 --> 00:44:17.625
He would regularly work
75 hours a week.

00:44:19.250 --> 00:44:21.000
(ding)

00:44:46.959 --> 00:44:49.458
(narrator)
One year on St. Valentine\'\'s Day,

00:44:49.458 --> 00:44:53.583
Emiko\'\'s husband
reached his limit.

00:45:12.959 --> 00:45:18.709
♪

00:45:37.250 --> 00:45:40.583
♪

00:45:40.583 --> 00:45:44.417
(narrator)
Teranishi had been told
to work even more hours.

00:45:44.417 --> 00:45:47.208
Feeling physically
unable to do so,

00:45:47.208 --> 00:45:50.625
he jumped off a building.

00:45:50.625 --> 00:45:53.417
(telephone ringing)

00:45:53.417 --> 00:45:55.667
♪

00:45:58.917 --> 00:46:02.208
(narrator)
Work-related suicides
are a global problem

00:46:02.208 --> 00:46:06.125
and so are deaths
from stress-related disease.

00:46:06.125 --> 00:46:08.709
In Japan,
there are an estimated

00:46:08.709 --> 00:46:10.667
10,000 cases every year,

00:46:10.667 --> 00:46:13.208
and an official term
has been coined:

00:46:13.208 --> 00:46:17.250
\"Karoshi,\" death by overwork.

00:46:33.166 --> 00:46:34.750
(static crackling)

00:46:34.750 --> 00:46:38.166
(dark music)

00:46:38.166 --> 00:46:40.000
(narrator)
Karoshi is so widespread

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:42.291
that a macabre
video game exists

00:46:42.291 --> 00:46:44.250
where players
reach the next level

00:46:44.250 --> 00:46:47.041
by how fast you can
work yourself to death.

00:46:47.041 --> 00:46:50.999
But unlike video games,
those affected by karoshi

00:46:50.999 --> 00:46:53.083
only reach one level:

00:46:53.083 --> 00:46:56.000
Game over.

00:47:25.417 --> 00:47:28.166
(electronic music)

00:47:28.166 --> 00:47:35.166
♪

00:47:35.166 --> 00:47:37.834
(dark music)

00:47:37.834 --> 00:47:38.583
♪

00:47:38.583 --> 00:47:40.000
(narrator)
It\'\'s normal and healthy

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:43.625
to spend at least a quarter
of our lives asleep,

00:47:43.625 --> 00:47:46.166
but in a world
where every second counts,

00:47:46.166 --> 00:47:48.917
our nights have become
yet another gold mine

00:47:48.917 --> 00:47:52.500
for the time thieves
to exploit.

00:47:52.500 --> 00:47:54.500
(flames bellowing)

00:47:54.500 --> 00:47:56.792
(melancholy music)

00:47:56.792 --> 00:48:01.375
♪

00:48:01.375 --> 00:48:04.041
Accordingly, in October 1992,

00:48:04.041 --> 00:48:06.750
a group of post-Soviet
entrepreneurs

00:48:06.750 --> 00:48:10.417
launched an ambitious project.

00:48:10.417 --> 00:48:12.417
♪

00:48:12.417 --> 00:48:14.458
It started with
a Russian space shuttle

00:48:14.458 --> 00:48:18.500
heading for
the space station Mir.

00:48:18.500 --> 00:48:19.125
Its mission:

00:48:19.125 --> 00:48:22.917
The ultimate
daylight saving time.

00:48:22.917 --> 00:48:25.000
(Crary)
Whether someone sleeps
for eight hours a night,

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:27.041
whether someone sleeps
for five hours a night,

00:48:27.041 --> 00:48:30.291
from the point of view
of a global marketplace,

00:48:30.291 --> 00:48:35.458
it\'\'s an absurd span of time

00:48:35.458 --> 00:48:38.000
that cannot be monetized,

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:41.208
that cannot be financialized.

00:48:41.208 --> 00:48:42.542
♪

00:48:42.542 --> 00:48:44.625
(speaking foreign language)

00:48:44.625 --> 00:48:48.208
(Crary)
There was something almost
19th century about the scale,

00:48:48.208 --> 00:48:51.417
something like
out of a Jules Verne book.

00:48:51.417 --> 00:48:54.375
(speaking foreign language)

00:48:54.375 --> 00:48:54.834
♪

00:48:54.834 --> 00:49:00.458
(narrator)
They planned to set up
a so-called \"solar sail.\"

00:49:00.458 --> 00:49:04.542
♪

00:49:29.166 --> 00:49:32.583
♪

00:49:32.583 --> 00:49:34.750
(narrator)
When the solar sail unfolded,

00:49:34.750 --> 00:49:37.291
a streak of sunlight
flashed across Europe

00:49:37.291 --> 00:49:40.542
for eight minutes,
all the wayfrom France

00:49:40.542 --> 00:49:42.959
to Western Russia.

00:49:42.959 --> 00:49:44.291
♪

00:49:44.291 --> 00:49:44.917
The plan?

00:49:44.917 --> 00:49:48.917
Hundreds of solar sails
would extend daylight hours

00:49:48.917 --> 00:49:52.417
for both work and leisure.

00:49:52.417 --> 00:49:53.834
♪

00:49:53.834 --> 00:49:57.792
Of course, that didn\'\'t happen.

00:49:57.792 --> 00:50:11.500
♪

00:50:11.500 --> 00:50:14.417
(Crary)
It was a project
that was ill-fated

00:50:14.417 --> 00:50:15.999
from the beginning.

00:50:15.999 --> 00:50:19.000
Cloud cover was
going to interfere,

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:21.083
and many people
were distressed

00:50:21.083 --> 00:50:24.125
that it would have
effectively made it impossible

00:50:24.125 --> 00:50:28.375
to ever see the stars at night.

00:50:28.375 --> 00:50:30.792
(dark music)

00:50:30.792 --> 00:50:34.208
It was part
of a larger imaginary

00:50:34.208 --> 00:50:36.291
of the fantasy or the belief

00:50:36.291 --> 00:50:41.999
that we could inhabit
a 24/7 illuminated world.

00:50:41.999 --> 00:50:49.750
♪

00:50:49.750 --> 00:50:54.375
(narrator)
But even without solar sails
turning the night into day,

00:50:54.375 --> 00:50:57.250
we are already
permanently on call

00:50:57.250 --> 00:50:59.959
as workers and consumers.

00:50:59.959 --> 00:51:03.083
(Crary)
So, it\'\'s that idea
of nonstop operations,

00:51:03.083 --> 00:51:07.291
that idea of continual exposure

00:51:07.291 --> 00:51:10.083
and of the abandonment

00:51:10.083 --> 00:51:12.583
of the idea of rest,

00:51:12.583 --> 00:51:15.583
recuperation, regeneration,

00:51:15.583 --> 00:51:17.375
whether it\'\'s in terms
of individuals,

00:51:17.375 --> 00:51:19.125
whether it\'\'s in terms
of communities,

00:51:19.125 --> 00:51:22.375
or whether it\'\'s in terms
of living systems

00:51:22.375 --> 00:51:26.834
environmentally
or ecologically.

00:51:26.834 --> 00:51:27.417
♪

00:51:27.417 --> 00:51:30.291
A number of people, I\'\'m sure,
have read my book and said,

00:51:30.291 --> 00:51:34.208
\"Oh, Crary, he\'\'s nostalgic
for this older world

00:51:34.208 --> 00:51:37.291
that\'\'s based on
the temporalities

00:51:37.291 --> 00:51:39.333
of agrarian civilizations

00:51:39.333 --> 00:51:44.041
which were very much bound up
in the movement

00:51:44.041 --> 00:51:46.250
of the planets,
of the moon, the sun,

00:51:46.250 --> 00:51:48.375
and the cycle of the seasons.\"

00:51:48.375 --> 00:51:52.208
But I don\'\'t think anyone
has convincingly showed

00:51:52.208 --> 00:51:54.333
that we can
completely do without

00:51:54.333 --> 00:52:00.333
some fundamental attachment
to those rhythms.

00:52:00.333 --> 00:52:05.917
♪

00:52:18.959 --> 00:52:22.000
♪

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:25.333
(narrator)
But is recreation
actually possible

00:52:25.333 --> 00:52:27.375
in our nonstop world?

00:52:27.375 --> 00:52:31.542
If we take the time we have,
on average, 650,000 hours,

00:52:31.542 --> 00:52:34.250
and subtract the time
spent working and sleeping,

00:52:34.250 --> 00:52:38.625
that still leaves about
350,000 hours for leisure,

00:52:38.625 --> 00:52:40.625
at least in theory.

00:52:40.625 --> 00:52:42.999
But the reality is
that even then,

00:52:42.999 --> 00:52:46.750
time thieves
are putting us to work.

00:53:10.333 --> 00:53:12.083
(soft music)

00:53:12.083 --> 00:53:15.166
(narrator)
Yes, it is work.

00:53:15.166 --> 00:53:15.583
♪

00:53:15.583 --> 00:53:19.041
Management literature
calls the working consumer

00:53:19.041 --> 00:53:21.750
a \"partial employee.\"

00:53:21.750 --> 00:53:22.125
♪

00:53:22.125 --> 00:53:26.583
Everywhere there are machines
that manage us with instructions

00:53:26.583 --> 00:53:28.667
and with time limits.

00:53:28.667 --> 00:53:32.709
(beeping)

00:53:45.542 --> 00:53:46.458
♪

00:53:46.458 --> 00:53:48.417
(narrator)
So, using business speak,

00:53:48.417 --> 00:53:51.792
is there a return
on investment of our time

00:53:51.792 --> 00:53:53.000
by doing all this?

00:53:53.000 --> 00:53:56.291
For instance, a cost saving?

00:54:11.500 --> 00:54:12.625
♪

00:54:12.625 --> 00:54:15.542
(narrator)
At other times,
we have overhead costs.

00:54:15.542 --> 00:54:19.417
We pay for internet access
and a printer.

00:54:19.417 --> 00:54:22.458
And our smartphones,
not exactly cheap,

00:54:22.458 --> 00:54:26.041
have become essential
working tools.

00:54:26.041 --> 00:54:27.917
(guitar music)

00:54:27.917 --> 00:54:29.625
(announcer)
Take whatever you like.

00:54:29.625 --> 00:54:34.250
No lines, no checkouts,
no registers.

00:54:34.250 --> 00:54:34.750
♪

00:54:34.750 --> 00:54:37.458
(narrator)
And as partial employees,

00:54:37.458 --> 00:54:41.667
we miss out
on something important.

00:55:06.208 --> 00:55:09.458
(melancholy music)

00:55:09.458 --> 00:55:10.625
Traditional employees

00:55:10.625 --> 00:55:14.417
are in the process
of disappearing.

00:55:14.417 --> 00:55:17.500
For example,
European banks closed

00:55:17.500 --> 00:55:21.625
10,000 branches in 2016.

00:55:21.625 --> 00:55:26.083
50,000 jobs were lost
to home banking.

00:55:26.083 --> 00:55:26.917
♪

00:55:26.917 --> 00:55:29.792
When we let companies
steal our time,

00:55:29.792 --> 00:55:32.583
we help them steal
something else:

00:55:32.583 --> 00:55:34.625
somebody\'\'s job.

00:55:34.625 --> 00:55:38.333
And our own job might be next.

00:56:20.875 --> 00:56:21.417
♪

00:56:21.417 --> 00:56:24.500
(narrator)
Our working contracts,
so to speak,

00:56:24.500 --> 00:56:25.875
with the online platforms

00:56:25.875 --> 00:56:29.291
are hidden behind
seductive interfaces,

00:56:29.291 --> 00:56:34.375
and those hide
another insidious time thief.

00:56:34.375 --> 00:56:42.959
♪

00:57:04.667 --> 00:57:07.834
♪

00:57:07.834 --> 00:57:10.959
(narrator)
We spend, on average,
four hours a day

00:57:10.959 --> 00:57:11.792
on social networks

00:57:11.792 --> 00:57:15.125
working for the so-called
\"attention economy\"

00:57:15.125 --> 00:57:18.875
which sells our time
to advertisers.

00:57:18.875 --> 00:57:19.750
♪

00:57:19.750 --> 00:57:21.917
(Schull)
You\'\'re profiting from time,

00:57:21.917 --> 00:57:25.291
and time spent
is a kind of micro-labor.

00:57:25.291 --> 00:57:28.709
And what you\'\'re doing,
the value comes

00:57:28.709 --> 00:57:30.166
from the presses and the likes

00:57:30.166 --> 00:57:34.709
and all of these
little tiny movements in time,

00:57:34.709 --> 00:57:36.083
which is why I call it

00:57:36.083 --> 00:57:39.000
a \"nano-monetization
profit model.\"

00:57:39.000 --> 00:57:40.917
So, you\'\'ve no longer got
an economy

00:57:40.917 --> 00:57:45.917
that\'\'s based on single,
sporadic, big purchases.

00:57:45.917 --> 00:57:50.417
It\'\'s based on continuous
little tiny purchases

00:57:50.417 --> 00:57:53.875
that don\'\'t even look
and feel like purchases

00:57:53.875 --> 00:57:57.208
to those who are doing them.

00:57:57.208 --> 00:57:58.667
(beeping)

00:57:58.667 --> 00:58:03.417
(narrator)
These little purchases
are an inherent behavior,

00:58:03.417 --> 00:58:07.583
the building blocks
of this business model.

00:58:07.583 --> 00:58:08.583
♪

00:58:08.583 --> 00:58:10.291
It is based on
a scientific experiment

00:58:10.291 --> 00:58:13.750
that took place in the 1940s,
about the same time

00:58:13.750 --> 00:58:16.999
the first computers
were developed.

00:58:16.999 --> 00:58:17.583
♪

00:58:17.583 --> 00:58:21.500
Behavioral scientist
B.F. Skinner taught a pigeon

00:58:21.500 --> 00:58:24.083
that pecking at a lever
released food

00:58:24.083 --> 00:58:27.583
but only occasionally
and randomly.

00:58:27.583 --> 00:58:31.000
The pigeon learned to peck
however long it took

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:33.041
until the food arrived.

00:58:33.041 --> 00:58:36.083
Then, Skinner stopped
providing food,

00:58:36.083 --> 00:58:40.625
but the pigeon, ever hopeful,
never gave up,

00:58:40.625 --> 00:58:43.250
just like us today.

00:58:43.250 --> 00:58:47.291
(tapping)

00:58:47.792 --> 00:58:52.667
(Schull)
If you present rewards
to people or animals

00:58:52.667 --> 00:58:55.125
in a way where
there\'\'s a lot of uncertainty,

00:58:55.125 --> 00:58:57.333
where you never know
what you\'\'re going to get

00:58:57.333 --> 00:59:01.625
and you never know when
in time it\'\'s going to come,

00:59:01.625 --> 00:59:05.417
you will keep persisting
at trying to get it,

00:59:05.417 --> 00:59:07.458
you\'\'ll keep pressing
that button.

00:59:07.458 --> 00:59:10.166
If you\'\'re an animal,
you\'\'ll ignore the water

00:59:10.166 --> 00:59:11.667
over in the corner of a cage.

00:59:11.667 --> 00:59:14.583
If you\'\'re a person,
you might ignore the fact

00:59:14.583 --> 00:59:18.000
that you have to go
to the bathroom.

00:59:18.000 --> 00:59:20.291
♪

00:59:20.291 --> 00:59:23.458
You scroll down to see,
you know, what\'\'s new

00:59:23.458 --> 00:59:25.792
and what\'\'s new,
and what\'\'s new,

00:59:25.792 --> 00:59:27.208
and you keep refreshing,

00:59:27.208 --> 00:59:30.375
and refreshing,
and refreshing.

00:59:30.375 --> 00:59:40.875
♪

00:59:40.875 --> 00:59:43.792
(video game sound effects)

00:59:43.792 --> 00:59:45.709
♪

00:59:45.709 --> 00:59:48.667
The past disappears
and the future disappears,

00:59:48.667 --> 00:59:51.083
and it\'\'s just
a continuing present.

00:59:51.083 --> 00:59:53.542
So, it\'\'s a relationship to time

00:59:53.542 --> 00:59:57.583
that telescopes to the now.

00:59:57.583 --> 01:00:00.333
♪

01:00:00.333 --> 01:00:03.709
(narrator)
The ferocity of the battle
for our eyeball time

01:00:03.709 --> 01:00:07.917
matches that of the earnings
of the digital entrepreneurs,

01:00:07.917 --> 01:00:09.542
billions of dollars every year.

01:00:09.542 --> 01:00:13.417
And the value of our time
is on the rise.

01:00:13.417 --> 01:00:13.875
♪

01:00:13.875 --> 01:00:19.041
(Schull)
Many of these online websites
have created this new category

01:00:19.041 --> 01:00:23.834
of value which is called
hypothetical lifetime value,

01:00:23.834 --> 01:00:28.291
so they are actually
calculating for each user

01:00:28.291 --> 01:00:32.375
or consumer
their \"lifetime value.\"

01:00:32.375 --> 01:00:36.875
And this means over the course
of this person\'\'s life,

01:00:36.875 --> 01:00:39.458
how can--how much do we predict

01:00:39.458 --> 01:00:41.667
they are of value to us?

01:00:41.667 --> 01:00:44.417
How intensively
and repetitively

01:00:44.417 --> 01:00:50.125
are they going to use
our--our service?

01:00:50.125 --> 01:00:51.959
♪

01:00:51.959 --> 01:00:55.000
(narrator)
If our data and time
are used as a currency,

01:00:55.000 --> 01:01:00.291
shouldn\'\'t we be able to choose
if we want to spend it or not?

01:01:00.291 --> 01:01:02.208
♪

01:01:20.625 --> 01:01:24.083
♪

01:01:24.083 --> 01:01:25.667
(narrator)
Ironically, the internet

01:01:25.667 --> 01:01:28.417
is not only one
of the biggest time thieves,

01:01:28.417 --> 01:01:31.375
but it also offers
to help us fight them

01:01:31.375 --> 01:01:35.500
with new time control apps.

01:01:35.500 --> 01:01:38.542
♪

01:01:38.542 --> 01:01:43.417
(Schull)
So, that\'\'s part of
this next wave of technology

01:01:43.417 --> 01:01:47.875
that\'\'s following on the heels
of things like Candy Crush

01:01:47.875 --> 01:01:50.542
and Facebook
that suck and absorb us.

01:01:50.542 --> 01:01:53.834
Now we see all of these
technologies coming along

01:01:53.834 --> 01:01:57.375
to help us regulate ourselves
and protect us

01:01:57.375 --> 01:02:00.000
against those temptations.

01:02:00.000 --> 01:02:03.999
♪

01:02:03.999 --> 01:02:07.999
(narrator)
But are these new
time control tools just a fad

01:02:07.999 --> 01:02:12.542
designed to get us to spend
even more time online?

01:02:12.542 --> 01:02:16.667
♪

01:02:16.667 --> 01:02:19.000
(Greenberg)
Evolution definitely
did not endow us

01:02:19.000 --> 01:02:20.999
with the ability
to think rationally

01:02:20.999 --> 01:02:23.375
about the value of our time.

01:02:23.375 --> 01:02:25.208
I was with a friend
in a bookstore,

01:02:25.208 --> 01:02:26.917
and she was trying
to figure out

01:02:26.917 --> 01:02:28.375
how to spend
a $20 gift certificate

01:02:28.375 --> 01:02:30.291
she\'\'d been given,
and she was going through

01:02:30.291 --> 01:02:31.834
a lot of stress
figuring this out.

01:02:31.834 --> 01:02:34.000
And I realized,
given the amount of money

01:02:34.000 --> 01:02:34.999
she makes at her job,

01:02:34.999 --> 01:02:37.792
she\'\'d actually spent,
essentially, far more money

01:02:37.792 --> 01:02:39.792
than the gift certificate
was worth

01:02:39.792 --> 01:02:42.333
just worrying about
how to use it.

01:02:42.333 --> 01:02:45.875
(cars honking)

01:02:46.875 --> 01:02:48.917
Hundreds of thousands
of years ago,

01:02:48.917 --> 01:02:49.709
when our brains evolved,

01:02:49.709 --> 01:02:52.333
we just never had situations
where we had to trade

01:02:52.333 --> 01:02:54.166
time versus money
or vice versa.

01:02:54.166 --> 01:02:55.208
So, there\'\'s no particular reason

01:02:55.208 --> 01:02:58.083
to think our brains would be
particularly good at this.

01:02:58.083 --> 01:03:00.625
And actually, the data
we\'\'ve collected suggest

01:03:00.625 --> 01:03:03.750
that people are
quite bad at it.

01:03:03.750 --> 01:03:07.667
(narrator)
Spencer has developed
a free online calculator

01:03:07.667 --> 01:03:11.291
to help you choose
between time and money.

01:03:11.291 --> 01:03:12.625
We asked one
of the participants

01:03:12.625 --> 01:03:17.709
of the time management workshop
to give it a try.

01:03:17.709 --> 01:03:18.917
♪

01:03:18.917 --> 01:03:21.667
(tapping of computer keys)

01:03:39.917 --> 01:03:42.166
There are a lot of examples
that come up in everyday life

01:03:42.166 --> 01:03:45.500
where you have to think about
trading your time for money

01:03:45.500 --> 01:03:47.250
or vice versa.

01:03:47.250 --> 01:03:52.667
(narrator)
For instance, when you buy
a new piece of furniture...

01:03:52.667 --> 01:03:54.000
(tapping)

01:03:54.000 --> 01:03:57.458
...pay with your time
or just pay.

01:03:57.458 --> 01:04:00.250
(Greenberg)
For example, should I order
something online

01:04:00.250 --> 01:04:01.625
where I have to pay
a shipping fee

01:04:01.625 --> 01:04:03.999
or go pick it up
which will take more time?

01:04:03.999 --> 01:04:04.834
Should I buy a device

01:04:04.834 --> 01:04:06.917
like a laundry machine
or a dishwasher?

01:04:06.917 --> 01:04:10.458
Should I hire someone
to help me with my chores?

01:04:22.834 --> 01:04:25.458
(soft music)

01:04:25.458 --> 01:04:28.959
♪

01:04:42.125 --> 01:04:45.333
(speaking foreign language)

01:04:45.667 --> 01:04:49.709
(narrator)
Now that Tanya knows
how much her hour is worth,

01:04:49.709 --> 01:04:53.166
she can make
an informed choice.

01:04:56.709 --> 01:05:00.000
And she can even choose
to spend the saved time

01:05:00.000 --> 01:05:03.250
on something
completely different.

01:05:03.250 --> 01:05:06.875
(Greenberg)
It\'\'s inevitable that
you sometimes have to think

01:05:06.875 --> 01:05:07.959
of your time as money.

01:05:07.959 --> 01:05:09.625
On the other hand,
there are other situations

01:05:09.625 --> 01:05:12.667
where you really better not
think about your time as money

01:05:12.667 --> 01:05:14.083
because if you do,
it\'\'s going to start

01:05:14.083 --> 01:05:17.709
seeping into the amount
you enjoy those activities,

01:05:17.709 --> 01:05:18.875
like time spent with family

01:05:18.875 --> 01:05:21.000
or on passion projects
you really enjoy.

01:05:21.000 --> 01:05:23.959
In those cases, you don\'\'t
want to think about money.

01:05:23.959 --> 01:05:25.542
You just want to focus
on the value

01:05:25.542 --> 01:05:27.083
you\'\'re getting from them.

01:05:27.083 --> 01:05:29.999
-Cough up.
-Are you sure?

01:05:29.999 --> 01:05:31.542
(Tanya)
Yes, cough up.

01:05:31.542 --> 01:05:32.458
Give me the money!

01:05:32.458 --> 01:05:34.542
(Schull)
They\'\'re really putting
the burden

01:05:34.542 --> 01:05:37.125
of self-regulation
onto the person,

01:05:37.125 --> 01:05:40.500
and what that means
is buying other services

01:05:40.500 --> 01:05:42.417
and engaging in other websites

01:05:42.417 --> 01:05:46.291
to regulate the ones that are
sapping all your time.

01:05:46.291 --> 01:05:48.959
So, I think all of that
needs to sort itself out,

01:05:48.959 --> 01:05:52.999
and whether it\'\'s a question
of, you know,

01:05:52.999 --> 01:05:56.291
collective nonprofit apps
that people develop

01:05:56.291 --> 01:05:58.834
for themselves,
or whether it\'\'s a question

01:05:58.834 --> 01:06:03.583
of government coming in,
that remains to be seen.

01:06:03.583 --> 01:06:04.667
(siren wailing)

01:06:04.667 --> 01:06:08.125
(narrator)
To win the battle
against the time thieves,

01:06:08.125 --> 01:06:10.542
political action is needed.

01:06:10.542 --> 01:06:13.875
In Spain, one man
has taken up the fight.

01:06:13.875 --> 01:06:17.041
(speaking foreign language)

01:06:35.583 --> 01:06:37.959
(narrator)
Fabian is fighting
for Spaniards

01:06:37.959 --> 01:06:41.000
to have a legal right
to more free time,

01:06:41.000 --> 01:06:45.291
and that includes fixing
an historical anomaly.

01:06:54.500 --> 01:06:57.041
(soft music)

01:07:13.125 --> 01:07:18.125
(narrator)
Post-war, Spain remained
in the same time zone.

01:07:18.125 --> 01:07:19.834
Then, in the 1960s,

01:07:19.834 --> 01:07:23.917
the time problems
got even worse.

01:07:31.125 --> 01:07:36.166
(narrator)
But Spanish wages were too low
to afford all this.

01:07:36.166 --> 01:07:36.875
The answer?

01:07:36.875 --> 01:07:41.583
Exchange some free time
for new possessions.

01:07:50.875 --> 01:07:52.500
(speaking foreign language)

01:07:52.500 --> 01:07:55.208
(narrator)
To make this possible,
long working days

01:07:55.208 --> 01:07:58.000
with several breaks
became the tradition

01:07:58.000 --> 01:08:01.083
which carries over to today.

01:08:01.083 --> 01:08:02.208
(melancholy music)

01:08:02.208 --> 01:08:05.458
Typically, Spaniards
take a breakfast break

01:08:05.458 --> 01:08:07.083
during midmorning.

01:08:07.083 --> 01:08:12.208
At midday, the rest of Europe
takes a short lunch break.

01:08:12.208 --> 01:08:12.625
♪

01:08:12.625 --> 01:08:16.583
At 2:00, the Spaniards start
a two-hour lunch break

01:08:16.583 --> 01:08:20.166
while the rest of Europe
is at work.

01:08:20.166 --> 01:08:21.125
♪

01:08:21.125 --> 01:08:24.083
At 5:00,
many Europeans leave work

01:08:24.083 --> 01:08:27.250
and start their social lives.

01:08:27.250 --> 01:08:31.792
But Spaniards often work
past 8:00 p.m.

01:08:31.792 --> 01:08:32.709
♪

01:08:32.709 --> 01:08:35.625
Dinner is not until 10:00 p.m.

01:08:35.625 --> 01:08:40.792
This leaves little time
for any social activities.

01:09:01.250 --> 01:09:02.792
(speaking foreign language)

01:09:02.792 --> 01:09:04.625
(narrator)
As part of
the political struggle,

01:09:04.625 --> 01:09:08.709
Fabian has already changed
his personal schedule.

01:09:22.458 --> 01:09:25.917
(narrator)
He also takes
a much shorter lunch break

01:09:25.917 --> 01:09:27.083
so he can go home earlier.

01:09:27.083 --> 01:09:32.709
But most Spaniards don\'\'t have
such flexible working hours.

01:10:35.250 --> 01:10:37.959
(piano music)

01:10:37.959 --> 01:10:46.417
♪

01:10:46.417 --> 01:10:49.375
(speaking foreign language)

01:10:49.375 --> 01:10:50.583
♪

01:10:50.583 --> 01:10:52.959
(Levine)
People are beginning
to react to this

01:10:52.959 --> 01:10:55.875
the way time is used
against them.

01:10:55.875 --> 01:10:56.625
♪

01:10:56.625 --> 01:11:00.041
We see people fighting
for their temporal rights,

01:11:00.041 --> 01:11:01.375
and there are power struggles.

01:11:01.375 --> 01:11:05.417
It\'\'s often the more powerful
who are being rebelled against

01:11:05.417 --> 01:11:10.125
because they\'\'re--they\'\'re
either controlling our time

01:11:10.125 --> 01:11:13.250
or they\'\'re abusing our time.

01:11:17.125 --> 01:11:18.083
(narrator)
In the US,

01:11:18.083 --> 01:11:22.125
the poultry workers
have taken up the fight.

01:11:22.125 --> 01:11:23.917
(whistle blowing)

01:11:23.917 --> 01:11:28.000
(Gottfried)
We\'\'ve had over 150,000 people
from all 50 states

01:11:28.000 --> 01:11:29.834
in the United States
sign petitions,

01:11:29.834 --> 01:11:31.458
and so, to speak
to Tyson in a way

01:11:31.458 --> 01:11:33.250
that we felt
they would understand,

01:11:33.250 --> 01:11:36.875
we packaged those signatures
in chicken trays.

01:11:36.875 --> 01:11:39.208
We went to their headquarters
in Springdale, Arkansas,

01:11:39.208 --> 01:11:43.458
to deliver those petitions
to them directly.

01:11:43.458 --> 01:11:45.125
Workers need to be able
to have the time

01:11:45.125 --> 01:11:47.250
to use the bathroom
when they need to.

01:11:47.250 --> 01:11:49.208
Workers need to be
treated with respect

01:11:49.208 --> 01:11:50.542
and dignity
no matter where they work,

01:11:50.542 --> 01:11:52.667
whether they\'\'re in
a textile factory in Bangladesh

01:11:52.667 --> 01:11:54.834
or whether they\'\'re in
a poultry factory

01:11:54.834 --> 01:11:56.166
in the United States.

01:11:56.166 --> 01:11:59.041
(clock chiming)

01:12:02.166 --> 01:12:03.333
(Qasrawi)
In the U.K.,

01:12:03.333 --> 01:12:06.000
toilet breaks have even
made it into Parliament.

01:12:06.000 --> 01:12:07.792
A Welsh MP raised the question

01:12:07.792 --> 01:12:10.625
about a worker who\'\'d had
50 pounds taken from him.

01:12:10.625 --> 01:12:14.125
(female speaker)
His payslip contained
a deduction of 50 pounds.

01:12:14.125 --> 01:12:18.125
When he asked why, he was told
it was for toilet visits.

01:12:18.125 --> 01:12:21.875
Can we have a debate
on the toilet tax?

01:12:21.875 --> 01:12:23.041
(malespeaker)
Well, uh,

01:12:23.041 --> 01:12:27.709
that is a new proposition
for the House.

01:12:27.709 --> 01:12:30.875
(speaking foreign language)

01:12:31.709 --> 01:12:34.917
(narrator)
In Japan, the government
could no longer ignore

01:12:34.917 --> 01:12:39.667
the epidemic of karoshi
and tightened up the law.

01:12:49.417 --> 01:12:52.917
(narrator)
The new laws allowed Emiko
to sue the company

01:12:52.917 --> 01:12:56.667
that had worked
her husband to death.

01:13:24.458 --> 01:13:27.208
(melancholy music)

01:13:27.208 --> 01:13:29.999
♪

01:13:29.999 --> 01:13:31.333
(narrator)
At Iken Engineering,

01:13:31.333 --> 01:13:37.041
the stealth overtime workers
were caught red-handed.

01:13:37.041 --> 01:13:39.583
♪

01:14:18.333 --> 01:14:19.583
Kimura recruited help

01:14:19.583 --> 01:14:22.208
from a brand-new profession
in Japan:

01:14:22.208 --> 01:14:25.999
experts in reducing
working hours.

01:14:25.999 --> 01:14:28.417
♪

01:14:38.000 --> 01:14:41.333
♪

01:14:41.333 --> 01:14:45.917
(narrator)
Staff had to learn to complete
the same amount of work

01:14:45.917 --> 01:14:47.250
in fewer hours.

01:14:47.250 --> 01:14:51.375
However, this affected
their salaries.

01:15:08.125 --> 01:15:11.542
(narrator)
But the new measures
increased productivity,

01:15:11.542 --> 01:15:13.333
so Kimura was able to replace

01:15:13.333 --> 01:15:17.166
overtime payments
with bonuses.

01:15:17.166 --> 01:15:19.125
Now, he makes absolutely sure

01:15:19.125 --> 01:15:22.291
there is no more
nighttime work.

01:16:19.792 --> 01:16:21.834
(chiming)

01:16:21.834 --> 01:16:25.000
(speaking foreign language)

01:16:53.333 --> 01:16:55.000
(somber music)

01:16:55.000 --> 01:16:58.125
(narrator)
Like it or not,
time is a currency

01:16:58.125 --> 01:17:00.458
that we exchange
for other things

01:17:00.458 --> 01:17:01.583
as part of the economy.

01:17:01.583 --> 01:17:05.959
But the important thing is
to start valuing it differently

01:17:05.959 --> 01:17:08.999
and, then, fight to make
the time economy

01:17:08.999 --> 01:17:10.125
work in our favor,

01:17:10.125 --> 01:17:15.083
with our personal needs
and wants as a priority.

01:17:15.083 --> 01:17:17.834
♪

01:17:17.834 --> 01:17:20.417
(laughing)

01:17:20.417 --> 01:17:23.917
♪

01:17:23.917 --> 01:17:25.500
(cheering)

01:17:25.500 --> 01:17:27.875
Like the parents
of a little French boy

01:17:27.875 --> 01:17:30.959
who found out the hard way
how much the time

01:17:30.959 --> 01:17:33.875
with their son
was really worth.

01:17:33.875 --> 01:17:36.709
(shouting)

01:17:54.583 --> 01:17:58.166
(narrator)
But when Mathys
was nine years old,

01:17:58.166 --> 01:18:01.375
everything changed.

01:18:22.792 --> 01:18:25.834
(helicopter droning)

01:18:26.999 --> 01:18:28.291
(narrator)
With the dire diagnosis,

01:18:28.291 --> 01:18:33.875
Christophe and Lydie took time
off work to be with Mathys.

01:18:34.999 --> 01:18:41.125
Multiple treatments,
including a transplant, failed.

01:20:08.000 --> 01:20:10.375
(narrator)
But how to find extra hours

01:20:10.375 --> 01:20:14.041
in an economic system
that owns our time.

01:20:14.041 --> 01:20:18.417
Under French labor law,
workers can save up overtime

01:20:18.417 --> 01:20:23.000
in a time account
and later take that time off.

01:20:23.000 --> 01:20:26.250
The transfer of these hours
was not permitted,

01:20:26.250 --> 01:20:30.208
but Christophe\'\'s managers
wanted to help.

01:20:57.542 --> 01:21:00.709
(narrator)
People gave up
their holidays, leisure,

01:21:00.709 --> 01:21:03.500
and time with their family
and friends.

01:21:03.500 --> 01:21:06.375
In just two weeks,
Christophe was donated

01:21:06.375 --> 01:21:09.125
the equivalent of six months.

01:21:09.125 --> 01:21:11.583
(clicking)

01:21:40.542 --> 01:21:42.375
(speaking foreign language)

01:21:42.375 --> 01:21:46.667
(narrator)
Since then, time donations
on behalf of sick children

01:21:46.667 --> 01:21:49.625
have become legal in France.

01:21:49.625 --> 01:21:52.417
(speaking foreign language)

01:22:13.709 --> 01:22:15.709
♪

01:22:15.709 --> 01:22:18.291
(applause)

01:22:18.291 --> 01:22:20.333
♪

01:22:45.000 --> 01:22:46.333
♪

01:22:46.333 --> 01:22:51.750
(Levine)
The way we use our time
and the quality of experience

01:22:51.750 --> 01:22:55.333
in our time is very personal.

01:22:55.333 --> 01:22:59.125
And the best way,
I think, to deal with it

01:22:59.125 --> 01:23:00.959
is to try to be introspective,

01:23:00.959 --> 01:23:04.959
perhaps try to carefully track
the way you use your time

01:23:04.959 --> 01:23:07.333
and try to track
the way you feel

01:23:07.333 --> 01:23:10.250
during those periods of time.

01:23:10.250 --> 01:23:14.500
And once we can come to grips

01:23:14.500 --> 01:23:19.250
with what is best for ourselves,

01:23:19.250 --> 01:23:23.375
it often enables us
to make decisions

01:23:23.375 --> 01:23:24.625
to change our lives

01:23:24.625 --> 01:23:30.333
in ways that we might not
otherwise have done.

01:23:30.333 --> 01:24:31.667
♪

01:24:31.667 --> 01:24:35.125
(clock ticking)