00:00:01.134 --> 00:00:03.370
Viewers like you make
this program possible.

00:00:03.436 --> 00:00:05.405
Support your local PBS station.

00:00:06.005 --> 00:00:08.875
Announcer: BRAZIL HAS LONG BEEN
TOUTED AS A RACIAL DEMOCRACY.

00:00:08.942 --> 00:00:11.978
Translator: I'M VERY
PROUD TO BE BLACK
IN BRAZIL.

00:00:12.045 --> 00:00:15.215
IT IS ONE OF THE MOST
DIVERSE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD.

00:00:15.281 --> 00:00:17.784
Henry Louis Gates:
THERE ARE OVER 100 CATEGORIES

00:00:17.851 --> 00:00:21.521
THAT PEOPLE USE
THEMSELVES TO DESCRIBE
WHAT COLOR THEY ARE.

00:00:21.588 --> 00:00:22.789
PUT YOUR HANDS
JOINED.

00:00:22.856 --> 00:00:24.190
YOU'RE ALL
DIFFERENT COLORS.

00:00:24.257 --> 00:00:25.725
Announcer:
BUT IS EVERYONE EQUAL?

00:00:25.792 --> 00:00:27.660
Translator: WE HAVE TO LIVE
IN A RACIAL DEMOCRACY

00:00:27.727 --> 00:00:29.329
THAT DOESN'T EXIST.

00:00:29.396 --> 00:00:31.197
THERE IS NO EQUALITY.

00:00:31.264 --> 00:00:33.466
"BRAZIL: A RACIAL PARADISE?"

00:00:33.533 --> 00:00:36.202
"BLACK IN LATIN AMERICA."

00:00:36.269 --> 00:00:39.205
CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY
FRIENDS OF NCI

00:00:51.451 --> 00:00:53.686
[CHEERING AND APPLAUSE]

00:00:55.755 --> 00:00:59.526
Gates: DURING CARNAVAL
IN SPLENDID EXCESS,

00:00:59.592 --> 00:01:03.730
BRAZIL CELEBRATES
ITS MULTICULTURAL ROOTS,

00:01:03.797 --> 00:01:11.037
BUT IN SALVADOR DA BAHIA,
BRAZIL'S AFRICAN HERITAGE
COMES TO THE FORE.

00:01:11.104 --> 00:01:13.540
ECHOING ANCIENT
AFRICAN RITUALS,

00:01:13.606 --> 00:01:16.910
THE MÃE-DE-SANTO,
THE MOTHER OF THE SPIRITS,

00:01:16.976 --> 00:01:19.145
THROWS POPCORN TO THE CROWD,

00:01:19.212 --> 00:01:22.248
SYMBOLIZING OFFERINGS
TO THE YORUBA GODS

00:01:22.315 --> 00:01:24.851
TO ENSURE A PEACEFUL CARNAVAL.

00:01:27.854 --> 00:01:33.560
INCREDIBLY, 4.8 MILLION SLAVES
ARRIVED HERE FROM AFRICA,

00:01:33.626 --> 00:01:38.331
AND A MILLION AND A HALF
LANDED HERE IN BAHIA.

00:01:40.700 --> 00:01:42.402
I'VE DREAMED
ABOUT COMING TO BAHIA,

00:01:42.469 --> 00:01:43.470
I'VE READ ABOUT BAHIA,

00:01:43.536 --> 00:01:45.205
I'VE FANTASIZED
ABOUT BAHIA,

00:01:45.271 --> 00:01:47.574
BUT THE MOST ASTONISHING
THING TO ME,

00:01:47.640 --> 00:01:52.145
HAVING COMING TO BAHIA,
IS HOW VERY CLOSE TO AFRICA

00:01:52.212 --> 00:01:53.880
THIS ALL IS.

00:01:53.947 --> 00:01:56.349
NOTHING, NO MATTER
WHAT I'VE READ,

00:01:56.416 --> 00:02:01.955
PREPARED ME FOR THIS SENSE
OF IMMEDIACY AND INTIMACY
WITH THE AFRICAN CONTINENT.

00:02:02.021 --> 00:02:06.559
THE SLAVES WHO CAME
TO SOUTH AMERICA
DID NOT SALE ALONE.

00:02:06.626 --> 00:02:09.128
THEY BROUGHT THEIR RELIGION,
THEY BROUGHT THEIR GODS,

00:02:09.195 --> 00:02:10.830
AND THEY BROUGHT THEIR MUSIC.

00:02:10.897 --> 00:02:12.899
[DRUMS PLAYING]

00:02:15.001 --> 00:02:20.006
TODAY, MORE THAN 75 MILLION
PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT
LIVE IN BRAZIL,

00:02:20.073 --> 00:02:25.011
MAKING IT THE SECOND LARGEST
BLACK POPULATION IN THE WORLD.

00:02:25.078 --> 00:02:27.780
I'M HERE TO LEARN THEIR STORY.

00:02:41.828 --> 00:02:46.499
SALVADOR IS BRAZIL'S
THIRD LARGEST CITY
AND ITS BLACKEST.

00:02:52.739 --> 00:02:55.241
SO THERE'S NO BETTER PLACE
TO BEGIN MY JOURNEY.

00:02:59.679 --> 00:03:02.415
BRAZIL IS A STUDY
IN CONTRADICTIONS.

00:03:02.482 --> 00:03:04.851
ON THE ONE HAND,
IT WAS THE LAST COUNTRY

00:03:04.918 --> 00:03:08.388
IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
TO ABOLISH SLAVERY,

00:03:08.454 --> 00:03:11.124
BUT ON THE OTHER HAND,
IT WAS ALSO THE FIRST TO CLAIM

00:03:11.190 --> 00:03:13.326
THAT IT WAS FREE OF RACISM,

00:03:13.393 --> 00:03:17.130
PROUDLY DECLARING ITSELF
TO BE A RACIAL DEMOCRACY.

00:03:21.668 --> 00:03:24.504
IT'S A HYBRID NATION,
AND ITS PEOPLE ARE DESCENDED

00:03:24.571 --> 00:03:27.340
FROM AFRICANS, EUROPEANS,

00:03:27.407 --> 00:03:30.009
AND THE ORIGINAL
INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS.

00:03:35.181 --> 00:03:39.752
IN THE UNITED STATES,
A PERSON WITH ANY
AFRICAN ANCESTRY

00:03:39.819 --> 00:03:41.988
IS LEGALLY DEFINED AS BLACK.

00:03:42.055 --> 00:03:43.456
HEY, MY BROTHER.
HOW YOU DOING?

00:03:43.523 --> 00:03:45.291
COME HERE.
I WANT TO ASK
YOU SOMETHING.

00:03:45.358 --> 00:03:48.928
IN BRAZIL, RACIAL CATEGORIES
ARE ON STEROIDS.

00:03:48.995 --> 00:03:52.498
HERE, MY COLOR IS
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER.

00:03:52.565 --> 00:03:54.534
SO IF I LIVED
IN BRAZIL,

00:03:54.601 --> 00:03:56.102
WHAT COLOR
WOULD I BE?

00:04:03.910 --> 00:04:07.680
I KNOW. SO...WHAT?
WHAT?

00:04:07.747 --> 00:04:09.215
MORENA?
MORENA.

00:04:09.282 --> 00:04:10.583
TAKE A GOOD LOOK.

00:04:21.227 --> 00:04:23.796
OK. WHAT COLOR
ARE YOU?

00:04:23.863 --> 00:04:25.398
NEGRA?
WHAT COLOR ARE YOU?

00:04:28.401 --> 00:04:29.602
NEGRA, ALSO.

00:04:31.037 --> 00:04:32.271
BUT WAIT A MINUTE,
WAIT A MINUTE,
WAIT A MINUTE.

00:04:32.338 --> 00:04:33.606
LOOK, LOOK.
GIVE ME YOUR HAND.

00:04:33.673 --> 00:04:34.874
LOOK, LOOK.
NO, NO, NO.

00:04:34.941 --> 00:04:37.210
PUT YOUR HANDS
JOINED.

00:04:37.276 --> 00:04:39.379
YOU'RE ALL
DIFFERENT COLORS.

00:04:39.445 --> 00:04:41.247
SO YOU CAN'T ALL
BE NEGRA.

00:04:49.589 --> 00:04:50.890
AH, OK.
NOW YOU'RE TALKING.

00:04:50.957 --> 00:04:53.326
AND THE GOOD THING
IS WE'RE ALL BLACK.

00:04:55.895 --> 00:04:59.999
THERE ARE OVER 100 CATEGORIES
THAT PEOPLE USE THEMSELVES

00:05:00.066 --> 00:05:02.435
TO DESCRIBE
WHAT COLOR THEY ARE.

00:05:02.502 --> 00:05:05.471
WHEN I ASK THEM
WHAT THEIR COLOR IS,
WHAT THEIR RACE IS,

00:05:05.538 --> 00:05:08.808
THEY DESCRIBE IT IN THE WAY
THAT YOU WOULD DESCRIBE

00:05:08.875 --> 00:05:11.144
THE COLORS IN THE RAINBOW.

00:05:11.210 --> 00:05:13.146
SO IT'S A GREAT LEARNING
EXPERIENCE FOR ME,

00:05:13.212 --> 00:05:17.784
PARTICULARLY AS AN AMERICAN,
WHERE RACE IS WEIGHTED

00:05:17.850 --> 00:05:19.986
IN A DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT WAY.

00:05:26.192 --> 00:05:28.661
BRAZIL'S LONG HERITAGE
OF RACIAL MIXING

00:05:28.728 --> 00:05:31.264
HAS ITS ROOTS DEEP
IN SLAVERY.

00:05:36.436 --> 00:05:41.474
ABOUT 500 YEARS AGO,
THE PORTUGUESE IMPORTED
SUGAR TO BRAZIL.

00:05:41.541 --> 00:05:43.776
THEY ALSO IMPORTED
AFRICAN SLAVES

00:05:43.843 --> 00:05:47.113
TO WORK WHAT BECAME THE LARGEST
SUGAR PLANTATION ECONOMY

00:05:47.180 --> 00:05:48.981
IN THE ENTIRE WORLD.

00:05:52.952 --> 00:05:56.422
ALMOST HALF OF ALL THE AFRICANS
BROUGHT TO THE NEW WORLD

00:05:56.489 --> 00:06:02.695
BETWEEN 1502 AND 1867
CAME HERE TO BRAZIL.

00:06:07.233 --> 00:06:09.168
ALMOST 5 MILLION PEOPLE.

00:06:13.106 --> 00:06:18.778
WHY DID SO MANY MORE SLAVES
COME HERE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE
IN THE AMERICAS?

00:06:18.845 --> 00:06:23.416
JOÃO REIS, PROFESSOR
OF HISTORY AT BAHIA'S
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY,

00:06:23.483 --> 00:06:26.586
IS AN EXPERT ON THE HISTORY
OF BRAZILIAN SLAVERY.

00:06:26.652 --> 00:06:30.490
10 TIMES MORE AFRICANS
CAME TO BRAZIL

00:06:30.556 --> 00:06:32.492
THAN CAME
TO THE UNITED SATES

00:06:32.558 --> 00:06:33.893
IN THE ENTIRE HISTORY
OF THE SLAVE TRADE.

00:06:33.960 --> 00:06:35.595
THAT'S CORRECT.

00:06:35.661 --> 00:06:37.096
WHY?

00:06:37.163 --> 00:06:39.999
WELL, IT'S SIMPLE.

00:06:40.066 --> 00:06:44.437
THE PORTUGUESE,
THEY CONTROLLED A LOT
OF THE PORTS

00:06:44.504 --> 00:06:46.706
WHERE THE SLAVE TRADE
HAPPENED,

00:06:46.773 --> 00:06:53.713
AND ALSO THE VOYAGES
WERE SHORTER

00:06:53.780 --> 00:06:56.349
THAN GOING
TO THE CARIBBEAN
AND THEN TO THE U.S.

00:06:56.415 --> 00:06:59.152
ALL THESE FACTORS
COMBINED RESULT

00:06:59.218 --> 00:07:01.621
IN A VERY INTENSE
SLAVE TRADE.

00:07:01.687 --> 00:07:04.724
Gates, voice-over:
PORTUGUESE PLANTERS COULD
EASILY AND CHEAPLY OBTAIN

00:07:04.791 --> 00:07:06.793
AFRICAN SLAVES,
AND THEY NEEDED

00:07:06.859 --> 00:07:08.861
LARGE NUMBERS OF THESE SLAVES

00:07:08.928 --> 00:07:12.665
TO SATISFY THE WORLD'S
GROWING CRAVING FOR SUGAR.

00:07:12.732 --> 00:07:15.902
EASY ACCESS AND BRUTAL
WORKING CONDITIONS

00:07:15.968 --> 00:07:19.372
CREATED A DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT
SLAVE ECONOMY HERE

00:07:19.438 --> 00:07:22.441
THAN THE ONE THAT EVOLVED
IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:07:22.508 --> 00:07:27.246
Reis: THE AMERICAN PLANTERS
DID NOT HAVE THIS EASY ACCESS

00:07:27.313 --> 00:07:31.150
TO THE SOURCES
OF SLAVE PRODUCTION
IN AFRICA.

00:07:31.217 --> 00:07:34.187
BECAUSE OF THIS,
THEY WERE MATERIALLY
BETTER TREATED

00:07:34.253 --> 00:07:36.689
THAN THEY WERE IN BRAZIL.

00:07:36.756 --> 00:07:40.893
THEY WERE BETTER HOUSED,
BETTER CLOTHED,
BETTER FED,

00:07:40.960 --> 00:07:44.363
AND THE INSTITUTION
OF SLAVERY WAS
PROMOTED THERE.

00:07:44.430 --> 00:07:49.335
NOTHING OF THIS SORT
HAPPENED IN BRAZIL.

00:07:49.402 --> 00:07:53.406
WELL, IN BRAZIL,
YOU COULD REPLACE
THE AFRICANS.

00:07:53.472 --> 00:07:55.041
EXACTLY.

00:07:55.107 --> 00:07:56.809
AND IT WAS CHEAPER
TO REPLACE THEM

00:07:56.876 --> 00:07:57.977
THAN TO
PERPETUATE THEM.

00:07:58.044 --> 00:07:59.178
EXACTLY.

00:08:04.083 --> 00:08:07.220
Gates: I KNEW HOW BARBARIC
SLAVERY WAS IN THE U.S.,

00:08:07.286 --> 00:08:10.056
BUT IT WAS EVEN WORSE
IN BRAZIL.

00:08:12.892 --> 00:08:16.195
FOR THE PORTUGUESE,
SLAVERY MEANT ENORMOUS WEALTH,

00:08:16.262 --> 00:08:22.201
AND SALVADOR BECAME ONE
OF THE GRANDEST CITIES
IN THE ENTIRE NEW WORLD.

00:08:22.268 --> 00:08:26.672
THE PRIDE OF SALVADOR
WAS THE CHURCH
OF SÃO FRANCISCO CONVENT,

00:08:26.739 --> 00:08:33.145
ONE OF THE FINEST EXAMPLES
OF BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
IN BRAZIL.

00:08:33.212 --> 00:08:36.449
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHURCH
BEGAN IN 1708

00:08:36.515 --> 00:08:41.087
WITH THE LABOR OF SLAVES
AND FREE BLACKS.

00:08:41.153 --> 00:08:45.591
ONE TON OF SOLID GOLD LEAF
WAS USED TO COVER

00:08:45.658 --> 00:08:48.060
THE SCULPTURES
OF SAINTS AND ANGELS

00:08:48.127 --> 00:08:50.630
THAT ADORN
ITS SPLENDID INTERIOR.

00:08:54.700 --> 00:08:59.405
SUCH AN ASTONISHINGLY
OPULENT WAY TO WORSHIP GOD,

00:08:59.472 --> 00:09:04.677
AN OPULENCE BUILT
ON THE PROFITS OF SUGAR,

00:09:04.744 --> 00:09:08.714
RESTING ON THE BACKS
OF AFRICAN SLAVES.

00:09:14.954 --> 00:09:20.960
[CAPOEIRA MUSIC PLAYING]

00:09:21.027 --> 00:09:22.662
[MAN SPEAKS PORTUGUESE]

00:09:26.632 --> 00:09:29.635
Gates: WHILE FORCIBLY
CONSTRUCTING THEIR
MASTERS' CULTURE,

00:09:29.702 --> 00:09:36.075
THE AFRICAN SLAVES CREATIVELY
NURTURED THEIR OWN.

00:09:36.142 --> 00:09:38.511
I'VE COME TO VALE DAS PEDRINHAS,

00:09:38.577 --> 00:09:42.348
THE HOME OF ONE OF THE CITY'S
BEST-KNOWN CAPOEIRA SCHOOLS.

00:09:42.415 --> 00:09:44.350
[SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:09:48.821 --> 00:09:52.458
CAPOEIRA, PART MARTIAL ART,
PART DANCE,

00:09:52.525 --> 00:09:55.962
IS ONE OF THE MOST ELEGANT WAYS
IN WHICH THE SLAVES CREATED

00:09:56.028 --> 00:09:57.930
A NEW CULTURE IN THE CITIES,

00:09:57.997 --> 00:10:05.237
TRANSFORMING AFRICAN FORMS
AS THEY ADJUSTED TO SLAVERY.

00:10:05.304 --> 00:10:10.242
NICE.

00:10:10.309 --> 00:10:12.745
I'M MEETING
WITH MASTER BOA GENTE,

00:10:12.812 --> 00:10:16.382
ONE OF THE MOST RESPECT
CAPOEIRA MASTERS IN BRAZIL.

00:10:16.449 --> 00:10:18.417
HE TRAINED THIS TROUPE.

00:10:18.484 --> 00:10:20.286
HELLO, MASTER.

00:10:20.353 --> 00:10:23.389
BOA GENTE RUNS
A COMMUNITY RADIO STATION,

00:10:23.456 --> 00:10:26.158
AND TODAY, I'M A GUEST
ON HIS SHOW.

00:10:26.225 --> 00:10:28.394
I AM A PROFESSOR
OF AFRICAN

00:10:28.461 --> 00:10:30.396
AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN
CULTURE,

00:10:30.463 --> 00:10:33.699
AND I LOVE
BLACK CULTURE
ALL OVER THE WORLD

00:10:33.766 --> 00:10:35.334
AND STUDY IT,
AND I WANTED TO

00:10:35.401 --> 00:10:38.037
COME TO A COUNTRY
WHERE EVERYONE
LOOKED LIKE ME,

00:10:38.104 --> 00:10:40.106
AND WHEN I CAME,
THEY SAID,

00:10:40.172 --> 00:10:41.974
"YOU HAVE TO MEET
ONE PERSON."

00:10:42.041 --> 00:10:44.877
THEY SAID,
"MASTER BOA GENTE."

00:10:44.944 --> 00:10:48.180
Translator:
OH. HOW WONDERFUL!

00:10:48.247 --> 00:10:51.550
BECAUSE YOU
ARE THE MAN!

00:10:51.617 --> 00:10:54.020
[WOMAN SPEAKS PORTUGUESE]

00:10:54.086 --> 00:10:58.257
YOU, TOO.
YOU ARE THE MAN, ALSO.

00:10:58.324 --> 00:11:00.626
Gates, voice-over:
MASTER BOA GENTE USES CAPOEIRA

00:11:00.693 --> 00:11:02.995
TO KEEP YOUNG PEOPLE
OFF THE STREETS

00:11:03.062 --> 00:11:07.633
HERE IN ONE OF SALVADOR'S
POOREST AND MOST VIOLENT
NEIGHBORHOODS,

00:11:07.700 --> 00:11:11.337
AND HE'S PROUD
OF ITS AFRICAN ROOTS.

00:11:11.404 --> 00:11:15.408
WHAT ROLE DID
CAPOEIRA PLAY
AMONG THE SLAVES?

00:11:15.474 --> 00:11:20.046
WHY DID THE SLAVES
DEVELOP CAPOEIRA?

00:11:20.112 --> 00:11:23.182
Translator: THE SLAVE OWNERS
DIDN'T WANT BLACK PEOPLE

00:11:23.249 --> 00:11:26.485
TO ORGANIZE THEMSELVES.

00:11:26.552 --> 00:11:30.256
IN THE COFFEE PLANTATION,
IN THE SUGAR PLANTATION,

00:11:30.322 --> 00:11:34.527
WEAPONS WERE NOT ALLOWED,
BUT THE BLACK PEOPLE
WERE TORTURED

00:11:34.593 --> 00:11:37.096
AND NEEDED A WAY
TO DEFEND THEMSELVES.

00:11:41.033 --> 00:11:45.337
AND THEY DISCOVERED
IN CAPOEIRA A WAY
TO STRENGTHEN

00:11:45.404 --> 00:11:47.106
AND DEFEND THEMSELVES.

00:11:50.843 --> 00:11:56.482
[SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:11:56.549 --> 00:11:58.317
Gates, voice-over:
CAPOEIRA WAS A FORM OF TRAINING

00:11:58.384 --> 00:11:59.985
DESIGNED FOR SELF-DEFENSE.

00:12:00.052 --> 00:12:01.921
[SINGING CONTINUES]

00:12:05.057 --> 00:12:07.526
IF THE SLAVES WERE CAUGHT
PRACTICING A MARTIAL ART,

00:12:07.593 --> 00:12:10.296
THEY COULD BE PUNISHED.

00:12:10.362 --> 00:12:13.999
CAPOEIRA ALLOWED THEM
TO DISGUISE THEIR TRAINING
AS A DANCE.

00:12:22.374 --> 00:12:24.143
Translator: THEY WOULD
BE THERE TRAINING.

00:12:24.210 --> 00:12:25.845
Gente:
BAH! DAH! DAH!

00:12:25.911 --> 00:12:27.279
OH.

00:12:27.346 --> 00:12:29.949
Translator:
AND THEN THEY'D HEAR
THE CAVALRY COMING.

00:12:30.015 --> 00:12:31.484
Gente:
BACA-DA, BACA-DA, BACA-DA.

00:12:34.320 --> 00:12:36.555
Transator: BUT THERE
WOULD BE A LOOKOUT,

00:12:36.622 --> 00:12:40.159
A CAPOEIRISTA HIDDEN,
WATCHING,

00:12:40.226 --> 00:12:42.828
AND WHEN HE SAW THEM,
HE'D START PLAYING

00:12:42.895 --> 00:12:45.064
TO THE SOUND
OF THE OF THE CAVALRY.

00:12:45.131 --> 00:12:50.302
Gente: DUN-CHICKA, DUN-CHICKA,
DUN-CHICKA, DUN-CHICKA,
DUN, DUN, DUN, DUN.

00:12:50.369 --> 00:12:53.472
Translator: SO WHEN
THEY SAW THE CAVALRY,

00:12:53.539 --> 00:12:55.608
SUDDENLY EVERYTHING
WOULD CHANGE

00:12:55.674 --> 00:12:58.777
FROM A FIGHT TO A DANCE.

00:12:58.844 --> 00:13:00.946
SO THE CAVALRY
WOULD TURN UP,

00:13:01.013 --> 00:13:04.917
AND THEY WOULD SEE
ALL THE BLACK PEOPLE
DOING THEIR SAMBA.

00:13:04.984 --> 00:13:07.486
SO THEY WOULD PRETEND?
HA HA HA!

00:13:07.553 --> 00:13:12.491
AND THE CAVALRY WOULD SAY,
"OH, THE BLACKS ARE
PLAYING AROUND.

00:13:12.558 --> 00:13:17.429
THEY ARE DANCING,"
AND THEY'D START CLAPPING.

00:13:17.496 --> 00:13:20.432
SO THIS WAS A WAY
TO TRICK THE CAVALRY,

00:13:20.499 --> 00:13:23.969
AND WHEN
THE CAVALRY LEFT,
THEY'D CARRY ON.

00:13:38.250 --> 00:13:43.522
Gates, voice-over:
IT'S DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
THAT THIS MAN IS 65 YEARS OLD

00:13:43.589 --> 00:13:45.624
Gates: WOW!
HA HA!

00:13:45.691 --> 00:13:49.628
HA HA HA!
YOU'RE THE MAN. HA HA!

00:13:49.695 --> 00:13:51.630
I NEED YOU--
I NEED YOU TO COME TO BOSTON

00:13:51.697 --> 00:13:54.300
AND PROTECT ME.
HA HA HA!

00:13:54.366 --> 00:13:55.501
HE'LL PROTECT ME.

00:13:55.568 --> 00:13:57.269
SIM, SIM, SIM.

00:13:57.336 --> 00:13:58.837
OBRIDGADO.

00:13:58.904 --> 00:14:04.176
WELCOME
TO VALE DAS PEDRINHAS,
SALVADOR BAHIA, BRAZIL.

00:14:04.243 --> 00:14:05.477
THANK YOU.

00:14:14.086 --> 00:14:17.923
[DRUMMING]

00:14:17.990 --> 00:14:20.059
Gates: YOU CAN FEEL
THE PRESENCE OF AFRICA

00:14:20.125 --> 00:14:23.429
AROUND EVERY CORNER
IN SALVADOR

00:14:23.495 --> 00:14:26.432
AND SEE IT WRITTEN RIGHT
ON THE PEOPLE'S FACES.

00:14:30.636 --> 00:14:33.839
THIS IS CANDOMBLÉ,
A RELIGION INVENTED IN BRAZIL

00:14:33.906 --> 00:14:36.809
BUT BASED ON THE GODS
THAT THE SLAVES BROUGHT
WITH THEM

00:14:36.875 --> 00:14:40.779
FROM ANGOLA, NIGERIA,
AND DAHOMEY.

00:14:40.846 --> 00:14:42.881
[SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:14:46.585 --> 00:14:50.256
I'M JUST UP THE STREET
FROM MASTER BOA GENTE'S
CAPOEIRA SCHOOL,

00:14:50.322 --> 00:14:51.957
STILL IN THE FAVELA,

00:14:52.024 --> 00:14:54.493
BUT I FEEL LIKE I COULD BE
IN AN AFRICAN CITY.

00:15:00.099 --> 00:15:02.034
[MAN SINGING
IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:15:06.572 --> 00:15:10.943
FATHER JOÃO RUNS THIS TEMPLE,
ONE OF MORE THAN 1,100 DEVOTED

00:15:11.010 --> 00:15:13.379
TO CANDOMBLÉ IN SALVADOR.

00:15:13.445 --> 00:15:18.050
I LIKE THE FACT THAT
YOU ARE KEEPING
AFRICAN GODS ALIVE.

00:15:18.117 --> 00:15:20.919
IS THIS IMPORTANT
TO YOU?

00:15:20.986 --> 00:15:22.588
Translator: IT IS
VERY IMPORTANT TO ME.

00:15:22.655 --> 00:15:25.491
I WAS BORN
INTO A RELIGIOUS FAMILY.

00:15:25.557 --> 00:15:28.560
MY MOTHER WAS
VERY RELIGIOUS.

00:15:28.627 --> 00:15:32.998
WHEN I WAS 7 YEARS OLD,
THE SPIRIT BECAME
A PART OF ME.

00:15:33.065 --> 00:15:35.868
AT 14, IT CAME
TO ME AGAIN,

00:15:35.934 --> 00:15:40.072
AND BY THE AGE OF 16,
I WAS IN CHARGE
OF A TEMPLE.

00:15:40.139 --> 00:15:42.374
I'M NOW 49 YEARS OLD.

00:15:42.441 --> 00:15:44.276
I NEVER THINK
ABOUT STOPPING.

00:15:44.343 --> 00:15:47.379
I JUST THINK ABOUT
EVOLVING AND GROWING.

00:15:47.446 --> 00:15:49.782
I HAVE THE SONS
OF THE TEMPLE HERE.

00:15:49.848 --> 00:15:52.818
WE RAISE THEM,
SO IF TOMORROW,
I'M NOT HERE,

00:15:52.885 --> 00:15:54.453
THEY CAN CONTINUE
THE RELIGION,

00:15:54.520 --> 00:15:57.990
WHICH IS RICH AND TRUE.

00:15:58.057 --> 00:15:59.992
[SINGING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

00:16:04.163 --> 00:16:05.497
Gates, voice-over: IN MANY WAYS,
THE STORY OF CANDOMBLÉ

00:16:05.564 --> 00:16:12.404
IS THE STORY OF THE MIXING
OF CULTURES IN BRAZIL.

00:16:12.471 --> 00:16:14.573
SLAVES FROM
DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS

00:16:14.640 --> 00:16:16.875
AND DIFFERENT PARTS
OF AFRICA FUSED

00:16:16.942 --> 00:16:20.346
THEIR DIFFERENT RELIGIONS
AND THE YORUBA GODS

00:16:20.412 --> 00:16:23.248
INTO A COMPELLING NEW BLEND.

00:16:23.315 --> 00:16:26.618
THEY EVEN INCORPORATED ELEMENTS
OF CATHOLICISM TO CREATE

00:16:26.685 --> 00:16:31.590
A NEW RELIGION, CANDOMBLÉ,

00:16:31.657 --> 00:16:34.960
AND IT'S THIS MIXING
OF CULTURES AND ETHNICITIES

00:16:35.027 --> 00:16:37.196
THAT SO DEFINES BRAZIL.

00:16:40.666 --> 00:16:43.369
LOOKING AT THE PEOPLE
ON THE STREETS OF SALVADOR,

00:16:43.435 --> 00:16:45.971
I DON'T THINK I'VE
EVER BEEN ANYWHERE

00:16:46.038 --> 00:16:50.175
WITH SO MANY BROWN FACES,

00:16:50.242 --> 00:16:53.178
AND THE REASONS FOR THIS
GO BACK TO THE VERY BEGINNINGS

00:16:53.245 --> 00:16:55.614
OF THE SLAVE TRADE.

00:16:55.681 --> 00:16:59.284
Reis: PEOPLE WHO CAME
TO COLONIZE BRAZIL
WERE ADVENTUROUS.

00:16:59.351 --> 00:17:01.086
YOU KNOW, BACHELORS
OR PEOPLE WHO LEFT

00:17:01.153 --> 00:17:03.589
THEIR FAMILIES
IN PORTUGAL

00:17:03.655 --> 00:17:06.125
WOULDN'T DREAM
OF GOING BACK THERE,

00:17:06.191 --> 00:17:10.129
AND SO THERE WAS
A VERY IMPORTANT SHORTAGE

00:17:10.195 --> 00:17:12.898
OF WHITE WOMEN,
PORTUGUESE WOMEN.

00:17:12.965 --> 00:17:19.304
THAT PRODUCED
A VERY LARGE MIXED RACE
POPULATION.

00:17:25.077 --> 00:17:31.350
RACE IS NOT OFTEN
AN OBSTACLE TO SEX.

00:17:31.417 --> 00:17:34.686
MARRIAGE IS,
A STABLE RELATIONSHIP IS,

00:17:34.753 --> 00:17:37.990
HAVING CHILDREN
AND BUILDING A FAMILY IS,

00:17:38.056 --> 00:17:39.458
BUT SEX...

00:17:43.562 --> 00:17:45.697
AND I THINK
THAT'S EVERYWHERE,
NOT ONLY BRAZIL.

00:17:45.764 --> 00:17:48.867
SEX--IN OTHER WORDS,
SEX IS COLOR BLIND.

00:17:48.934 --> 00:17:51.904
THAT'S TRUE.
YEAH, EXACTLY.

00:17:56.775 --> 00:17:59.545
Gates: I'M HEADING FOR
THE MOUNTAINS OF MINAS GERAIS

00:17:59.611 --> 00:18:04.583
IN BRAZIL'S INTERIOR
TO FIND OUT HOW ALL THIS
RACIAL MIXING BEGAN.

00:18:11.590 --> 00:18:14.393
IN THE HIGH SIERRA LIES
THE PERFECTLY PRESERVED

00:18:14.460 --> 00:18:17.362
COLONIAL TOWN OF DIAMANTINA,

00:18:17.429 --> 00:18:20.365
BUILT IN THE 1700s
TO SERVICE SOME OF BRAZIL'S

00:18:20.432 --> 00:18:24.470
RICHEST DIAMOND MINDS,
LOCATED JUST OUTSIDE OF TOWN.

00:18:29.508 --> 00:18:32.511
WHILE SLAVERY
IN THE 16th AND 17th CENTURIES

00:18:32.578 --> 00:18:35.848
WAS ALL ABOUT SUGAR,
IN THE 18th CENTURY,

00:18:35.914 --> 00:18:39.284
IT WAS MAINLY ABOUT GOLD
AND DIAMOND MINING.

00:18:42.955 --> 00:18:45.991
LIFE FOR THE SLAVES HERE
WAS A WORLD AWAY FROM THAT

00:18:46.058 --> 00:18:50.863
OF THEIR SISTERS AND BROTHERS
DOWN ON THE SUGAR PLANTATIONS.

00:18:50.929 --> 00:18:55.167
IN DIAMANTINA, BLACKS AND WHITES
LIVED SIDE BY SIDE.

00:18:55.234 --> 00:18:59.605
Woman: THIS TOWN WAS BUILT
AROUND 1710.

00:18:59.671 --> 00:19:01.974
Gates, voice-over:
PROFESSOR JUNIA FURTADO
HAS WRITTEN

00:19:02.040 --> 00:19:05.878
A DEFINITIVE HISTORY OF SLAVERY
IN DIAMANTINA.

00:19:05.944 --> 00:19:07.946
WHO WOULD HAVE
LIVED UP HERE?

00:19:08.013 --> 00:19:10.015
WE DON'T KNOW
EXACTLY WHO LIVED,

00:19:10.082 --> 00:19:14.186
BUT WE KNOW THAT
IN THE SAME STREET LIVED

00:19:14.253 --> 00:19:17.723
WHITE PEOPLE
AND BLACK FREED PEOPLE

00:19:17.789 --> 00:19:19.324
AND MULATO FREED PEOPLE.

00:19:19.391 --> 00:19:20.959
ALL OVER THE CITY?
ALL OVER THE CITY

00:19:21.026 --> 00:19:24.129
AND EVEN IN THESE
LARGER STREETS

00:19:24.196 --> 00:19:25.931
IN NICE HOUSES

00:19:25.998 --> 00:19:30.202
LIKE THIS ONE
WITH CHAPELS ON THE HOUSE.

00:19:30.269 --> 00:19:31.637
I WOULDN'T MIND OWNING
THIS TODAY,

00:19:31.703 --> 00:19:33.605
FIX UP,
GOT A LITTLE CHAPEL.

00:19:33.672 --> 00:19:37.543
HA HA HA!
HA HA HA!

00:19:37.609 --> 00:19:40.412
Gates, voice-over:
THE BLACK PEOPLE THAT LIVED
IN THESE COMFORTABLE HOUSES

00:19:40.479 --> 00:19:42.180
WEREN'T SLAVES AT AL.

00:19:42.247 --> 00:19:43.882
THEY HAD BEEN FREED.

00:19:43.949 --> 00:19:45.751
SOME HAD EARNED ENOUGH
FROM MINING

00:19:45.817 --> 00:19:49.454
OR EVEN FROM PROSTITUTION
TO BUY THEIR OWN FREEDOM.

00:19:49.521 --> 00:19:51.690
SOME WERE THE CONCUBINES
OF WHITE MEN,

00:19:51.757 --> 00:19:56.395
SET FREE BY THEIR LOVERS,
OFTEN ON THEIR DEATH BEDS.

00:19:56.461 --> 00:19:58.363
IN THE UNITED STATES
OF COURSE, WE
HAD COMMUNITIES

00:19:58.430 --> 00:20:00.832
OF FREE BLACKS,
BUT GENERALLY,

00:20:00.899 --> 00:20:03.168
THEY WOULD LIVE
TOGETHER, SEGREGATED,

00:20:03.235 --> 00:20:07.172
AND THEN THE WHITES
WOULD BE SOMEPLACE ELSE.

00:20:07.239 --> 00:20:13.078
WHY DO YOU THINK HERE
THEY WERE SO INTEGRATED?

00:20:13.145 --> 00:20:14.580
INTEGRATED.

00:20:14.646 --> 00:20:17.616
I THINK FIRST OF ALL
THEY WERE VERY DISTANT

00:20:17.683 --> 00:20:19.685
FROM EVERYWHERE ELSE.

00:20:19.751 --> 00:20:21.086
YEAH.

00:20:21.153 --> 00:20:24.323
EVEN NOWADAYS,
IT'S DIFFICULT
TO COME HERE.

00:20:24.389 --> 00:20:28.994
IMAGINE IN THE 18th CENTURY,
IT WAS MONTHS

00:20:29.061 --> 00:20:32.464
TO TRAVEL TO HERE,
SO THESE PEOPLE WERE

00:20:32.531 --> 00:20:35.000
PRETTY MUCH APART
FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD.

00:20:35.067 --> 00:20:38.837
WHAT DID THE CHURCH
THINK ABOUT ALL THIS?

00:20:38.904 --> 00:20:41.873
OF COURSE THE CHURCH--
HEH HEH--DISAPPROVED

00:20:41.940 --> 00:20:45.477
COMPLETELY THIS KIND
OF SITUATION,

00:20:45.544 --> 00:20:51.316
BUT WHAT WE SEE MORE HERE
WAS A KIND OF SILENCE
OF THE CHURCH,

00:20:51.383 --> 00:20:55.687
AND THERE WERE SOME VISITS
OF THE BISHOP HERE,

00:20:55.754 --> 00:21:01.860
AND WHEN THE BISHOP COMES,
ALL THESE SINS
WERE DENOUNCED,

00:21:01.927 --> 00:21:07.633
BUT AS THE BISHOP LEFT
THE CITY,

00:21:07.699 --> 00:21:11.503
EVERYBODY STARTED
LIVING TOGETHER
WITH EVERYBODY.

00:21:11.570 --> 00:21:13.405
SO THE BISHOP
WOULD COME,

00:21:13.472 --> 00:21:15.674
THEY WOULD BE DENOUNCED.
THEY'D HAVE TO CONFESS,

00:21:15.741 --> 00:21:17.609
AND THEY'D HAVE TO SAY,
"I WON'T DO IT AGAIN."

00:21:17.676 --> 00:21:20.445
"I WON'T DO IT AGAIN,"
BUT AS SOON AS HE LEAVES...

00:21:20.512 --> 00:21:22.280
THEY SAY,
"IS THE BISHOP GONE?"

00:21:22.347 --> 00:21:23.582
YEAH.

00:21:23.649 --> 00:21:25.450
"COME ON BACK--
COME ON BACK
TO THE HOUSE."

00:21:25.517 --> 00:21:27.352
HA HA HA!

00:21:27.419 --> 00:21:29.221
Gates, voice-over: JUNIA TOOK ME
TO THE HOUSE OF DIAMANTINA'S

00:21:29.287 --> 00:21:33.792
MOST FAMOUS CITIZEN,
A WOMAN NAMED CHICA DA SILVA.

00:21:33.859 --> 00:21:36.928
CHICA DA SILVA,
AN 18th CENTURY SLAVE,

00:21:36.995 --> 00:21:39.665
WAS THE PARTNER
OF A WHITE DIAMOND MERCHANT

00:21:39.731 --> 00:21:45.937
AND ONCE FREED BECAME ONE
OF THE WEALTHIEST WOMEN
IN ALL OF DIAMANTINA.

00:21:46.004 --> 00:21:49.041
TODAY, SHE'S KNOWN
ALL OVER BRAZIL.

00:22:11.396 --> 00:22:15.767
A POPULAR FILM,
STARRING THE FAMOUS
BLACK ACTRESS ZEZÉ MOTTA,

00:22:15.834 --> 00:22:20.639
WAS EVEN MADE OF HER LIFE
IN THE 1970s.

00:22:20.706 --> 00:22:24.342
Gates: TELL ME
ABOUT HOW SHE WENT
FROM BEING A SLAVE

00:22:24.409 --> 00:22:27.779
TO BEING ONE
OF THE MOST POWERFUL
WOMEN IN HER SOCIETY.

00:22:27.846 --> 00:22:31.616
SHE WAS A COMPANION
OF SOMEONE WHO WAS

00:22:31.683 --> 00:22:33.952
THE MOST IMPORTANT
MAN HERE.

00:22:34.019 --> 00:22:39.424
HE ARRIVED IN AUGUST,
AND IN DECEMBER,

00:22:39.491 --> 00:22:42.027
SHE ALREADY BELONGED
TO HIM,

00:22:42.094 --> 00:22:43.895
AND HE FREED HER.

00:22:43.962 --> 00:22:45.063
ON CHRISTMAS DAY?

00:22:45.130 --> 00:22:47.866
ON CHRISTMAS DAY.
IT WAS A CHRISTMAS GIFT.

00:22:47.933 --> 00:22:50.001
THAT'S AMAZING,
AND THEY STAYED TOGETHER.

00:22:50.068 --> 00:22:52.404
AND THEY STAYED TOGETHER
FOR 15 YEARS,

00:22:52.471 --> 00:22:55.207
AND THEY HAD
13 CHILDREN TOGETHER,

00:22:55.273 --> 00:23:01.847
ONE AFTER THE OTHER,
SO THE GENERATION
WILL BE SECURED.

00:23:01.913 --> 00:23:03.181
HEH HEH. HEH HEH.

00:23:13.725 --> 00:23:15.560
SHE PRETENDED LIKE
SHE WAS--

00:23:15.627 --> 00:23:17.462
SHE ACTED LIKE
WHITE WOMEN.

00:23:17.529 --> 00:23:18.563
MM-HMM.
SHE...

00:23:18.630 --> 00:23:19.631
SHE DRESSED LIKE THEM.

00:23:19.698 --> 00:23:23.502
DRESSED LIKE THEM,
HAD SEVERAL CHILDREN,

00:23:23.568 --> 00:23:25.237
BURIED
IN A WHITE CHURCH.

00:23:25.303 --> 00:23:28.974
IN OTHER WORDS,
SHE HAD TO ERASE
HER AFRICAN HERITAGE?

00:23:29.040 --> 00:23:30.408
YES.

00:23:30.475 --> 00:23:31.710
WHAT ABOUT HER CHILDREN?

00:23:31.777 --> 00:23:33.779
DID THEY EMBRACE
THEIR BLACKNESS,

00:23:33.845 --> 00:23:35.280
OR DID THEY PASS
FOR WHITE?

00:23:35.347 --> 00:23:38.517
NO. THEY REALLY EMBRACED
THE WHITENING.

00:23:38.583 --> 00:23:39.951
HA HA HA!

00:23:40.018 --> 00:23:43.922
BECAUSE IT'S THE WAY
OF SOCIAL CLIMBING
IN THIS SOCIETY.

00:23:43.989 --> 00:23:46.892
THE THING WAS
BECOME WHITE PEOPLE.

00:23:46.958 --> 00:23:48.393
MM-HMM.

00:23:48.460 --> 00:23:51.963
[INDISTINCT CHATTER]

00:23:52.030 --> 00:23:54.099
Gates: A WOMAN IS
BORN A SLAVE,

00:23:54.166 --> 00:23:57.469
AND SHE DIES ONE
OF THE MOST PROSPEROUS,
PROMINENT MEMBERS

00:23:57.536 --> 00:23:59.571
OF HER COMMUNITY.

00:23:59.638 --> 00:24:03.408
SHE AND HER WHITE LOVER
LIVE OPENLY

00:24:03.475 --> 00:24:09.581
AND TOGETHER HAVE
AND RAISE 13 CHILDREN.

00:24:09.648 --> 00:24:13.318
SHE DIES A WEALTHY WOMAN.

00:24:13.385 --> 00:24:18.223
NO SLAVE IN THE HISTORY
OF THAT INSTITUTION
IN THE UNITED STATES

00:24:18.290 --> 00:24:23.895
COULD IMAGINE A LIFE
AS COMPLEX AS THAT LIVED
BY CHICA DA SILVA.

00:24:23.962 --> 00:24:26.097
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SLAVERY IN BRAZIL

00:24:26.164 --> 00:24:29.534
AND SLAVERY
IN THE UNITED STATES IS THIS--

00:24:29.601 --> 00:24:34.172
HERE SHE COULD ALMOST ESCAPE
HER BLACKNESS.

00:24:41.513 --> 00:24:44.349
IS BLACK BEAUTIFUL
TO BLACK BRAZILIAN WOMEN TODAY?

00:24:48.220 --> 00:24:51.423
TO FIND OUT,
I'VE COME TO BELO HORIZONTE,

00:24:51.489 --> 00:24:53.592
THE CAPITAL
OF MINA GERAIS STATE.

00:24:58.897 --> 00:25:02.367
DORA ÁLVES, A BLACK ACTIVIST
AND HAIRDRESSER,

00:25:02.434 --> 00:25:04.669
IS TRYING TO REVERSE
THE TENDENCY OF BLACK WOMEN

00:25:04.736 --> 00:25:06.304
TO STRAIGHTEN THEIR HAIR,

00:25:06.371 --> 00:25:10.942
TO CONFORM TO BRAZILIAN
SOCIETY'S IDEALS OF BEAUTY.

00:25:11.009 --> 00:25:12.944
Translator: SOMETIMES,
WE WILL HAVE SOMEONE

00:25:13.011 --> 00:25:15.614
ARRIVE AT THE SALON,
AND THEY ARE SO DEPRESSED,

00:25:15.680 --> 00:25:17.883
THEY HAVE SUCH
A LOW SELF-ESTEEM.

00:25:17.949 --> 00:25:20.085
THEY THINK THAT
THEIR HAIR IS UGLY,

00:25:20.151 --> 00:25:22.187
THAT THEIR HAIR
IS TERRIBLE.

00:25:22.254 --> 00:25:25.457
SOMETIMES THE MOTHER STILL
HAS HER BABE IN THE PUSH-CHAIR,

00:25:25.523 --> 00:25:28.360
AND SHE ARRIVES ASKING ME,
"OH, MY GOD.

00:25:28.426 --> 00:25:30.996
IS THERE ANY WAY
TO SAVE THIS HAIR?"

00:25:31.062 --> 00:25:33.932
WHEN WE GO INTO SCHOOLS,
A TEACHER MIGHT COME TO ME

00:25:33.999 --> 00:25:36.468
WITH A CHILD
AND WHISPER IN MY EAR,

00:25:36.534 --> 00:25:38.703
"DO YOU THINK THERE IS
ANYTHING THAT CAN BE DONE?

00:25:38.770 --> 00:25:42.440
HEH HEH.

00:25:42.507 --> 00:25:45.877
Gates: DORA CAMPAIGNS
IN SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY CENTERS

00:25:45.944 --> 00:25:48.413
TO INCREASE PRIDE
IN AFRICAN FEATURES

00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:50.649
AND NATURAL HAIRSTYLES.

00:25:50.715 --> 00:25:54.419
WHY DO SO MANY
BLACK WOMEN HAVE
LOW SELF-ESTEEM

00:25:54.486 --> 00:26:00.325
HERE IN BRAZIL
IF THEY HAVE AFRO HAIR?

00:26:00.392 --> 00:26:02.560
IT'S A QUESTION
OF HISTORY.

00:26:02.627 --> 00:26:04.796
IT'S ALSO A QUESTION
OF THE MEDIA.

00:26:08.533 --> 00:26:10.502
YOU CAN SEE IT
IN THE ADVERTS,

00:26:10.568 --> 00:26:15.340
THE MAGAZINES, THE TV.

00:26:15.407 --> 00:26:18.977
MOST OF THE WOMEN
YOU SEE ARE WHITE
WITH STRAIGHT HAIR.

00:26:21.413 --> 00:26:24.883
THERE MIGHT BE ONE
BLACK GIRL, JUST ONE,

00:26:24.950 --> 00:26:28.353
AND THE REST ARE WHITE
WITH THEIR HAIR
STRAIGHTENED OUT,

00:26:28.420 --> 00:26:31.356
SO BLACK WOMEN CAN'T
SEE THEMSELVES AT ALL.

00:26:42.701 --> 00:26:44.536
Gates: I'VE RETURNED
TO SALVADOR,

00:26:44.602 --> 00:26:46.204
BRAZIL'S BLACK CAPITAL,

00:26:46.271 --> 00:26:48.406
TO FIND OUT WHAT
IN THIS COUNTRY'S PAST

00:26:48.473 --> 00:26:51.776
MADE ATTITUDES TOWARD BLACKNESS
SO PROBLEMATIC.

00:26:55.146 --> 00:26:57.515
THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION
OF THE NEEDY

00:26:57.582 --> 00:27:01.553
IS BAHIA'S OLDEST
AFRO-BRAZILIAN ORGANIZATION.

00:27:03.421 --> 00:27:07.659
FOUNDED IN 1832,
ITS MEMBERS, FREE BLACK MEN,

00:27:07.726 --> 00:27:12.764
RAISED FUNDS TO PURCHASE
THE FREEDOM OF SLAVES.

00:27:12.831 --> 00:27:15.667
WHILE SOME SLAVES MANAGED
TO BUY THEIR FREEDOM,

00:27:15.734 --> 00:27:21.373
SLAVERY AS AN INSTITUTION WASN'T
ABOLISHED HERE UNTIL 1888,

00:27:21.439 --> 00:27:25.510
MAKING BRAZIL THE LAST COUNTRY
IN THE NEW WORLD TO DO SO.

00:27:25.577 --> 00:27:27.846
EVEN THEN,
ABOLITION DIDN'T USHER IN

00:27:27.912 --> 00:27:33.151
THE DRAMATIC TRANSFORMATION
THAT MANY AFRO-BRAZILIANS
HAD HOPED.

00:27:33.218 --> 00:27:34.986
WHEN SLAVERY
WAS ABOLISHED,

00:27:35.053 --> 00:27:39.524
WHAT DID THE WHITE
ELITE THINK
ABOUT THE LEGACY

00:27:39.591 --> 00:27:43.028
OF AFRICAN CULTURE
IN BRAZIL?

00:27:43.094 --> 00:27:44.529
Translator:
WHAT BOTHERED THEM

00:27:44.596 --> 00:27:46.831
OR THE BIGGEST PROBLEM
WAS HOW TO DEAL

00:27:46.898 --> 00:27:51.269
WITH THE POPULATION
OF COLOR.

00:27:51.336 --> 00:27:53.438
VARIOUS INTELLECTUALS
BELIEVED FOR BRAZIL

00:27:53.505 --> 00:27:55.306
TO BECOME
A CIVILIZED COUNTRY

00:27:55.373 --> 00:28:00.145
IT HAD TO HAVE A PROCESS
OF WHITENING.

00:28:00.211 --> 00:28:01.913
FOR THIS REASON,
THE GOVERNMENT INVESTED

00:28:01.980 --> 00:28:06.084
A GREAT DEAL
IN EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION
TO THE COUNTRY.

00:28:06.151 --> 00:28:08.420
Gates: THE BRAZILIAN
GOVERNMENT PAID FOR MORE THAN

00:28:08.486 --> 00:28:12.590
4 MILLION EUROPEANS
TO MIGRATE TO BRAZIL.

00:28:12.657 --> 00:28:18.129
THIS WAS PART
OF A PROCESS KNOWN AS
BRANQUEAMENTO, WHITENING.

00:28:18.196 --> 00:28:20.565
THE GOVERNMENT HOPED THAT
THESE NEW IMMIGRANTS

00:28:20.632 --> 00:28:24.102
WOULD OUTNUMBER THE BLACK PEOPLE
AND BREED WITH THEM,

00:28:24.169 --> 00:28:26.905
OVER TIME WHITENING
THE FACE OF BRAZIL,

00:28:26.971 --> 00:28:30.475
BOTH ITS GENE POOL
AND ITS CULTURE.

00:28:30.542 --> 00:28:32.510
[SPEAKING PORTUGUESE]

00:28:32.577 --> 00:28:34.612
FROM THEN ON,
THE GOVERNMENT BEGAN

00:28:34.679 --> 00:28:38.583
TO PERSECUTE PRACTICES
THAT WERE SEEN AS BLACK

00:28:38.650 --> 00:28:41.553
LIKE CANDOMBLÉ
AND CAPOEIRA,

00:28:41.619 --> 00:28:46.758
TRYING TO CONVINCE PEOPLE
THAT THESE PRACTICES
WERE BARBARIC

00:28:46.825 --> 00:28:50.028
AND THAT IT WAS
A CIVILIZING ACT
TO STOP THEM.

00:28:55.500 --> 00:28:58.103
Gates: IN BAHIA,
ONE MAN STAUNCHLY PROTESTED

00:28:58.169 --> 00:29:00.405
AGAIT THESE RACIST POLICIES...

00:29:02.774 --> 00:29:05.877
HISTORIAN, ARTIST,
LABOR UNIONIST,

00:29:05.944 --> 00:29:10.482
AND BLACK ACTIVIST
MANUEL QUERINO.

00:29:10.548 --> 00:29:16.988
WHAT WAS NEW OR BOLD
ABOUT WHAT QUERINO
HAD TO SAY?

00:29:17.055 --> 00:29:20.558
QUERINO EMPHASIZED
THE GREAT ROLE
OF THE AFRICAN

00:29:20.625 --> 00:29:23.828
AS A CIVILIZER,
AS A WORKER.

00:29:23.895 --> 00:29:26.498
HE THOUGHT THERE WAS
NO NEED FOR IMMIGRANTS,

00:29:26.564 --> 00:29:30.335
AS BRAZIL HAD ALREADY
BEEN CIVILIZED BY AFRICANS.

00:29:33.404 --> 00:29:36.708
SO HE WAS A DISSONANT
VOICE WHEN EVERYONE
WAS SAYING

00:29:36.774 --> 00:29:40.011
THAT THOSE WHO CAME
AS SLAVES WEREN'T CAPABLE

00:29:40.078 --> 00:29:43.281
OF A MORE SOPHISTICATED
STYLE OF WORK.

00:29:46.584 --> 00:29:48.653
Gates: AT A TIME WHEN THE ELITE
WAS TRYING TO WHITEWASH

00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:51.723
BRAZILIAN HISTORY,
THIS MAN TOOK
A COURAGEOUS STAND.

00:29:51.789 --> 00:29:55.126
HE INSISTED THAT
THE BLACK PRESENCE IN BRAZIL

00:29:55.193 --> 00:30:00.532
WAS FUNDAMENTAL TO ITS CULTURAL
AND SOCIETAL IDENTITY.

00:30:00.598 --> 00:30:03.034
AS A SCHOLAR
OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDIES,

00:30:03.101 --> 00:30:06.604
THIS IS LIKE MEETING
FOR THE FIRST TIME

00:30:06.671 --> 00:30:09.974
W.E.B. DU BOIS
OR CARTER G. WOODSON,

00:30:10.041 --> 00:30:13.011
THE FATHERS
OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY.

00:30:31.496 --> 00:30:35.233
PROFESSOR WLAMYRA ALBUQUERQUE
PASSIONATELY WANTS TO RETURN

00:30:35.300 --> 00:30:38.469
QUERINO TO HIS RIGHTFUL PLACE
IN THE PANTHEON

00:30:38.536 --> 00:30:41.873
OF GREAT BRAZILIAN
INTELLECTUALS.

00:30:41.940 --> 00:30:46.511
WLAMYRA HAS BROUGHT ME
TO BAHIA'S GEOGRAPHIC
AND HISTORICAL INSTITUTE,

00:30:46.578 --> 00:30:51.449
WHICH HOUSES FIRST EDITIONS
OF QUERINO'S WRITINGS.

00:30:51.516 --> 00:30:54.419
DO YOU HAVE
A FAVORITE PASSAGE
OF QUERINO THAT U LIKE?

00:30:54.485 --> 00:30:58.356
YES. I'LL HAVE A LOOK.

00:30:58.423 --> 00:30:59.624
OK.

00:30:59.691 --> 00:31:02.126
"WHOEVER READS HISTORY
WILL SEE HOW THE NATION

00:31:02.193 --> 00:31:05.930
HAS GLORIED
THROUGH THE AFRICANS
IT IMPORTED."

00:31:05.997 --> 00:31:08.199
OH. THE GLORY OF AFRICA.

00:31:08.266 --> 00:31:10.201
THIS MAKES ME FEEL
REALLY GOOD.

00:31:10.268 --> 00:31:12.237
IT MAKES ME FEEL
A PART OF SOMETHING

00:31:12.303 --> 00:31:13.838
THAT SHOULD BE
CELEBRATED,

00:31:13.905 --> 00:31:16.474
NOT SOMETHING I SHOULD
FEEL ASHAMED OF.

00:31:16.541 --> 00:31:18.643
SO YOU'RE VERY PROUD
OF THE BLACK--

00:31:18.710 --> 00:31:21.779
YES. I'M VERY PROUD
TO BE BLACK IN BRAZIL.

00:31:21.846 --> 00:31:24.382
YEAH.

00:31:24.449 --> 00:31:27.018
Gates, voice-over:
QUERINO DIED IN 1923,

00:31:27.085 --> 00:31:29.821
HIS IDEAS LARGELY IGNORED.

00:31:32.991 --> 00:31:35.593
THE CREATION OF BRAZIL'S
OFFICIAL IDENTITY

00:31:35.660 --> 00:31:37.895
AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S
FIRST TRULY MIXED,

00:31:37.962 --> 00:31:43.101
SUPPOSEDLY RACIST-FREE NATIONS,
PROUD OF ITS AFRICAN HERITAGE

00:31:43.167 --> 00:31:46.504
IS CREDITED TO A WHITE SCHOLAR.

00:31:46.571 --> 00:31:49.807
I'VE COME TO PERNAMBUCO,
NORTH OF BAHIA,

00:31:49.874 --> 00:31:55.413
THE HOME STATE OF BRAZIL'S
MOST FAMOUS INTELLECTUAL
GILBERTO FREYRE.

00:31:55.480 --> 00:31:57.815
EVEN THE AIRPORT
IS NAMED AFTER HIM.

00:32:03.388 --> 00:32:07.225
BORN IN 1900,
FREYRE SPENT MUCH OF HIS BOYHOOD

00:32:07.292 --> 00:32:11.062
ON A SUGAR PLANTATION OWNED
BY HIS MOTHER'S RELATIVES.

00:32:18.503 --> 00:32:23.174
IN HIS CLASSIC WORK
"MASTERS AND SLAVES,"
PUBLISHED IN 1933,

00:32:23.241 --> 00:32:24.876
FREYRE ARGUED
THAT RACE RELATIONS

00:32:24.942 --> 00:32:30.815
ON BRAZILIAN PLANTATIONS
WERE FAR MORE FLUID THAN
IN THE UNITED STATES.

00:32:30.882 --> 00:32:33.117
PORTUGUESE MASTERS WERE
MORE WILLING TO HAVE

00:32:33.184 --> 00:32:37.722
OPEN, EXTENDED SEXUAL RELATIONS
AND TO FATHER CHILDREN

00:32:37.789 --> 00:32:39.924
WITH THEIR SLAVES.

00:32:39.991 --> 00:32:43.294
ACCORDING TO FREYRE,
THIS OPEN RACIAL MIXING

00:32:43.361 --> 00:32:47.665
CREATED A SOCIETY LARGELY FREE
OF THE DEEP RACIAL ANIMOSITY

00:32:47.732 --> 00:32:50.835
FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES,
WHERE SEXUAL RELATIONS

00:32:50.902 --> 00:32:55.006
BETWEEN MASTERS AND SLAVES
WERE ILLICIT, FURTIVE,

00:32:55.073 --> 00:32:57.475
AND FROWNED UPON.

00:32:57.542 --> 00:33:01.479
IN THIS PASSAGE, FREYRE
SAYS THAT BLACK BRAZILIANS

00:33:01.546 --> 00:33:05.049
AND WHITE BRAZILIANS
ARE INEXTRICABLY INTERTWINED,

00:33:05.116 --> 00:33:07.685
THAT IN EFFECT
THEY CREATE EACH OTHER.

00:33:07.752 --> 00:33:09.053
LISTEN TO THIS.

00:33:09.120 --> 00:33:11.956
"EVERY BRAZILIAN,
EVEN THE LIGHT-SKINNED,
FAIR-HAIRED ONE,

00:33:12.023 --> 00:33:14.192
"CARRIES ABOUT HIM ON HIS SOUL

00:33:14.258 --> 00:33:16.594
"WHEN NOT ON SOUL
AND BODY ALIKE

00:33:16.661 --> 00:33:20.098
"THE SHADOW OR AT LEAST
THE BIRTHMARK

00:33:20.164 --> 00:33:23.201
"OF THE ABORIGINE
OR THE NEGRO.

00:33:23.267 --> 00:33:25.636
"IN OUR AFFECTIONS,
OUR EXCESSIVE MIMICRY,

00:33:25.703 --> 00:33:28.773
"OUR CATHOLICISM,
WHICH SO DELIGHTS THE SENSES,

00:33:28.840 --> 00:33:32.744
"OUR MUSIC, OUR GAIT,
OUR SPEECH, OUR CRADLE SONGS,

00:33:32.810 --> 00:33:37.882
"IN EVERYTHING THAT IS
A SINCERE EXPRESSION
OF OUR LIVES,

00:33:37.949 --> 00:33:42.787
WE ALMOST ALL OF US BEAR
THE MARK OF THAT INFLUENCE."

00:33:42.854 --> 00:33:47.425
CAN YOU IMAGINE HOW THIS PLAYED
IN AMERICA IN 1933

00:33:47.492 --> 00:33:49.594
UNDER JIM CROW SEGREGATION?

00:33:49.660 --> 00:33:53.531
IT MUST HAVE SHOCKED
THEM TO DEATH.

00:33:58.603 --> 00:34:02.106
YOU DON'T HAVE TO AGREE
WITH FREYRE'S VIEW
OF PLANTATION LIFE,

00:34:02.173 --> 00:34:06.210
WHICH TODAY SEEMS
RATHER NAÏVE ABOUT RAPE
AND SEXUAL COERCION,

00:34:06.277 --> 00:34:09.647
TO RECOGNIZE THE ASTONISHING
IMPACT THAT HIS THESIS HAD

00:34:09.714 --> 00:34:12.116
ON BRAZIL'S
OFFICIAL IMAGE OF ITSELF.

00:34:16.421 --> 00:34:20.691
FREYRE LIVED IN THIS HOUSE
IN RECIFE BETWEEN 1940

00:34:20.758 --> 00:34:23.594
AND HIS DEATH IN 1987.

00:34:28.766 --> 00:34:30.401
GEE. WOW.
LOOK AT THIS.

00:34:30.468 --> 00:34:35.239
YEAH. SOME, UH--
SOME MEDALS OF HONORS.

00:34:35.306 --> 00:34:36.874
AND THE FIRST EDITION OF...

00:34:38.910 --> 00:34:40.011
WHEW!

00:34:40.077 --> 00:34:41.078
PORTUGUESE
FIRST EDITION.

00:34:41.145 --> 00:34:42.980
MMM.

00:34:43.047 --> 00:34:44.449
1933.

00:34:44.515 --> 00:34:46.851
HMM.

00:34:46.918 --> 00:34:48.586
Gates, voice-over:
FREYRE'S GRANDSON BELIEVES

00:34:48.653 --> 00:34:51.389
THAT HIS WORK IS THE KEY
TO UNDERSTANDING

00:34:51.456 --> 00:34:55.092
CONTEMPORARY
BRAZILIAN RACE RELATIONS.

00:34:55.159 --> 00:34:58.396
Translator: THIS IS
THE GREAT CREATING SPACE
FOR GILBERTO FREYRE.

00:34:58.463 --> 00:35:00.131
THIS IS WHERE
HE'D WORK.

00:35:00.198 --> 00:35:02.133
HE'D SIT ON THIS CHAIR
AND WRITE,

00:35:02.200 --> 00:35:05.470
SURROUNDED BY HIS WORKS.

00:35:05.536 --> 00:35:10.074
HOW DO YOU THINK ATTITUDES
TOWARD BLACK PEOPLE

00:35:10.141 --> 00:35:13.978
IN BRAZIL CHANGED
AFTER YOUR GRANDFATHER'S
BOOK WAS PUBLISHED?

00:35:14.045 --> 00:35:16.581
Translator: I THINK THAT
"MASTERS AND SLAVES"

00:35:16.647 --> 00:35:18.850
WAS A REAL
TURNING POINT,

00:35:18.916 --> 00:35:22.019
A RUPTURE WHICH OCCURRED
IN BRAZIL IN THE 1930s

00:35:22.086 --> 00:35:23.888
WHEN THE BOOK
WAS PUBLISHED.

00:35:26.624 --> 00:35:28.459
GILBERTO RAISES
THE BRAZILIAN BLACKS

00:35:28.526 --> 00:35:31.162
TO THE SAME
CULTURAL STANDING
AS THE PORTUGUESE,

00:35:31.229 --> 00:35:33.197
WHO CAME HERE
TO BUILD BRAZIL.

00:35:36.300 --> 00:35:41.038
HE PUTS THE PORTUGUESE
AND THE BLACKS
ON THE SAME LEVEL.

00:35:41.105 --> 00:35:43.341
HE SAYS BRAZIL
ONLY BECAME BRAZIL

00:35:43.407 --> 00:35:46.611
WHEN AFRICAN CULTURE
BECAME CULTURALLY
MISCEGENATED

00:35:46.677 --> 00:35:50.248
AND STARTED
TO CONTRIBUTE
TO BRAZILIAN UNITY.

00:35:52.517 --> 00:35:56.787
I DON'T THINK WE HAVE SOLVED
THE RACIAL QUESTION,

00:35:56.854 --> 00:36:01.125
BUT I THINK THAT WE ARE
MORE ADVANCED

00:36:01.192 --> 00:36:05.363
IN SOLVING THE RACIAL QUESTION
THAN ANY OTHER COMMUNITY

00:36:05.429 --> 00:36:07.298
IN THE WORLD THAT I KNOW OF.

00:36:07.365 --> 00:36:09.333
[DRUMS PLAYING]

00:36:12.169 --> 00:36:15.106
Gates: BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENTS
SINCE THE 1930s

00:36:15.172 --> 00:36:18.442
HAVE DRAWN UPON FREYRE'S IDEAS
TO UNIFY BRAZIL'S

00:36:18.509 --> 00:36:20.711
MULTIETHNIC SOCIETY.

00:36:24.549 --> 00:36:26.417
BRAZIL'S POLICY OF WHITENING

00:36:26.484 --> 00:36:28.920
WAS REPLACED
WITH A NEW IDEOLOGY,

00:36:28.986 --> 00:36:31.756
WHICH FREYRE CALLED
RACIAL DEMOCRACY.

00:36:35.459 --> 00:36:38.696
THE MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE
OF CARNAVAL BECAME BRAZIL'S

00:36:38.763 --> 00:36:41.032
NEW METAPHOR FOR ITSELF.

00:36:47.505 --> 00:36:50.808
[MUSIC PLAYING]

00:36:50.875 --> 00:36:54.812
TO THIS DAY, BRAZIL PROMOTES
ITSELF AS A UNIQUE,

00:36:54.879 --> 00:36:57.281
TRULY MULTICULTURAL NATION,

00:36:57.348 --> 00:37:01.419
BLESSEDLY FREE OF THE RACISM
THAT HAUNTS THE UNITED STATES.

00:37:01.485 --> 00:37:03.487
[CHEERING]

00:37:08.426 --> 00:37:10.094
BUT ON MY JOURNEY
THROUGH BRAZIL,

00:37:10.161 --> 00:37:13.631
I'VE BEGUN TO SENSE
THAT THE REALITY
OF RACE RELATIONS

00:37:13.698 --> 00:37:17.969
IS FAR MORE COMPLICATED
THAN THIS ROMANTIC STORY
WOULD HAVE IT,

00:37:18.035 --> 00:37:21.539
AS APPEALING
AS I FIND IT TO BE.

00:37:21.606 --> 00:37:25.610
I'VE COME RIO DE JANEIRO,
BRAZIL'S MOST ICONIC CITY

00:37:25.676 --> 00:37:29.513
AND ITS CULTURAL
AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL.

00:37:29.580 --> 00:37:33.451
I'VE COME HERE TO MEET BRAZIL'S
FIRST BLACK FEMALE SUPERSTAR,

00:37:33.517 --> 00:37:38.022
THE ACTOR WHO 35 YEARS AGO
PLAYED THE TITLE ROLE

00:37:38.089 --> 00:37:40.691
IN THE FILM OF THE LIFE
OF CHICA DA SILVA.

00:37:40.758 --> 00:37:42.593
HELLO.
HELLO.

00:37:42.660 --> 00:37:44.228
GOOD MORNING.
HOW ARE YOU?

00:37:44.295 --> 00:37:46.197
Gates, voice-over: CHICA IS
THE SYMBOL OF THE ROOTS

00:37:46.263 --> 00:37:48.099
OF BRAZIL'S RACIAL DEMOCRACY

00:37:48.165 --> 00:37:50.901
AND ITS HISTORY
OF RACIAL MIXING.

00:37:50.968 --> 00:37:53.070
YOU HAVE
A BEAUTIFUL,
BEAUTIFUL PLACE.

00:37:53.137 --> 00:37:54.338
THANK YOU.
MY GOD.

00:37:54.405 --> 00:37:55.706
Gates, voice-over:
BUT THE REALITY FOR THE ACTRESS

00:37:55.773 --> 00:38:00.077
WHO PLAYED HER
WAS QUITE DIFFERENT.

00:38:00.144 --> 00:38:02.013
Translator: THE PRODUCER
DIDN'T WANT ME

00:38:02.079 --> 00:38:05.316
TO DO THE FILM BECAUSE
HE THOUGHT I WAS TOO UGLY.

00:38:09.387 --> 00:38:12.223
UNTIL VERY RECENTLY
IN BRAZIL,

00:38:12.289 --> 00:38:15.459
BLACK PEOPLE WERE
ALL CONSIDERED UGLY.

00:38:18.596 --> 00:38:20.798
Gates, voice-over: OF COURSE
ZEZÉ MOTTA GOT THE PART,

00:38:20.865 --> 00:38:23.934
BUT EVEN WITH HER NEW STATUS,
SHE PAINFULLY LEARNED

00:38:24.001 --> 00:38:30.641
THAT THE IDEA THAT BRAZIL
WAS FREE OF RACISM RANG HOLLOW.

00:38:30.708 --> 00:38:33.344
AFTER THE FILM,
I WAS CONSIDERED

00:38:33.411 --> 00:38:36.814
A BRAZILIAN SEX SYMBOL
BECAUSE THE CHARACTER

00:38:36.881 --> 00:38:42.153
BECAME VERY PRESENT
IN THE MALE IMAGINATION.

00:38:42.219 --> 00:38:44.922
AT THIS TIME,
THERE WOULD NEVER BE
A BLACK PERSON

00:38:44.989 --> 00:38:47.124
ON THE COVER
OF THE BIG MAGAZINES

00:38:47.191 --> 00:38:50.828
BECAUSE THEY WOULD SAY,
"THE COVER SELLS."

00:38:50.895 --> 00:38:54.865
BUT AS I HAD BECOME
THE QUEEN, THE SEX SYMBOL,

00:38:54.932 --> 00:38:57.935
AN IMPORTANT MAGAZINE
PUT ME ON THE COVER,

00:38:58.002 --> 00:39:00.805
AND SOMEONE HIGH UP
IN THE MAGAZINE SAID

00:39:00.871 --> 00:39:05.676
IF IT DIDN'T SELL
THE PERSON WHO SIGNED
IT OFF WOULD BE FIRED.

00:39:15.352 --> 00:39:19.056
"CHICA DA SILVA"
BROUGHT ME INTO ACTIVISM.

00:39:19.123 --> 00:39:23.461
I'M AN ACTIVIST,
A FERVENT ACTIVIST
FOR THE BLACK MOVEMENT.

00:39:26.597 --> 00:39:30.835
I TRAVELED
TO 16 COUNTRIES
PROMOTING THE FILM,

00:39:30.901 --> 00:39:36.006
INCLUDING THE U.S.,
AND WHEN I GOT BACK,
I BEGAN TO THINK,

00:39:36.073 --> 00:39:39.643
"WHERE IS EVERYBODY?"

00:39:39.710 --> 00:39:43.214
THERE WERE SO FEW
BLACK ACTORS IN THE MEDIA.

00:39:43.280 --> 00:39:46.751
I THINK THE COUNTRY HAS
A DEBT TO BLACK PEOPLE

00:39:46.817 --> 00:39:49.920
AND NEEDS TO BE CORRECTED
SO THAT BRAZIL CAN

00:39:49.987 --> 00:39:52.623
REHABILITATE ITSELF
FOR BLACKS.

00:40:00.030 --> 00:40:02.500
Gates: WHEN YOU LOOK AROUND
THE WEALTHIER PARTS OF RIO,

00:40:02.566 --> 00:40:07.171
YOU CAN'T HELP BUT WONDER
IF ANYTHING REALLY HAS CHANGED.

00:40:07.238 --> 00:40:09.206
VERY FEW BLACK FACES HERE.

00:40:12.610 --> 00:40:16.013
AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE COVERS
OF MAGAZINES AT ANY NEWSSTAND,

00:40:16.080 --> 00:40:21.952
YOU NOTICE THE SAME PREJUDICE
EXPERIENCED BY ZEZÉ MOTTA.

00:40:22.019 --> 00:40:26.624
YOU'D NEVER KNOW THAT
THIS NEWSSTAND WAS IN BRAZIL.

00:40:30.561 --> 00:40:34.398
NOTHING BUT WHITE WOMEN
ON THE COVER OF THESE MAGAZINES.

00:40:49.446 --> 00:40:52.283
YOU FEEL THE PRESENCE
OF AFRO-BRAZILIANS MOST

00:40:52.349 --> 00:40:54.819
IN THE POOREST NEIGHBORHOODS
IN RIO.

00:41:00.291 --> 00:41:02.126
I'VE COME TO THE CITY OF GOD,

00:41:02.193 --> 00:41:04.795
ONE OF RIO'S
MOST INFAMOUS FAVELAS,

00:41:04.862 --> 00:41:07.598
TO SEE WHAT LIFE IS REALLY LIKE
FOR FAR TOO MANY

00:41:07.665 --> 00:41:11.735
OF BRAZIL'S 75 MILLION PEOPLE
OF AFRICAN DESCENT.

00:41:20.010 --> 00:41:21.679
ADEUS.

00:41:21.745 --> 00:41:23.581
MV BILL SHOULD KNOW.

00:41:23.647 --> 00:41:27.017
HE'S LIVED HERE ALL HIS LIFE.

00:41:27.084 --> 00:41:29.386
HE'S BRAZIL'S
MOST FAMOUS RAPPER.

00:41:35.159 --> 00:41:36.393
WHY DO YOU LIVE HERE?

00:41:36.460 --> 00:41:39.096
IN AMERICA, HIP-HOP STARS,
SOON AS THEY CAN,

00:41:39.163 --> 00:41:40.831
THEY MOVE
TO BEVERLY HILLS.

00:41:40.898 --> 00:41:43.300
HA HA HA!

00:41:43.367 --> 00:41:45.102
THEY SAY,
"CITY OF GOD, BYE-BYE."

00:41:45.169 --> 00:41:48.405
HA HA HA!

00:41:48.472 --> 00:41:50.007
[SPEAKS PORTUGUESE]

00:41:50.074 --> 00:41:52.543
Translator: I DON'T
CONDEMN THOSE
WHO MAKE MONEY,

00:41:52.610 --> 00:41:55.412
LEAVE THE GHETTO,
AND GO TO LIVE
SOMEWHERE ELSE,

00:41:55.479 --> 00:41:57.314
BUT MY THING
WITH THE CITY OF GOD

00:41:57.381 --> 00:42:00.718
IS DIFFERENT.

00:42:00.784 --> 00:42:03.220
LIVING HERE IS PART
OF MY IDENTITY.

00:42:05.489 --> 00:42:06.924
MM-HMM.

00:42:06.991 --> 00:42:09.460
IS EVERYBODY HERE BLACK?

00:42:09.526 --> 00:42:11.662
THE MAJORITY.

00:42:11.729 --> 00:42:12.863
THE MAJORITY, YEAH.

00:42:12.930 --> 00:42:14.965
THE CITY OF GOD IS
CONSIDERED ONE

00:42:15.032 --> 00:42:18.435
OF THE BLACKEST
NEIGHBORHOODS
IN RIO DE JANEIRO,

00:42:18.502 --> 00:42:20.804
BUT EVEN HERE
IN A BLACK NEIGHBORHOOD,

00:42:20.871 --> 00:42:23.540
IT IS A SMALLER POPULATION
OF LIGHTER PEOPLE

00:42:23.607 --> 00:42:26.644
WHO HAVE THE BEST
OPPORTUNITIES IN LIFE.

00:42:26.710 --> 00:42:29.780
IN BRAZIL, WE ARE NOT
ALLOWED TO TALK ABOUT THIS.

00:42:29.847 --> 00:42:33.317
WE HAVE TO LIVE
IN A RACIAL DEMOCRACY
THAT DOESN'T EXIST.

00:42:33.384 --> 00:42:37.922
THERE IS NO EQUALITY.

00:42:37.988 --> 00:42:40.424
WHEN I LANDED
IN BRAZIL,

00:42:40.491 --> 00:42:43.460
I FIRST WENT
TO BAHIA,

00:42:43.527 --> 00:42:47.498
AND I THOUGHT,
"THIS BRAZIL IS A LAND
OF THE BROWN PEOPLE."

00:42:47.564 --> 00:42:48.666
UH-HUH.

00:42:48.732 --> 00:42:52.236
BUT WHEN I GO
TO HOTELS, RESTAURANTS,

00:42:52.303 --> 00:42:57.141
LOOK AT MAGAZINE
NO BLACK PEOPLE. HA HA HA!

00:42:57.207 --> 00:42:58.776
ME. I'M THE ONLY
BLACK ONE.

00:42:58.842 --> 00:43:00.477
WHEN I GOT TO THE HOTELS,
I LOOK LIKE--

00:43:00.544 --> 00:43:03.814
YOU, BECAUSE OF YOUR
SOCIAL STANDING,

00:43:03.881 --> 00:43:07.718
BECAUSE OF THE PLACES
YOU ARE ABLE TO VISIT
IN BAHIA,

00:43:07.785 --> 00:43:11.522
THERE WILL BE MANY
PLACES WHERE YOU WILL BE
THE ONLY BLACK MAN,

00:43:11.588 --> 00:43:13.857
AND YOU COULD STILL
BE BADLY TREATED.

00:43:13.924 --> 00:43:16.427
SO HAVE YOU BEEN
TREATED BAD?

00:43:16.493 --> 00:43:20.764
MANY TIMES
BEFORE, DURING,
AND AFTER FAME.

00:43:20.831 --> 00:43:23.701
WHY IS BRAZIL
SO RACIST

00:43:23.767 --> 00:43:29.773
WHEN IT'S THE SECOND LARGEST
BLACK NATION IN THE WORLD
AFTER NIGERIA?

00:43:29.840 --> 00:43:33.243
BRAZIL WAS ONE
OF THE LAST COUNTRIES
TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.

00:43:37.948 --> 00:43:39.883
AND SINCE THEN,
WE HAVE LIVED

00:43:39.950 --> 00:43:43.354
UNDER THE MYTH
OF A RACIAL DEMOCRACY,

00:43:43.420 --> 00:43:47.024
BUT THIS DEMOCRACY
IS EXPOSED AS A LIE
WHEN WE LOOK

00:43:47.091 --> 00:43:50.394
AT THE COLOR
OF THE PEOPLE
WHO LIVE IN FAVELAS,

00:43:50.461 --> 00:43:52.930
THE COLOR OF THE PEOPLE
WHO ARE IN PRISON,

00:43:52.997 --> 00:43:57.501
THE COLOR OF MOST
OF THE PEOPLE
WHO LIVE FROM CRIME.

00:43:57.568 --> 00:44:00.004
PEOPLE WILL TELL YOU
THAT OUR PROBLEM
IN BRAZIL

00:44:00.070 --> 00:44:03.273
IS AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM,
A SOCIAL PROBLEM,

00:44:03.340 --> 00:44:05.743
ANYTHING EXCEPT RACIAL.

00:44:05.809 --> 00:44:09.313
IT CAN NEVER BE RACIAL,
BUT IT IS.

00:44:12.750 --> 00:44:15.652
Gates, voice-over:
LISTENING TO MV BILL
MAKES ME SEE BRAZIL

00:44:15.719 --> 00:44:20.190
IN A RADICALLY DIFFERENT WAY.

00:44:20.257 --> 00:44:22.826
BRAZIL NEVER HAD
FORMAL SEGREGATION,

00:44:22.893 --> 00:44:27.798
AND ANY FORM OF OFFICIAL RACISM
WAS MADE ILLEGAL 70 YEARS AGO...

00:44:30.901 --> 00:44:35.239
BUT IT ALSO HAS NEVER HAD
A MASSIVE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

00:44:35.305 --> 00:44:38.375
COULD IT BE THAT THE ILLUSION
OF RACIAL DEMOCRACY PREVENTED

00:44:38.442 --> 00:44:41.645
SUCH A MOVEMENT FROM DEVELOPING?

00:44:41.712 --> 00:44:46.350
WAS RACIAL DEMOCRACY
EVER ANYTHING MORE
THAN OFFICIAL PROPAGANDA

00:44:46.417 --> 00:44:51.955
INTENDED TO KEEP BLACK PEOPLE
IN THEIR PLACE?

00:44:52.022 --> 00:44:55.759
I'VE COME TO ASK A MAN
WHO HAS BEEN FIGHTING
FOR BLACK RIGHTS

00:44:55.826 --> 00:44:59.496
FOR 3/4 OF A CENTURY.

00:44:59.563 --> 00:45:05.436
AGE 96, ABDIAS NASCIMENTO
IS A WRITER, A PAINTER,

00:45:05.502 --> 00:45:08.272
A PROFESSOR,
AND WAS ONCE A SENATOR.

00:45:08.338 --> 00:45:12.443
HE'S BRAZIL'S GREATEST
BLACK ACTIVIST AND INTELLECTUAL.

00:45:12.509 --> 00:45:14.111
WHAT AN HONOR.
THANK YOU.

00:45:14.178 --> 00:45:16.113
THANK YOU SO MUCH
FOR SEEING ME.

00:45:18.482 --> 00:45:20.851
I'VE WANTED TO ASK YOU
FOR A LONG TIME

00:45:20.918 --> 00:45:23.620
HAS BRAZIL EVER TRULY
HAD RACIAL DEMOCRACY

00:45:23.687 --> 00:45:26.623
LIKE IT HAS ALWAYS
CLAIMED TO BE

00:45:26.690 --> 00:45:29.226
AND IF IT'S
A RACIAL DEMOCRACY TODAY?

00:45:29.293 --> 00:45:30.727
[SPEAKING PORTUGUESE]

00:45:30.794 --> 00:45:32.129
Translator:
THIS IS A JOKE

00:45:32.196 --> 00:45:34.131
WHICH HAS BEEN BUILT UP
SINCE BRAZIL

00:45:34.198 --> 00:45:36.934
WAS DISCOVERED,
AND BRAZIL LIKES

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:41.805
TO SPREAD THIS
AROUND THE WORLD.

00:45:41.872 --> 00:45:46.677
IT'S A HUGE LIE,
AND THE BLACK PEOPLE
KNOW THIS.

00:45:46.743 --> 00:45:50.247
THE BLACK PEOPLE FEEL
IN THEIR FLESH THE LIE

00:45:50.314 --> 00:45:53.750
WHICH IS
RACIAL DEMOCRACY
IN THIS COUNTRY.

00:45:53.817 --> 00:45:56.820
YOU JUST HAVE TO LOOK
AT A BLACK FAMILY--

00:45:56.887 --> 00:45:58.355
WHERE DO THEY LIVE?

00:45:58.422 --> 00:46:02.292
TO THE BLACK CHILDREN--
HOW ARE THEY EDUCATED?

00:46:02.359 --> 00:46:07.498
YOU WILL SEE THAT IT'S
ALL A LIE.

00:46:07.564 --> 00:46:12.069
YOU MUST UNDERSTAND
THAT I AM SAYING THIS
WITH PROFOUND HATRED,

00:46:12.136 --> 00:46:19.576
PROFOUND BITTERNESS
OF THE WAY BLACK PEOPLE
ARE TREATED IN BRAZIL

00:46:19.643 --> 00:46:22.479
BECAUSE IT'S SHAMEFUL
THAT A COUNTRY

00:46:22.546 --> 00:46:26.783
WHICH HAS A MAJORITY
OF BLACKS,

00:46:26.850 --> 00:46:29.286
A MAJORITY WHO BUILT
THIS COUNTRY

00:46:29.353 --> 00:46:31.922
SHOULD REMAIN
UP TO THIS DAY

00:46:31.989 --> 00:46:34.758
AS SECOND-CLASS
CITIZENS.

00:46:38.195 --> 00:46:39.596
ARE YOU OPTIMISTIC
ABOUT THE FUTURE

00:46:39.663 --> 00:46:43.333
OF RACE RELATIONS
IN BRAZIL?

00:46:43.400 --> 00:46:45.269
IF I WEREN'T
AN OPTIMIST,

00:46:45.335 --> 00:46:49.206
I'D HAVE KILLED MYSELF.

00:46:49.273 --> 00:46:52.843
THIS ACTION
IS SO REPETITIVE,

00:46:52.910 --> 00:46:58.815
THIS THING THAT HAS
BEEN GOING ON
FOR 500 YEARS.

00:46:58.882 --> 00:47:01.251
SO IF I WEREN'T
AN OPTIMIST,

00:47:01.318 --> 00:47:03.854
I WOULD HAVE
HUNG MYSELF.

00:47:14.398 --> 00:47:15.799
Gates: THE HOPES
OF AFRO-BRAZILIANS

00:47:15.866 --> 00:47:20.103
FOR PROFOUND CHANGES
IN RACE RELATIONS REST IN PART

00:47:20.170 --> 00:47:22.739
WITH THE COUNTRY'S UNIVERSITIES.

00:47:22.806 --> 00:47:26.977
IN 2003, THE STATE UNIVERSITY
OF RIO DE JANEIRO BECAME

00:47:27.044 --> 00:47:30.280
THE FIRST EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTION IN THE COUNTRY

00:47:30.347 --> 00:47:35.686
TO INTRODUCE BRAZIL'S VERSION
OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION.

00:47:35.752 --> 00:47:38.655
IT DECLARED THAT 20%
OF ITS PLACES WOULD BE

00:47:38.722 --> 00:47:40.857
SET ASIDE FOR BLACK STUDENTS.

00:48:10.520 --> 00:48:14.057
OTHER PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
HAVE ALSO ADOPTED
THE QUOTA SYSTEM,

00:48:14.124 --> 00:48:16.426
SOME AT EVEN HIGHER PROPORTIONS,

00:48:16.493 --> 00:48:21.565
UP TO 40% FOR POOR
AND BLACK APPLICANTS.

00:48:21.632 --> 00:48:24.768
GUARANTEEING A SET NUMBER
OF PLACES FOR BLACK STUDENTS

00:48:24.835 --> 00:48:27.304
IS STILL HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL.

00:49:14.484 --> 00:49:18.322
CRITICS SAY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
ONLY INCREASES RACIAL TENSION

00:49:18.388 --> 00:49:21.792
BY FORCING BRAZILIANS
TO ASSERT THEIR RACIAL IDENTITY

00:49:21.858 --> 00:49:25.996
IN A COUNTRY WHERE COLOR
IS SUPPOSED TO BE IRRELEVANT,

00:49:26.063 --> 00:49:29.700
BUT SUPPORTERS SAY IT'S
THE ONLY WAY BLACK BRAZILIANS

00:49:29.766 --> 00:49:33.403
WILL EVER BECOME LAWYERS,
DOCTORS, AND PROFESSORS

00:49:33.470 --> 00:49:36.606
IN PROPORTION TO THEIR
PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION

00:49:36.673 --> 00:49:39.543
AND THIS WILL BE THE FIRST STEP
ON THE LONG ROAD

00:49:39.609 --> 00:49:42.179
TO TRUE SOCIAL EQUALITY.

00:49:42.245 --> 00:49:44.381
THE CLASS FROM 1966
AT YALE UNIVERSITY

00:49:44.448 --> 00:49:46.717
HAD 6 BLACK MEN TO GRADUATE.

00:49:46.783 --> 00:49:51.955
THE CLASS THAT ENTERED
WITH ME 3 YEARS LATER HAD
96 BLACK MEN AND WOMEN,

00:49:52.022 --> 00:49:53.790
ALL BECAUSE
OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION.

00:49:53.857 --> 00:49:57.160
WITHOUT AFFIRMATIVE ACTION,
I WOULD NEVER HAVE GONE TO YALE.

00:49:57.227 --> 00:50:00.731
WITHOUT AFFIRMATIVE ACTION,
BARACK OBAMA WOULDN'T HAVE
GOTTEN INTO COLUMBIA

00:50:00.797 --> 00:50:04.000
AND WOULDN'T HAVE GOTTEN
INTO HARVARD LAW SCHOOL.

00:50:04.067 --> 00:50:10.207
BRAZIL'S ONLY HOPE
FOR ACHIEVING ITS VISION
OF RACIAL DEMOCRACY

00:50:10.273 --> 00:50:13.744
IS THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION
OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION.

00:50:29.526 --> 00:50:32.462
FOR DECADES, BRAZIL HAS LIVED
WITH THE MYTH

00:50:32.529 --> 00:50:35.399
THAT IT WAS A RACIAL PARADISE.

00:50:35.465 --> 00:50:37.467
BLACK BRAZILIANS WERE TOLD
THAT THERE WAS NO NEED

00:50:37.534 --> 00:50:44.207
TO DEMAND EQUAL RIGHTS
BECAUSE OFFICIALLY
RACISM DIDN'T EXIST,

00:50:44.274 --> 00:50:47.911
BUT IT TAKES MORE
THAN THE REPETITION
OF A COLORFUL PHRASE

00:50:47.978 --> 00:50:52.315
TO WIPE OUT THE LEGACY
OF ALMOST 500 YEARS OF SLAVERY

00:50:52.382 --> 00:50:55.285
AND A CENTURY
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION.

00:51:03.059 --> 00:51:08.331
BY FINALLY ACKNOWLEDGING
THAT RACISM DOES EXIST
AND ALWAYS HAS,

00:51:08.398 --> 00:51:14.971
BRAZIL IS FINALLY EMBARKING
ON THE ROAD TO ACHIEVING
GENUINE RACIAL DEMOCRACY.

00:51:19.976 --> 00:51:22.212
ON MY JOURNEY THROUGH BRAZIL,
I WANTED TO SEE

00:51:22.279 --> 00:51:25.182
HOW RACIALLY MIXED
THIS COUNTRY TRULY IS,

00:51:25.248 --> 00:51:29.219
SO I ASKED EACH
OF MY INTERVIEWEES
TO TAKE A DNA TEST,

00:51:29.286 --> 00:51:32.789
WHICH WOULD MEASURE
THEIR RACIAL ANCESTRY.

00:51:32.856 --> 00:51:34.825
IT'S NOT
A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE,

00:51:34.891 --> 00:51:38.762
BUT THE RESULTS ARE
QUITE STRIKING.

00:51:38.829 --> 00:51:41.798
PROFESSOR JOÃO REIS
MIGHT LOOK WHITE,

00:51:41.865 --> 00:51:47.838
BUT IT TURNS OUT
THAT HE'S 10