00:06:29.130 --> 00:06:30.180
– Ask her to leave.

00:06:30.200 --> 00:06:32.500
– I saw Isa coming here now, I'll ask her...

00:06:33.710 --> 00:06:36.520
– When Isa is downstairs, I'll ask her to hand it to...

00:06:36.729 --> 00:06:38.731
– To Sileide.

00:06:38.731 --> 00:06:40.000
– Perfect.

00:06:40.733 --> 00:06:42.735
– I also have few things...

00:06:42.735 --> 00:06:43.450
– Ok.

00:06:44.500 --> 00:06:45.446
– Anything you need, I'll be there.

00:06:52.300 --> 00:06:53.300
– Dear, how are you?

00:06:54.080 --> 00:06:56.749
– Hi. I’ve got it already,
thank you very much, huh!?

00:06:56.749 --> 00:07:02.797
– Well, Gabi, have you gone through
that article I've sent you from the Spanish guy?

00:07:05.400 --> 00:07:08.200
– Oh, I haven’t.

00:07:09.300 --> 00:07:12.890
– But, I am sure to have sent you the article!

00:07:15.935 --> 00:07:20.565
– Take a look at it, because
it's something really,... really,..... really…

00:07:20.898 --> 00:07:26.279
...and he continues. The first American is a Siberian hunter...

00:07:26.279 --> 00:07:32.368
...that in the interglacial period came to the United States through strait of Bering.

00:07:32.368 --> 00:07:34.450
– No, no. It happens...

00:07:35.060 --> 00:07:37.000
– It happens that I wanted you to read,

00:07:37.081 --> 00:07:40.501
everything he wrote on it,
because there are some issues...

00:07:46.174 --> 00:07:51.387
In 1963, I worked at
the University of São Paulo

00:07:51.387 --> 00:07:54.515
at the Ipiranga Museum,
I organized an exhibition

00:07:54.515 --> 00:07:57.602
about cave paintings in Brazil

00:07:57.602 --> 00:08:00.980
and in that ocasion, the only ones
known were from Minas Gerais.

00:08:00.980 --> 00:08:06.527
So, someone who came to visit told me that...
It was on May 1963,

00:08:06.527 --> 00:08:10.531
that person asked to
talk to the one in charge

00:08:10.531 --> 00:08:13.201
I was called there, he
showed some pictures and said:

00:08:13.201 --> 00:08:17.205
"Look, very close to my town, there are
also these kinds of native indians drawings".

00:08:17.205 --> 00:08:20.000
I looked at the photos and noticed that the drawings were completely

00:08:20.030 --> 00:08:21.459
different from those found in Minas,

00:08:21.459 --> 00:08:25.379
and then I asked him where they
were from, then he gave me all information.

00:08:25.379 --> 00:08:29.717
On December I had vacations,
I got my car and came straight here.

00:08:29.759 --> 00:08:32.887
However, I couldn't go forward
because it had rained a lot

00:08:32.887 --> 00:08:36.182
and a bridge along São Francisco
River bridge had fallen, right!?

00:08:37.099 --> 00:08:40.478
I went back to São Paulo, on December 1963,

00:08:40.478 --> 00:08:44.398
right after in 1964 the Military came
and I had to go away to France.

00:08:46.317 --> 00:08:50.696
When the military seized the power,
what happened at the University of São Paulo

00:08:50.696 --> 00:08:56.930
was that a lot of people that tried the
career and didn’t succeed in the public exam,

00:08:57.500 --> 00:08:59.100
they gave in the seniors professors.

00:08:59.247 --> 00:09:00.410
And I was reported too.

00:09:00.780 --> 00:09:04.000
And the one who saved me was an aunt that told his friend

00:09:04.110 --> 00:09:05.586
that I would be arrested.

00:09:05.586 --> 00:09:09.048
That I had to “flee away” from Brazil that very day.

00:09:09.048 --> 00:09:11.926
So, on that same day, my aunt
got me inside a plane and I went away,

00:09:11.926 --> 00:09:15.250
leaving back my apartment here in São Paulo. Everything back!

00:09:15.280 --> 00:09:18.530
And then, in France, since I was a French’s dad daughter

00:09:18.660 --> 00:09:25.606
I have the French citzenship wich
allowed me to work as a professor in Paris.

00:09:26.315 --> 00:09:29.694
There was a time that she got some money,

00:09:29.694 --> 00:09:36.360
so she went on vacation and
came with this money to São Paulo

00:09:36.830 --> 00:09:40.480
and she went to the Ipiranga Museum
saying that she was going to Piauí,

00:09:40.570 --> 00:09:42.873
asking if anyone wanted to go along.

00:09:42.873 --> 00:09:47.128
And...and… I accepted the
invitation so did Agda,

00:09:47.128 --> 00:09:50.298
besides she came no vehicle,

00:09:50.298 --> 00:09:52.341
just think how to carry all the material.

00:09:52.425 --> 00:09:56.554
I had a Rural Willis,
and then we went on it.

00:09:57.430 --> 00:10:01.225
That was it! Agda, she
and I left on such journey!

00:10:16.365 --> 00:10:20.828
In 1970, that was the
very first time that I got here.

00:10:21.579 --> 00:10:24.874
The road BR 020
was on the way here.

00:10:25.583 --> 00:10:29.795
And I reached there, at a
village named Várzea Grande.

00:10:29.795 --> 00:10:32.882
today, this place is known as Coronel José Dias

00:10:32.882 --> 00:10:36.761
and I arrived there and asked

00:10:36.761 --> 00:10:38.763
some people why… I said:
"Hey, I have been told that around

00:10:38.763 --> 00:10:41.932
here somewhere on the rocks there are drawings made by ‘native indians’.

00:10:57.323 --> 00:10:59.867
– Good morning, Sir, how are you doing?

00:10:59.867 --> 00:11:01.860
– Are you alright? Are you alright, ma'am?

00:11:01.860 --> 00:11:03.860
– How are you? How are you doing? Is everything fine?

00:11:03.860 --> 00:11:05.860
– Hi, how are you doing?
– Everything fine? – Everything fine.

00:11:05.860 --> 00:11:07.860
– How are you doing? – Everything fine?

00:11:07.860 --> 00:11:09.860
– Everything fine and you, ma'am?

00:11:09.860 --> 00:11:11.860
– Everything is Fine, isn't it?

00:11:21.500 --> 00:11:23.360
– We met at university in a Master Degree Program.

00:11:26.100 --> 00:11:27.360
– So, tell Dan about it.

00:11:31.030 --> 00:11:34.693
– It was very well,
everything was alright.

00:11:34.693 --> 00:11:38.280
– Damn hot and dusty.

00:11:38.280 --> 00:11:40.450
– Oh, Lord ./n A lot of hard work.

00:11:40.590 --> 00:11:43.450
– Going through dam path
is shorter than field path.

00:11:44.450 --> 00:11:46.247
– So, is there any water?

00:11:46.247 --> 00:11:49.625
– To have water,
only in the waterhole.

00:11:49.625 --> 00:11:50.376
– Oh, but, it's so far from here

00:11:50.376 --> 00:11:55.256
In 1973, Niède gets here
looking for these cave paintings.

00:11:55.256 --> 00:12:00.428
Then, she looked for Gaspar Ferreira, who was the mayor

00:12:00.428 --> 00:12:02.304
and the one who had taken her there  and said
"Nilson is the one who can inform you about this"

00:12:02.346 --> 00:12:05.683
And then in the hotel already
she stopped right there,

00:12:05.683 --> 00:12:08.102
and soon after she showed
a picture of the mountain.

00:12:08.102 --> 00:12:10.646
The mountain was named
after her “Niède Guidon"

00:12:11.520 --> 00:12:13.950
– There is also the water problem?
– Yes, there is the water problem too.

00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:16.700
Ma'am, do you know this picture, this mountain here?

00:12:17.190 --> 00:12:19.100
I know it! I was grown by
the ravines of the mountainside.

00:12:19.290 --> 00:12:21.740
– The house… the house is still there by the ravines of the mountain.

00:12:22.310 --> 00:12:25.786
In the Capivara, in the Serra da Capivara.
Then she said "I want to go there!"

00:12:25.786 --> 00:12:29.582
So, she came to Adolfina, who welcomed her, assisted her...

00:12:29.790 --> 00:12:34.920
She  said: "Mrs Adolfina, who could help me to
find someone to empty out this car?"

00:12:34.920 --> 00:12:39.300
I was standing a little far and she said
"There is this young man here ok…

00:12:39.300 --> 00:12:45.347
he came from São Paulo.
He is Strong and from the country,

00:12:45.347 --> 00:12:49.600
he might want to help.
He is handsome, isn't he?

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:53.856
Then I approached and
then she invited me.

00:12:53.856 --> 00:12:57.651
She wanted to learn my name and
I gave it to her ‘João Batistinha’.

00:12:57.651 --> 00:13:01.155
And then she asked Mr.João, could you please do me the favor to empty out this car?"

00:13:01.155 --> 00:13:07.119
I said, only if it’s now. Mr João,
do you want to join us in the field work?".

00:13:07.119 --> 00:13:09.788
"To the forest?
I said I go.

00:13:09.788 --> 00:13:14.870
– We'll, let's go, people?
It's about time, bye!

00:13:18.670 --> 00:13:24.380
Are you coming on weekend. May God be
with you! Let's go into the wild land!

00:13:34.063 --> 00:13:40.180
We took the Rural, and went together
with Durval, that was tour guide,

00:13:40.350 --> 00:13:44.740
Mrs Adolfina’s husband that knew the zone

00:13:45.950 --> 00:13:51.956
and we started our track with Rural,
driving into Serra da Capivara “stones iself”

00:13:51.956 --> 00:13:57.086
that was only blocks of rock,
and it was not a road and…

00:13:57.086 --> 00:13:59.255
everything was like a lot of sand

00:13:59.255 --> 00:14:03.509
that we needed to start the
car so quickly and go almost flying

00:14:03.509 --> 00:14:06.820
There was one grotto after
the other with cave paintings,

00:14:06.900 --> 00:14:08.764
one grotto after the other.

00:14:08.764 --> 00:14:13.769
And then we stopped by
one called Toca do Paraguaio.

00:14:57.730 --> 00:14:59.106
We climbed up here

00:14:59.106 --> 00:15:03.777
and then we first saw this wonderful rock

00:15:03.777 --> 00:15:07.573
that is the conglomerate.
It's really beautiful.

00:15:07.573 --> 00:15:12.119
It has different lights that
are reflected in a different way.

00:15:12.119 --> 00:15:15.372
I felt that it was very, very,
very beautiful and above all

00:15:15.998 --> 00:15:18.542
all the cave paintings really
impressed me too much

00:15:18.542 --> 00:15:22.463
because I could see the
technical skills they had

00:15:22.463 --> 00:15:26.050
and everything they told, behind it

00:15:26.050 --> 00:15:31.096
there must have been a civilization. And
this one very well developed intellectually

00:15:31.096 --> 00:15:34.892
since they were able to speak to us clearly.

00:15:34.892 --> 00:15:39.605
Because what is important is that when
I studied archaeology, I studied

00:15:39.605 --> 00:15:44.610
archaelogy in Paris. And there, I got a
Specialization Degree in cave painting arts

00:15:44.610 --> 00:15:50.157
and what they taught us was that
cave painting artst in America was so primitive.

00:15:50.157 --> 00:15:56.372
There was no technology, there was
no perspective. It was like a child's drawing.

00:15:56.372 --> 00:15:59.333
When we arrived here and saw this, we just said:

00:15:59.333 --> 00:16:02.670
"Look, everything is wrong.
We must start all over again, right!?"

00:16:11.553 --> 00:16:14.348
Since the beginning when she arrived

00:16:14.348 --> 00:16:16.660
she only did everything in plastic canvas,

00:16:17.101 --> 00:16:19.700
she put the plastic canvas on the walls,

00:16:20.200 --> 00:16:26.819
I helped her with the sticks,
used to hold the canvas.

00:16:26.819 --> 00:16:29.780
They with brushes,

00:16:30.447 --> 00:16:35.452
painted on the top the drawing
under the canvas and then

00:16:35.536 --> 00:16:39.164
when they took off the plastic canvas,
the drawing was straight there perfect.

00:16:39.164 --> 00:16:43.210
When drawings were so
high we just held firmly

00:16:43.210 --> 00:16:45.170
it's here

00:16:49.550 --> 00:16:52.094
Then she climbed

00:16:52.094 --> 00:16:57.057
First, Niède climbed it and after,
Agda that was soft like a feather

00:16:57.057 --> 00:16:57.975
she was tiny lady,

00:16:57.975 --> 00:17:00.352
that just fit up there and
we were standing down here

00:17:00.352 --> 00:17:03.981
There were days that our arms
really hurt. It took so long...

00:17:04.356 --> 00:17:07.151
And when we arrived here,
we started to discover

00:17:07.151 --> 00:17:11.029
even perspective techniques
and we could demonstrate

00:17:11.029 --> 00:17:15.492
that they have the same techniques
shown in the paintings in Europe and Africa.

00:17:15.492 --> 00:17:21.498
So, these sites pictures, of these
first survey results that we did,

00:17:21.498 --> 00:17:25.377
I managed to engage help from France, to create the Permanent Mission of Piauí

00:18:10.047 --> 00:18:14.176
– If you want it for later, Bernadette has Just told me
that the cartography is just so crystal clear

00:18:15.177 --> 00:18:21.517
– We have to check it later. I think It would be good to summarize now what

00:18:23.727 --> 00:18:26.855
we’ll decide for this week. – She
prepared the Serra Branca’s cartography,

00:18:26.855 --> 00:18:28.857
and for the middle site zone,

00:18:28.857 --> 00:18:31.985
– We are going first to Serra Branca.

00:18:32.277 --> 00:18:35.447
– We are going to do the Toca
da Extrema, the excavations,

00:18:35.447 --> 00:18:38.367
you all know this is very complicated,

00:18:38.367 --> 00:18:43.580
in the Toca da Extrema.
– There are different traditions

00:18:43.580 --> 00:18:45.999
kept still and right there
and we will have to dig.

00:18:46.375 --> 00:18:50.379
– The survey done in
July turned into potter,

00:18:50.379 --> 00:18:52.381
plus the hunters in the lowest part,

00:18:52.381 --> 00:18:56.969
but the problem is that  these sites are affected by floods.

00:18:57.135 --> 00:18:58.637
– This is a very peculiar problem.

00:19:15.904 --> 00:19:18.198
– The others go through the top way.

00:19:19.992 --> 00:19:22.244
– That's it?
– No, it's so much!

00:19:31.670 --> 00:19:33.714
– Come along, there are more coming.

00:19:33.714 --> 00:19:36.091
Sometimes, she was in the
front and we were behind her

00:19:36.091 --> 00:19:39.845
sometimes, we were in the
front and she was behind us

00:19:39.845 --> 00:19:44.016
she used to go on foot.

00:19:44.016 --> 00:19:47.519
She took lots of stuff, a huge portion and a canteen.

00:19:47.519 --> 00:19:49.521
Oh boy, you carrying only a bag and a canteen

00:19:50.188 --> 00:19:55.944
and we full of stuff, tools and
canned food, these sort of things.

00:19:55.944 --> 00:19:57.940
– Where are we going?
– I'm taking here.

00:19:58.739 --> 00:20:01.617
All along this region had no roads, there was nothing there.

00:20:01.617 --> 00:20:05.162
It was very complicated because we had to go ahead,

00:20:05.370 --> 00:20:07.956
and it was around 100  km that we walked

00:20:07.956 --> 00:20:10.876
and had to carry supplies
for the excavations,

00:20:10.876 --> 00:20:13.962
supplies for photography and everything

00:20:13.962 --> 00:20:18.175
such as food, water. Because
water was also rare to be found.

00:20:19.676 --> 00:20:26.725
There were three little round canteens.
To four, five people drink from them.

00:20:35.067 --> 00:20:39.446
– As soon as we arrive there Maria, we will heat some water to make coffee.

00:20:39.446 --> 00:20:41.949
– A bucket of coffee.
– Now, we are near.

00:20:46.286 --> 00:20:50.958
– We still have a kilometer. One and a
half kilometer. – Around one kilometer.

00:20:51.917 --> 00:20:55.837
– Hey, It's better we drink it later.
Have it left to drink later on,

00:20:56.421 --> 00:21:00.425
little cold water. Because this
one here… this is just so damn hot.

00:21:07.057 --> 00:21:10.894
– Aren't you hungry? It's delicious!

00:21:11.436 --> 00:21:13.522
– Caatinga’s typical food!

00:21:13.814 --> 00:21:17.109
– Rice, jeerked beef and casava flour.

00:21:19.778 --> 00:21:22.155
– Laura, let me serve you!

00:21:22.155 --> 00:21:24.157
– Just little meat!

00:21:24.157 --> 00:21:26.535
– Why without much meat?

00:21:26.535 --> 00:21:29.246
–I prefer armadillo!
– Do you?

00:21:29.288 --> 00:21:31.248
– This one is difficult. She
likes more the armadillo.

00:21:31.248 --> 00:21:33.250
– Thank you.

00:21:33.250 --> 00:21:35.961
– Do you want casava flour?

00:21:36.753 --> 00:21:41.591
– Right, you haven’t hunt an armadillo yet.
– Yeah. An armadillo is better, right!?

00:21:42.050 --> 00:21:44.136
When there was a little farm nearby,

00:21:44.136 --> 00:21:49.266
sometimes we stayed nearby
a little farm belonged to some people

00:21:49.266 --> 00:21:51.184
people who bred chickens and
we got eggs and these stuffs.

00:21:51.727 --> 00:21:54.855
But, at times we went on
five, six days with no food.

00:21:54.855 --> 00:21:57.941
We drank milk. Coffee.

00:21:57.941 --> 00:22:02.154
We ate candy. We ate those meats in cans.

00:22:02.154 --> 00:22:05.323
We natives only ate salty
food from the can of meat

00:22:05.323 --> 00:22:08.285
a lot of salt ‘cause we had nothing else,

00:22:08.285 --> 00:22:11.747
once nothing left to eat,
we were forced to buy food.

00:22:11.747 --> 00:22:15.250
One day the hunter, one day he
spent to hunt and we worked together

00:22:15.959 --> 00:22:21.423
twelve kilometers away and we had no water, we went to the source of water.

00:22:22.420 --> 00:22:25.100
But then no food left, and we had to keep on working anyway and

00:22:25.300 --> 00:22:27.846
it was three days that we had
absolutely nothing to eat. Nothing at all.

00:22:29.723 --> 00:22:34.269
Then she said: “Mister Nilson, go to the waterhole and take this money”,

00:22:34.269 --> 00:22:38.523
it will cost everything there but, we are not leaving. I’m already here.  We aren’t leaving at all.

00:22:38.523 --> 00:22:46.360
the Hunter was not there.. But, I knew a
hiding place, like a bed, where a deer slept,

00:22:47.032 --> 00:22:47.440
it was there, in the bed it slept. And I killed it.

00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:47.440
I went there, it was there, in the bed it slept. And I killed it.
it was there, in the bed it slept. And I killed it.

00:22:47.440 --> 00:22:51.745
it was there, in the bed it slept. And I killed it.

00:22:53.288 --> 00:22:56.375
Then, we arrived back there, she didn’t think that I killed the deer.

00:22:56.375 --> 00:22:59.836
“Did you buy the deer?”  No, I killed the deer. I killed it. The she goes, fine.

00:23:02.923 --> 00:23:08.470
Then, we finally had the deer to eat during our work, we just needed to finish work

00:23:09.971 --> 00:23:15.519
and go away. So, she told me just like this: “You shall never kill a deer again!”

00:23:46.466 --> 00:23:49.302
– So, boy. Any
hunter there today?

00:23:52.556 --> 00:23:55.016
– And did you find any
little deer to kill today?

00:23:55.016 --> 00:23:57.018
– No...

00:23:58.228 --> 00:24:03.233
– Was there any water in the waterhole
yesterday? – There is plenty over there.

00:24:03.233 --> 00:24:05.861
– Such a pity it’s so far
from here. – It’s far

00:24:06.611 --> 00:24:10.615
– Is more than one mile away from here,
isn’t it? – It’s over it. It’s pretty far.

00:24:11.867 --> 00:24:15.328
– It should be around 7 kilometres

00:24:15.829 --> 00:24:21.042
– Girls, if you want to go tonight,
when you finish to get changed

00:24:22.919 --> 00:24:24.588
you can…

00:24:24.588 --> 00:24:28.008
– When the excavation is
over, you can get changed.

00:24:35.432 --> 00:24:41.229
– By the Sun… does anybody feel... cold…
did anybody feel cold? – What cold?

00:24:42.355 --> 00:24:47.027
– Now, I will sing the cowboy’s farewell when
he had a goodbye from his employer.

00:24:47.027 --> 00:24:50.697
– So, while he was taking a little
bell with a harsh pain in his heart

00:24:50.697 --> 00:24:54.201
– He came from Piauí to live in the South
of Brazil and once there he intended to

00:24:54.201 --> 00:24:57.162
never be back and in the South
of the country no cattle even catched

00:24:57.162 --> 00:24:58.788
– So, sing it

00:24:58.788 --> 00:25:03.335
– Oh master, I ask by the
holy voice that I exclaim

00:25:03.335 --> 00:25:09.257
– Take care of all your cattle,
I’ll leave not to see

00:25:09.341 --> 00:25:13.595
– I’ll leave not see your
cattles starve to death

00:25:14.304 --> 00:25:19.643
– But, to the cow go all the
curses, if you find a tired cow,

00:25:19.643 --> 00:25:24.648
also gaze the flag, from
the top of the Chapada

00:25:24.731 --> 00:25:31.279
– Like someone who misses
the time of the “Cows Festival”

00:25:33.240 --> 00:25:39.496
– My horse Xexéu is also too skinny.

00:25:39.496 --> 00:25:44.501
– I’ll make a portrait of
him, to put on my hat

00:25:44.501 --> 00:25:50.799
– Like a real badge of the Heaven’s Vaquejada.

00:25:52.467 --> 00:25:58.056
– I’ll leave to Brasília, Mato Grosso e Paraná

00:25:58.431 --> 00:26:02.644
São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro,
I’ll try to settle there.

00:26:03.311 --> 00:26:09.109
– When winter arrives,
I’ll still come back.

00:26:10.360 --> 00:26:16.533
– If in the South of Brazil,
your cowboy doesn’t die.

00:26:16.908 --> 00:26:21.413
– When winter is over,
the Northeast is so dry.

00:26:33.258 --> 00:26:38.013
Once we arrived we just looked around,
we took measures from here to there

00:26:38.805 --> 00:26:42.350
the height and length.

00:26:42.851 --> 00:26:45.729
Then, she asked us to start digging.

00:26:45.937 --> 00:26:49.774
– Let’s enclose the excavation
starting from these pickets

00:26:49.774 --> 00:26:53.153
we start by the side of the previous
surveys, that I’ve done in June,

00:26:53.153 --> 00:26:56.197
on what we’ve found pottery in

00:26:56.197 --> 00:26:57.407
10 centimetres,

00:26:58.450 --> 00:27:01.202
and with one meter, we
already have hunters and tools.

00:27:01.745 --> 00:27:06.041
Let’s make a reduced bottom
since there is no water in the zone.

00:27:06.624 --> 00:27:10.837
– They have told that there was water, but, the drought was horrible this year

00:27:10.837 --> 00:27:12.422
and we have no water.

00:27:12.422 --> 00:27:14.758
– Because of this, let’s reduce
the digging to 3 meters of bottom,

00:27:14.758 --> 00:27:17.719
however, we’ll go the bottom
because of the engravings.

00:27:17.719 --> 00:27:20.221
– You’ve seen that the blocks are engraved.

00:27:20.221 --> 00:27:24.184
– So, we have rockpaintings on
the walls from the bottom to top,

00:27:24.184 --> 00:27:27.812
plus the engraved blocks.
This shelter is very important

00:27:27.812 --> 00:27:30.732
because there are several
tyles overlapping these paintings.

00:27:30.899 --> 00:27:36.029
– You’ve already found pottery pieces.
– No. It needs more depth.

00:27:36.404 --> 00:27:39.949
– Here we still are in the
middle of the current period.

00:27:42.410 --> 00:27:43.995
– On the next way down, we’ll do...

00:27:44.621 --> 00:27:46.664
– However, have you
seen it in the surface?

00:27:46.664 --> 00:27:52.045
– No, never on the surface.
Only with a survey of 10cm

00:27:52.045 --> 00:27:53.546
– Soon, we'll need…

00:27:53.546 --> 00:27:56.466
we are going to do the next
experiment here with a brush

00:27:57.258 --> 00:27:59.636
– There is nothing here.

00:27:59.636 --> 00:28:05.058
– Absolutely nothing besides
all the dirt from nowadays.

00:28:05.433 --> 00:28:07.394
– Hunters come around here so often.

00:28:10.647 --> 00:28:13.900
When we dig, to take the sediment away,

00:28:13.900 --> 00:28:18.530
we clean everything, we
always had the men working.

00:28:18.530 --> 00:28:24.119
And then I said to the men: "Look, now I came to a rock here that is not letting me get down there

00:28:24.119 --> 00:28:29.165
you have to take this rock" Then they said: "Oh no,we must make the hole bigger

00:28:29.165 --> 00:28:34.671
because only one man fits there, and the rock is so heavy and two people are needed.

00:28:34.671 --> 00:28:38.425
And then I said: “I do not want to make it bigger”. So I go tinto the rock myself

00:28:38.425 --> 00:28:41.469
I got a very heavy stone and
gave it out to the two men.

00:28:41.469 --> 00:28:45.181
I alone giving and two men taking

00:28:45.181 --> 00:28:49.352
So a new joke saying that
I was stronger than men was told.

00:28:49.352 --> 00:28:53.940
She is going to show staff that now
she will be around working all the time

00:28:53.940 --> 00:28:57.902
from breaking stones,
carry a stone, lift a stone, even buckets,

00:28:57.902 --> 00:29:02.824
a very detailed work, a fine job
such as getting a skeleton carefully

00:29:02.824 --> 00:29:07.787
with a paintbrush and so forth. As her capacity of work and resistence were really impressive,

00:29:07.787 --> 00:29:10.623
so she was always the one to pay the example.

00:29:10.748 --> 00:29:19.132
– Let’s continue the excavation
here, right on this clean part, innerside,

00:29:19.132 --> 00:29:22.385
here you are the blocks containing “cupules”on the rocks,

00:29:22.385 --> 00:29:25.722
in which is overlappeb
by this block with engraving

00:29:25.722 --> 00:29:27.724
that refers to TRIVIGIDES,
the TRIFIDES.

00:29:27.724 --> 00:29:31.728
– I will try to get the rock
with cupules entirely,

00:29:31.728 --> 00:29:33.062
to try to reach the bottom.

00:29:33.104 --> 00:29:36.441
– Shall I say the colour code,
Niède? – Yes, you may

00:29:36.483 --> 00:29:46.576
– 6, 2, 10, Y, R
– Thank you

00:29:48.620 --> 00:29:52.081
I brought a interdisciplinary team,

00:29:52.165 --> 00:29:56.753
because an archaeologist needs information about the environment,

00:29:56.753 --> 00:29:59.172
how that evolved and everything else. And when I arrived here

00:29:59.172 --> 00:30:04.719
there was nothing, because there has never been any kind of research here in the region.

00:30:04.719 --> 00:30:09.807
So, in 1973, I stayed here for three months

00:30:09.807 --> 00:30:15.104
and brought a team that consisted on
geologists, bothanicals, zoologists, antropologists,

00:30:15.104 --> 00:30:18.775
what I mean is, then a full
research about the zone was done,

00:30:18.775 --> 00:30:24.364
about the enviroment, the current culture and all unique aspects of the region.

00:30:33.665 --> 00:30:36.459
Agda was very Young,

00:30:36.459 --> 00:30:40.171
she left.

00:30:41.005 --> 00:30:45.218
She rode on a donkey and when
she reached the edge of the mountain,

00:30:45.218 --> 00:30:48.429
she was standing and taking a
look and she heard a child criying.

00:30:48.429 --> 00:30:52.976
She said: “Sir, a child has just cried here!”

00:30:57.105 --> 00:30:59.399
We found a fossil of a child.

00:30:59.857 --> 00:31:05.613
I went there and pat on the head, put my hands up...

00:31:05.822 --> 00:31:09.576
Then we dig
and there was the child.

00:31:09.576 --> 00:31:15.582
Very little head, it was inside a
“cabaça” a kind of bowl called porunga.

00:31:15.582 --> 00:31:20.336
The whole body in the bowl,
those little hands and head in the bowl.

00:31:20.461 --> 00:31:23.339
Is was burried right there
in a caroá little hamock.

00:31:23.339 --> 00:31:26.426
There was still a piece of
the hamock fabric left.

00:31:54.746 --> 00:31:58.791
We stayed there for
about 15 days, 20 days.

00:32:00.126 --> 00:32:02.920
And to take all the stuff out of there,

00:32:02.920 --> 00:32:08.176
we tied a fabrica round our necks,

00:32:08.176 --> 00:32:11.387
around our waists and had
everything there on the fabric.

00:32:11.387 --> 00:32:15.224
The pots, the head of
the native indians, right?

00:32:16.351 --> 00:32:20.146
I got everything up front
and leave, to the path,

00:32:20.146 --> 00:32:27.070
Niède came with the stuff, a little bit
of this, and the pot to the pension.

00:32:27.070 --> 00:32:29.530
She was very happy when
some people came to see it,

00:32:29.530 --> 00:32:32.325
people who came from
Petrolina that stayed in town,

00:32:32.617 --> 00:32:35.161
that stayed there only to
take a look at the corpses.

00:32:35.161 --> 00:32:37.163
She showed everything. She brought it
from her room to show only the heads,

00:32:37.163 --> 00:32:40.041
there was no need to show the body, the heads
that she put around there well sustained.

00:32:40.041 --> 00:32:43.503
Big teeth! From the natives,

00:32:43.503 --> 00:32:45.922
there was no broken or drilled tooth.

00:32:46.005 --> 00:32:48.299
Those big eyes. Big holes.

00:32:48.466 --> 00:32:51.469
A man invaded the room,

00:32:51.469 --> 00:32:54.514
then Doctor Niède: No my
friend, stay where you are.

00:32:54.514 --> 00:32:58.518
Do not come in. Then it had
to come in one at a time,

00:32:58.518 --> 00:33:02.772
a big queue was made.

00:33:04.565 --> 00:33:10.196
Pots, indians, heads,
many of them with teeth.

00:33:10.655 --> 00:33:14.617
The boy in the bowl,
did you understand?

00:33:15.076 --> 00:33:19.038
Then people wanted to
look and touch indian skulls.

00:33:29.757 --> 00:33:34.262
An then, I told her about
this vanishing place that was

00:33:34.262 --> 00:33:36.639
in the Gargalo do Sansão,

00:33:39.392 --> 00:33:43.354
that people used to say that
nobody never went down there.

00:33:43.354 --> 00:33:48.025
Then, she told us to go there.

00:33:49.944 --> 00:33:53.614
I went up there and I saw…

00:33:53.614 --> 00:33:56.951
there was a hole of more or
less one meter of diameter.

00:33:57.535 --> 00:34:01.664
You looked inside, put the flashlight
overthere and couldn’t see the hole end.

00:34:01.664 --> 00:34:04.959
Since I am very curious,
I decided to go down.

00:34:05.793 --> 00:34:08.337
And I was going down, going down,

00:34:08.337 --> 00:34:13.217
I went down around 120 meters
that I tied the rope on my back,

00:34:13.217 --> 00:34:16.721
up there, and I kept going to the bottom until
I reached it and I saw there was a cave.

00:34:17.638 --> 00:34:21.476
And on the cave floor,
the first thing I saw

00:34:21.476 --> 00:34:25.521
was a complete skeleton
of a saber-toothed tiger.

00:34:25.938 --> 00:34:30.067
And that you could see
that it got inside there,

00:34:30.067 --> 00:34:33.571
lied down and died inside there. It stayed the way it was,

00:34:33.571 --> 00:34:36.115
lying down by side with its
fangs and everyhting else.

00:34:36.115 --> 00:34:39.160
And then, I started
to walk around

00:34:39.327 --> 00:34:43.164
there and I saw accesses
to other deeper caves

00:34:43.164 --> 00:34:46.709
and also a skeleton
from the megafauna.

00:34:46.709 --> 00:34:50.087
What to say...something
absolutely stunning. Paintings

00:34:50.087 --> 00:34:51.214
and,

00:34:51.214 --> 00:34:53.925
by the moment there
I was going back up,

00:34:53.925 --> 00:34:58.763
there were a feel hives that
were disturbed by my passage.

00:34:58.763 --> 00:35:01.891
And they took revenge on me,
they threw themselves on me.

00:35:01.891 --> 00:35:05.144
And then, when I was going
up with them stinging me.

00:35:05.144 --> 00:35:13.986
Then, there were bees on everybody, on the
whole world, trying to explore outside.

00:35:13.986 --> 00:35:19.325
And only she stayed inside. And everybody: someone needs to get

00:35:19.325 --> 00:35:19.325
Niède, someone needs to take her! Someone went down to get her.

00:35:19.325 --> 00:35:27.083
Everything was messy and we
pulled her. We pulled her anyway.

00:35:27.083 --> 00:35:31.546
When I arrived outside, then everyone
I was standing there waiting for me,

00:35:31.546 --> 00:35:34.215
they all helped me to
scare the bees away.

00:35:34.340 --> 00:35:37.134
And I climbed down running and then,

00:35:37.134 --> 00:35:44.100
And I climbed down running and then,
dragged the car to the right direction

00:35:44.100 --> 00:35:47.103
and waited for Niède’s arrival,
because they came carrying her.

00:35:47.103 --> 00:35:49.564
And, Doctor Isaías
told me like this,

00:35:49.564 --> 00:35:54.068
if Niède P.D. survives until this night,
and she’ll have no problems further.

00:35:55.111 --> 00:35:58.489
Then there she was, at five o’clock
in the morning, she woke up and said

00:35:58.489 --> 00:36:01.868
“Sílvia, are you ready?
Let’s see how is everything in Sansão?”

00:36:01.868 --> 00:36:06.831
"What!?" I told her, Niède,
"I couldn’t sleep for a minute this night."

00:36:07.957 --> 00:36:13.921
"What do you mean,
you couldn’t sleep for a minute?"

00:36:13.921 --> 00:36:15.920
"Niède! Did you know
that you almost died!?"

00:36:22.305 --> 00:36:25.308
We went up on foot here,

00:36:25.308 --> 00:36:29.061
we walked on foot around there, and we went up there.

00:36:29.687 --> 00:36:33.065
We went down there in the "Pedra Furada".

00:36:33.566 --> 00:36:37.528
and I showed it to her and she was…

00:36:38.571 --> 00:36:43.659
there are a lot of sites
in the "Pedra Furada".

00:36:43.951 --> 00:36:49.081
I arrived there, saw a huge rock, a huge rock. A beautiful and huge rock, a huge "Pedra Furada".

00:36:49.081 --> 00:36:51.334
Then, I came back, feeling happy.

00:36:51.667 --> 00:36:54.962
When I came back, they three were working, only three of them and then I said

00:36:55.671 --> 00:36:58.883
"Miss (PhD), congratulations to you!"

00:36:58.966 --> 00:37:00.301
"What's going on?"
and I said:

00:37:00.301 --> 00:37:03.596
"There is a rock there that is
such a wonder, it's so beautiful!"

00:37:04.013 --> 00:37:06.140
She wondered, serious, and
we went there to look at it.

00:39:02.465 --> 00:39:04.842
– Everything is fine,

00:39:04.842 --> 00:39:08.179
I managed to find this home piece

00:39:08.179 --> 00:39:12.099
I found one wonderful
here but I need to dig more.

00:39:14.435 --> 00:39:16.937
– It continues all the way here, look.

00:39:19.815 --> 00:39:22.401
– Where could I help you?

00:39:22.401 --> 00:39:24.403
– Are you finishing the cleaning here?
– Yes, I am

00:39:24.403 --> 00:39:27.573
– I think that...
There is a horn here

00:39:28.074 --> 00:39:31.160
– Yes, it’s a little high here.
– Look here, I found one more

00:39:31.160 --> 00:39:33.829
– There is a beautiful piece...
– Another one here too…

00:39:33.829 --> 00:39:36.791
– It should be taken away from here…

00:39:36.791 --> 00:39:40.544
– It needs to come to
this way here. There is wood.

00:39:40.544 --> 00:39:44.840
– That’s good, it would be the first
time we find the wood industry,

00:39:44.840 --> 00:39:48.469
but, as far as we can see,
it doesn’t seem scratched.

00:39:48.469 --> 00:39:51.180
– However, anyway, it has charcoal and leaves.

00:39:51.597 --> 00:39:54.683
I worked with the excavations

00:39:55.017 --> 00:39:59.063
like I learned in France,
I was LeGorier Gounot’s student

00:39:59.063 --> 00:40:01.440
and then we worked with it.

00:40:01.982 --> 00:40:08.948
For example, the Americans... they make layers measuring 15 centimetres,

00:40:08.948 --> 00:40:13.869
you excavate 15 centimetres and then… in France, no. You excavate the natural layers,

00:40:13.869 --> 00:40:18.207
what means that you need to understand
the soil patterns, to follow the soil trace,

00:40:18.207 --> 00:40:18.207
follow all its movements, the comings and goings,
do you understand?

00:40:18.207 --> 00:40:25.381
And, then, you try to rebuild all the evolution from this sedimentation.

00:40:25.548 --> 00:40:28.217
The archaeological site is like a cake.

00:40:28.217 --> 00:40:31.554
You have a layer made of heavy cream,

00:40:31.595 --> 00:40:34.473
a layer made of
chocolate, a layer of biscuit,

00:40:34.473 --> 00:40:39.812
a heavy layer again. It’s very simple. Nothing complicated.

00:40:40.604 --> 00:40:43.607
We could date each one of the layers.

00:40:45.442 --> 00:40:49.321
You have to pay a lot of attention to what you are doing, you have to observe all the time,

00:40:49.321 --> 00:40:52.199
especially the tiniest
details, in a very slow pace.

00:40:53.033 --> 00:40:57.538
And each object you find, any
sample of the human presence

00:40:57.538 --> 00:41:01.417
has to be left somewhere
to be positioned and then

00:41:01.417 --> 00:41:06.088
all of this needs to be done and
each piece, each material collected

00:41:06.088 --> 00:41:10.384
has to receive its own number to be related to the place it is

00:41:10.384 --> 00:41:16.849
and this is what I really found very interesting. You must pay a lot of attention to the minimum details

00:41:16.849 --> 00:41:22.104
and this is what keeps the possibility of rebuilding the past events that took place there.

00:41:22.480 --> 00:41:27.359
You, excavating, you are
thinking about what you are doing

00:41:27.401 --> 00:41:31.071
and what can show up.
And if something different appears,

00:41:31.155 --> 00:41:35.326
you may ask: why, when and how? This is what really matters!

00:41:35.451 --> 00:41:40.164
Finding a bonfire with its charcoal pieces,
you know that with these charcoals,

00:41:40.164 --> 00:41:44.460
You’ll be able to date a layer, or find a block piece from a painted wall,

00:41:44.460 --> 00:41:47.713
fallen in a level that is already
dated of nine thousand years.

00:41:47.713 --> 00:41:52.635
Finding these things in a context and
being able to handle with this context.

00:41:52.635 --> 00:41:57.139
Be able to relate what you are finding to something else. It’s no advance piece

00:41:57.139 --> 00:42:02.645
having only one beautiful if it’s out of a context. It needs to be in a context to tell its story.

00:42:04.730 --> 00:42:12.363
Archaeology is like a puzzle, which
we have only the half of the pieces.

00:42:13.781 --> 00:42:18.035
We wish we had the full
picture represented by the puzzle

00:42:18.035 --> 00:42:20.120
however, we don’t have all the pieces.

00:42:20.120 --> 00:42:25.125
So how they lived, which were
their territories, how they hunted,

00:42:26.418 --> 00:42:29.171
where they settled,
where they got water

00:42:29.171 --> 00:42:34.677
These questions obviously matter, but, they are very hard

00:42:34.677 --> 00:42:38.472
to be approached, because
a lot of data is recquired

00:42:38.472 --> 00:42:43.519
and as much as we recoil
on time, less data we have.

00:42:44.979 --> 00:42:48.440
The archaeologist’s job is fairly to look for

00:42:48.440 --> 00:42:52.611
how to discover what happened in the past.

00:42:52.611 --> 00:42:56.240
You spent the present, looking for the past.

00:42:59.868 --> 00:43:05.624
When we were kind of
in forty centimetres of depth,

00:43:05.624 --> 00:43:08.919
because all the pieces of
charcoal I took to France

00:43:08.919 --> 00:43:13.465
to be dated there, because here
in Brazil there was no lab, nothing.

00:43:13.465 --> 00:43:16.093
So, came the dating result

00:43:16.093 --> 00:43:18.554
it showed 28 thousand years.

00:43:18.554 --> 00:43:21.265
I went to the lab and told the lab director:

00:43:21.265 --> 00:43:25.269
"you must have mixed the samples."

00:43:25.269 --> 00:43:28.147
Because in America, it can’t
be from 28 thousand years ago.

00:43:28.147 --> 00:43:30.274
She said: "it’s your sample."

00:43:30.274 --> 00:43:34.445
"Keep digging there because there
must be something new around.

00:44:06.894 --> 00:44:10.189
So, we kept working in the "Pedra Furada"

00:44:10.189 --> 00:44:14.735
because we already had the
dating for 50 centimeters depth.

00:44:15.486 --> 00:44:19.073
So we went to the rocky
basis, it took us 10 years.

00:44:19.615 --> 00:44:24.286
At the beginning of the upper layers
there were remains of a piece of pottery,

00:44:24.286 --> 00:44:27.331
chipped stones

00:44:27.331 --> 00:44:29.333
and above all bonfires,

00:44:29.333 --> 00:44:33.837
they placed large blocks
and made fire inside.

00:44:34.630 --> 00:44:38.884
And that was continuing down
and then the pottery disappears.

00:44:38.884 --> 00:44:43.263
The pottery appeared here in the region some 13,000 years ago

00:44:43.263 --> 00:44:48.268
and from here down there was
only high quality lithic material

00:44:48.268 --> 00:44:52.231
and we found even
bonfires in the base rock,

00:44:52.231 --> 00:45:00.572
bonfires that allowed the dating because Carbon 14 does not date beyond about 60 thousand years

00:45:00.572 --> 00:45:04.243
But, there are modern technologies today,

00:45:04.243 --> 00:45:08.914
such as thermoluminescence
that allows us to date

00:45:08.914 --> 00:45:13.502
the blocks of rock that were
thus heated and that is how we got

00:45:13.502 --> 00:45:18.882
the dates of those bonfires that were
on the base of the rock of the "Pedra Furada".

00:45:45.576 --> 00:45:50.956
And that's how we arrived about 100 thousand years ago from the "Pedra Furada".

00:45:50.956 --> 00:45:56.670
and we saw all this cave
art that we documented

00:45:56.670 --> 00:46:00.215
and it has perspective,
it has a technology

00:46:00.215 --> 00:46:01.884
and then tells

00:46:02.217 --> 00:46:06.305
fantastic stories that are very different, right.

00:46:29.661 --> 00:46:33.499
You would say that you
are in a museum of modern art.

00:46:33.499 --> 00:46:36.877
Absolutely! No artist has created anything

00:46:36.877 --> 00:46:40.547
prehistoric man ever did
these same things, that is,

00:46:40.547 --> 00:46:45.177
he has a wealth of
imagination absolutely fantastic.

00:46:45.177 --> 00:46:48.805
The human
representations, the animals,

00:46:49.806 --> 00:46:52.601
unique! There is no such thing in the world!

00:46:52.893 --> 00:46:57.814
These figures are then
always representing scenes.

00:46:57.814 --> 00:47:03.111
Scenes that are linked to the
cultural traditions of these peoples,

00:47:03.111 --> 00:47:07.199
but we do not have the code to decipher.

00:47:11.495 --> 00:47:14.289
As we do not have ethnic descendants,

00:47:14.289 --> 00:47:19.086
groups ethnic descendants who made these paintings,

00:47:19.086 --> 00:47:21.088
as in some places in the world
you have the ethnic desecendents

00:47:21.088 --> 00:47:25.968
so you can not tell the meaning andno one can tell you what the meaning is.

00:47:25.968 --> 00:47:31.098
So you can not work with meaning. It is possible
to work with a sign that is the painting itself

00:47:31.098 --> 00:47:35.060
and here we work the technique, thematic and set design.

00:47:35.060 --> 00:47:38.438
Now there are some
that are evidently

00:47:38.438 --> 00:47:43.277
that they are hunting because they
have animals, they are with bow and arrow.

00:47:43.610 --> 00:47:48.699
Human figures in ritual scenes, in scenes of hunting in sexual scenes,

00:47:48.699 --> 00:47:53.245
scenes of childbirth. There's...
everything is represented there!

00:47:53.245 --> 00:47:56.957
They have, their history there.

00:48:04.298 --> 00:48:08.260
Within his imagery he has
the ability on his mental screen

00:48:08.260 --> 00:48:13.056
to retrieve these images and project, and he is building the memory.

00:48:13.056 --> 00:48:18.687
So the cave paintings are the beginning
of the formation of a creative memory.

00:48:31.283 --> 00:48:35.704
That's why people paint here, or here,

00:48:35.704 --> 00:48:40.667
or here, respect where
others painted it can be said

00:48:40.667 --> 00:48:45.047
that the place has symbolic importance.

00:48:45.047 --> 00:48:48.342
The place has a signification,

00:48:48.342 --> 00:48:54.348
the painting adds to the place a meaning.

00:49:06.568 --> 00:49:11.156
Once we held a meeting
here with indigenous peoples,

00:49:11.156 --> 00:49:17.496
various tribes came and the Indians who went to see those paintings on the "Pedra Furada",

00:49:17.496 --> 00:49:21.750
when they saw the scenes of a
series of human figures, side by side,

00:49:21.750 --> 00:49:24.378
they stood one behind the other

00:49:24.378 --> 00:49:27.339
and doing so with arms,
dancing and singing.

00:49:27.339 --> 00:49:30.676
So for the Indians the
scenes have a meaning.

00:49:52.698 --> 00:49:55.909
It is not by me that I compare
the other, it is what makes the other

00:49:55.909 --> 00:49:59.037
that allows me
to know who I am.

00:49:59.037 --> 00:50:03.291
And then, I do not identify
with the man of prehistory

00:50:03.291 --> 00:50:07.129
It is the man of prehistory
who gives me my identity.

00:50:09.464 --> 00:50:15.846
We can not interpret the figures
in a scientifically correct way.

00:50:16.430 --> 00:50:22.769
Unless we can communicate
with the spirit of prehistoric man.

00:51:19.284 --> 00:51:23.455
When we saw the importance of this in reality

00:51:23.455 --> 00:51:26.458
what we asked was the
protection of all these sites

00:51:26.458 --> 00:51:30.045
and the government thought the
solution was to make a national park.

00:51:31.087 --> 00:51:35.342
We made this road to work on this site.

00:51:35.383 --> 00:51:39.304
We made that road in the beginning
of 1973, it was improved this year.

00:51:39.846 --> 00:51:43.308
When was the National Park created?

00:51:43.308 --> 00:51:47.354
The National Park was enacted in 1979.

00:51:48.522 --> 00:51:52.609
But it is still the case
today that we are ending

00:51:52.609 --> 00:51:57.280
the expropriation
waiver and hopefully

00:51:57.280 --> 00:52:01.785
it will be possible to close

00:52:01.785 --> 00:52:04.955
the park now in 1990.

00:52:06.915 --> 00:52:11.127
It was then that we created the
Foundation to be able to have a legal entity,

00:52:11.127 --> 00:52:13.129
to be able to fight for the park

00:52:13.129 --> 00:52:16.591
and we also decided

00:52:16.591 --> 00:52:18.593
to start the guaritas [booths]

00:52:18.593 --> 00:52:20.595
we obtained the support of
the Intero American Bank

00:52:20.595 --> 00:52:24.307
that financed the construction of
the first guaritas [guard booths]

00:52:24.307 --> 00:52:27.853
and from then we began to put employees and we began then

00:52:27.853 --> 00:52:30.480
to defend the park.

00:53:51.144 --> 00:53:58.568
– They look like street children... as if they were images of Africa.

00:54:05.533 --> 00:54:07.994
– Close your legs!

00:54:11.623 --> 00:54:16.378
The old Zabelê was good,

00:54:17.253 --> 00:54:22.592
there were about six
hundred people who lived there.

00:54:23.259 --> 00:54:26.179
623 people.

00:54:26.179 --> 00:54:28.181
It was a settlement.

00:54:28.181 --> 00:54:30.183
There was a church,

00:54:30.183 --> 00:54:33.520
a school, understood!?

00:54:33.520 --> 00:54:35.522
It had a lot.

00:54:35.522 --> 00:54:37.190
There were lots of people.

00:54:37.190 --> 00:54:42.028
They were relatives mostly.
Cousins, aunt, nephew, all.

00:54:43.071 --> 00:54:47.450
They were relatives. I think I am a son
of three Brothers. The families there.

00:54:47.784 --> 00:54:51.663
The Indians lived here. In the
"Pedra Furada", in the new mountain range

00:54:51.663 --> 00:54:53.665
here, in the Piauí River.

00:54:53.665 --> 00:54:58.169
From there they had a confrontation,
they had one with the first people that arrived

00:54:58.169 --> 00:55:00.171
that were called Virturim.

00:55:00.171 --> 00:55:03.466
It means that they stayed with

00:55:03.466 --> 00:55:05.468
some children who were left behind

00:55:05.468 --> 00:55:07.262
and these children raised and now

00:55:07.262 --> 00:55:09.264
we are descendants of these Indians.

00:55:09.556 --> 00:55:13.518
In 1886,

00:55:13.518 --> 00:55:15.979
the Zabelê was inhabited.

00:55:16.771 --> 00:55:20.025
In 1886,

00:55:20.025 --> 00:55:23.695
from the time of the slaves,

00:55:23.695 --> 00:55:27.157
the slaves were set free.

00:55:29.492 --> 00:55:32.037
– When I was born my
grandparents lived here,

00:55:32.037 --> 00:55:35.040
they worked with rubber.
They planted cassava.

00:55:35.040 --> 00:55:39.377
– I was born here, when I was born here at age 2, at age 2.

00:55:39.377 --> 00:55:43.131
This is my grandpa, all of  this belonged to my grandpa. All full of Count's Fruit .

00:55:43.548 --> 00:55:48.553
And there was everything here, there
were cashew trees, it was all my grandfather's.

00:55:49.721 --> 00:55:51.723
It was very good here, and they had to work

00:55:51.723 --> 00:55:55.852
work with the leaves of the cassava. The manioc was very good.

00:56:29.427 --> 00:56:33.348
Then she launched the National Park,

00:56:33.348 --> 00:56:37.769
there she said that nobody could be inside the park.

00:56:37.769 --> 00:56:41.022
Then it was to indemnify the people,

00:56:41.523 --> 00:56:42.899
paying them everything

00:56:42.899 --> 00:56:45.151
for getting out of the place.

00:56:45.151 --> 00:56:49.114
Then they could look for other houses,
another place where they wanted.

00:56:49.572 --> 00:56:52.325
It was forbidden by law

00:56:52.325 --> 00:56:55.745
and inside the park no one could stay.

00:56:56.121 --> 00:57:01.292
And then, some residents agreed and others did not agree.

00:57:01.543 --> 00:57:07.924
By law, the government is obliged to indemnify the people

00:57:07.924 --> 00:57:12.428
but when it was time to indemnify,
anyone had the title of the property,

00:57:12.428 --> 00:57:14.931
Because they had
arrived, killed the Indians,

00:57:14.931 --> 00:57:17.684
settled there and never
registered their lands,

00:57:17.684 --> 00:57:21.229
because if they registered, they would have to pay tax.

00:57:21.229 --> 00:57:27.026
That was the great tragedy, because
legally they could not be compensated.

00:57:27.277 --> 00:57:30.572
It was not Niède who
took people out of the park,

00:57:30.572 --> 00:57:33.241
which is still being talked about.

00:57:33.241 --> 00:57:36.286
It was not her that was taking people,

00:57:36.286 --> 00:57:39.914
that was to create the park,
which was following legislation.

00:57:39.914 --> 00:57:42.417
And the government failed!

00:57:42.458 --> 00:57:46.212
Because they took those
people out and gave up!

00:57:46.212 --> 00:57:50.133
There was no social assistance or anyone to indicate anything.

00:57:50.175 --> 00:57:52.719
And then, for a long time it was Niède's fault.

00:57:52.927 --> 00:57:56.764
They were compensated
but only after some

00:57:56.806 --> 00:58:02.896
4 or 5 years of legal problems,
for then be able to solve this situation.

00:58:03.313 --> 00:58:05.648
Then I came to the city,

00:58:05.648 --> 00:58:07.650
some bought a house to live.

00:58:07.650 --> 00:58:09.652
Some did not buy anything,
they went to São Paulo,

00:58:09.652 --> 00:58:12.697
went to Brasilia, went to Paraná, others to Maranhão,

00:58:12.697 --> 00:58:16.451
others to Pará and spaced out everyone

00:58:16.451 --> 00:58:18.786
and today there are few people living here.

00:58:27.420 --> 00:58:30.006
The local culture was a unique

00:58:30.006 --> 00:58:34.719
and an exclusive culture,
trying to survive in the region

00:58:35.511 --> 00:58:40.225
At that time, it rained a lot, but
the people did not plant anything

00:58:41.309 --> 00:58:43.353
and meat was a rare thing.

00:58:46.022 --> 00:58:48.691
I left the little breeding aside

00:58:48.691 --> 00:58:50.818
aside for they not play in the sty

00:58:50.818 --> 00:58:53.238
and I went into the woods to hunt.

00:58:53.279 --> 00:58:56.032
I got armadillo that I could
eat for the whole week.

00:58:56.032 --> 00:58:58.952
I didn’t need to kill the goat and still we had meat to eat.

00:58:58.952 --> 00:59:02.205
People lived entirely
from hunting armadillos,

00:59:02.205 --> 00:59:07.293
it was the largest trade, armadillo’s.

00:59:08.002 --> 00:59:11.047
It means that there was a free market,

00:59:11.047 --> 00:59:15.468
even buyers from
Salvador bought 600 up to 800

00:59:15.468 --> 00:59:17.845
armadillos to take back.

00:59:17.845 --> 00:59:20.139
A real business, very big indeed.

00:59:24.185 --> 00:59:29.023
There was no butcher here, there
was nothing, so they had to hunt, right.

00:59:29.440 --> 00:59:34.195
Then after that, when
the park was created,

00:59:34.195 --> 00:59:38.157
we started with the
question of protection:

00:59:38.157 --> 00:59:40.868
we needed to explain them that inside
the park they could not hunt anymore.

01:00:25.788 --> 01:00:29.000
– Good morning! How are you, sir?
– How are you?

01:00:29.000 --> 01:00:32.003
– So so… How about you, Doctor?

01:00:32.003 --> 01:00:37.383
– How are you Doctor,
everything alright!? Man!

01:00:37.383 --> 01:00:40.303
– You look young...
– Young! Where??

01:00:49.145 --> 01:00:53.524
– By the time to go up, we threw the rope so women could come up. It was such a struggle...

01:00:53.524 --> 01:00:59.989
– And then brought the ladder, amended other ladder. It was such a struggle...

01:00:59.989 --> 01:01:04.619
– And how was the foot in the end, man? Because we walked a lot...

01:01:04.619 --> 01:01:06.610
– It was everything on foot! And today is such a piece of cake

01:01:06.610 --> 01:01:10.160
– A piece of cake, man. When they come here now, there is a road.

01:01:10.160 --> 01:01:16.000
– Yes, it goes everywhere. – And the hunger! Every time we were hungry,

01:01:16.000 --> 01:01:21.000
we couldn't carry the water. – We could only carry the three little canteens like this. – Exactly

01:01:21.690 --> 01:01:23.390
By the time we worked there,

01:01:24.490 --> 01:01:28.110
Artur and I asked her permission to come in.

01:01:28.760 --> 01:01:35.650
We boned animals, huge bones,

01:01:35.650 --> 01:01:39.112
and he dwelled that didn't
want us to keep doing it.

01:01:40.196 --> 01:01:42.073
And then goes from here, from there,

01:01:42.073 --> 01:01:44.784
I just know he got crossed at and defied her.

01:01:45.535 --> 01:01:47.745
So he hired a gunslinger,

01:01:47.745 --> 01:01:52.375
ordered him to stay in the
road to kill Niède Guidon.

01:02:09.892 --> 01:02:11.727
I went to the local radio station

01:02:11.727 --> 01:02:15.565
and told them that
I would come here and

01:02:15.565 --> 01:02:18.234
If they wanted to kill me,
they could come here.

01:02:18.234 --> 01:02:23.406
Because I would be here, nearby the Antunião
and set up the time and everything else.

01:02:23.698 --> 01:02:25.825
When a bearer came, also after you

01:02:25.825 --> 01:02:29.787
Nièden Guidon asked
you to come on the letter,

01:02:29.787 --> 01:02:31.581
I came and she said

01:02:31.581 --> 01:02:34.041
"Mister João, I want you to drop this

01:02:34.041 --> 01:02:36.043
so I can go together with you"

01:02:36.043 --> 01:02:39.297
and told me all the story. There
were about four cars over there,

01:02:39.297 --> 01:02:41.299
the Police was also there

01:02:41.299 --> 01:02:43.634
and we backed off.

01:02:43.801 --> 01:02:45.595
I took the machete,

01:02:46.721 --> 01:02:48.431
took it in the hands

01:02:48.639 --> 01:02:49.932
and we were in a car,

01:02:49.932 --> 01:02:54.020
a police car in front of us,

01:02:54.020 --> 01:02:56.397
another two in the back and hers in the middle.

01:02:56.397 --> 01:02:58.399
When we arrived, we already knew his name,

01:02:58.399 --> 01:03:01.068
he was trying to touch her car

01:03:01.068 --> 01:03:04.155
An ambush?
Yes, an ambush.

01:03:37.480 --> 01:03:39.982
He arrived, he let the cars go

01:03:39.982 --> 01:03:43.300
and was carrying a rifle

01:03:43.770 --> 01:03:44.980
Wow!

01:03:45.000 --> 01:03:47.980
He was just prepared!
He was prepared!

01:03:55.915 --> 01:04:01.754
The doctor always looked for the
workforce with the people of the communities,

01:04:01.754 --> 01:04:07.176
it was a way to help the people here to turn around...

01:04:07.176 --> 01:04:10.471
here all the people went out to work. Here,
there was only one kind of agriculture,

01:04:10.471 --> 01:04:15.142
and it was small, very small.
Small farming, familiar agriculture.

01:04:15.142 --> 01:04:18.896
So the people to survive
had to win out there.

01:04:18.896 --> 01:04:24.277
Then, with her arrival, she gave a lot of opportunity for families

01:04:24.277 --> 01:04:26.028
to work and survive.

01:04:26.112 --> 01:04:30.575
Many of them work and began to work with the excavation

01:04:30.575 --> 01:04:32.577
they make money with the excavation and afterwards

01:04:32.577 --> 01:04:37.290
some of them were contracted and
they continue working until today.

01:04:37.373 --> 01:04:43.296
All of them here have learned from
us to do all this fine excavation work.

01:04:43.296 --> 01:04:47.550
Because it would be impossible here in Piauí in a place so far, in such a difficult

01:04:47.550 --> 01:04:50.469
place we work exclusively with students.

01:04:50.469 --> 01:04:52.471
So we train the local staff

01:04:52.471 --> 01:04:55.725
and they already know how to do all sorts of technical jobs.

01:04:55.808 --> 01:05:00.479
There was a time here that we
worked only in the collection 40 people,

01:05:00.479 --> 01:05:04.400
sometimes in 35 people,
when it was really accelerated.

01:05:04.400 --> 01:05:07.612
We got to work among 40 people.

01:05:11.282 --> 01:05:15.328
Zé worked on the "litter"

01:05:15.328 --> 01:05:17.330
he was the topographer.

01:05:17.330 --> 01:05:21.709
Aurelio, who is my brother-in-law.

01:05:21.709 --> 01:05:25.129
And there was Zé of the plaster,

01:05:25.129 --> 01:05:28.841
who took that corpse.

01:05:28.841 --> 01:05:35.181
With his intelligence and with the help
of Dr. Niède, she was creating the professionals.

01:05:35.181 --> 01:05:39.602
The beginning of our discovery in our community.

01:05:40.686 --> 01:05:48.319
Here you are all the parents she gave work to, there. On "Pedra Furada".

01:05:48.819 --> 01:05:53.282
There's Lourenço. Moreno, Zé Ney,

01:05:53.282 --> 01:05:56.619
Zé, Elsimar, Moreno...

01:05:56.619 --> 01:06:00.665
Seu Nivaldo, Régis, son of Seu Nivaldo,

01:06:00.665 --> 01:06:03.626
who belonged to the pottery
work. The Liomar...

01:06:04.335 --> 01:06:08.923
All the excavations around that area I participated in.

01:06:08.923 --> 01:06:12.426
At the time I started digging
and then became a surveyor.

01:06:12.510 --> 01:06:14.762
I started doing all the topography work,

01:06:14.762 --> 01:06:18.391
drawing.

01:06:18.391 --> 01:06:23.270
In this plan here I show the location

01:06:23.312 --> 01:06:26.273
of the part found and the part number.

01:06:26.273 --> 01:06:29.527
How long have you been doing this? How many years. Fours years

01:06:29.527 --> 01:06:32.488
What did you do before?
I used to work on the crops.

01:06:32.488 --> 01:06:36.075
There in the site of the
Mei we broke a lot of stone,

01:06:36.075 --> 01:06:40.454
very large blocks and we
always removing what we could

01:06:41.497 --> 01:06:47.712
always, hoping to find something important.

01:06:48.087 --> 01:06:52.299
We always worked until the end
of the site. Sharp tips and sledgehammer,

01:06:52.299 --> 01:06:55.761
and we'd carefully removed the
pieces of stone and carried them out.

01:06:56.303 --> 01:07:00.975
It was a very delicate service
that we could never do at will

01:07:00.975 --> 01:07:04.186
like when you just break.

01:07:04.186 --> 01:07:09.859
You have to wait to find
something, and if you're there,

01:07:09.859 --> 01:07:13.446
we can not destroy it. A precious thing for this kind of work.

01:07:15.239 --> 01:07:20.161
The first human skeleton we
found here in "Barra do Antunião"

01:07:20.161 --> 01:07:25.124
is a site where many fossils have already
been found and this is very important for us

01:07:25.124 --> 01:07:29.962
because we already have
the tools of this man and

01:07:29.962 --> 01:07:33.507
will find the author of these tools.

01:07:33.507 --> 01:07:36.135
We must also study this situation

01:07:36.135 --> 01:07:39.513
to see if he was there
and he was crushed,

01:07:39.513 --> 01:07:43.517
he could be lying down asleep, and
was overwhelmed, crushed by the stone

01:07:43.517 --> 01:07:50.107
or if it is a recent grave that was
completely crushed by this stone.

01:07:50.399 --> 01:07:54.820
So yes, we search for ancient graves.

01:07:54.820 --> 01:08:01.410
But this makes us wonder if in the
Pleistocene the men buried their dead.

01:08:01.410 --> 01:08:04.205
And we have no trace of it.

01:08:06.540 --> 01:08:10.753
You can bury the dead next to where you live,

01:08:10.753 --> 01:08:12.546
or you can bury the dead

01:08:12.546 --> 01:08:14.256
in completely lost places.

01:08:15.925 --> 01:08:20.346
We found eight skeletons. Eight.

01:08:20.346 --> 01:08:22.348
Two in urns

01:08:22.348 --> 01:08:27.478
one lying on a bed of dry leaves.

01:08:27.478 --> 01:08:31.315
They were different habits, you see.

01:08:31.899 --> 01:08:35.528
For example, if all graves are in an urn,

01:08:36.445 --> 01:08:41.158
the funeral custom was in an urn.

01:08:41.575 --> 01:08:46.580
We do not know. If we take the current
Indian world, everyone is incinerated.

01:08:46.580 --> 01:08:48.958
There's nothing left.

01:08:48.958 --> 01:08:53.838
It is not because we did not find graves or human remains

01:08:53.838 --> 01:08:56.006
that there were no men.

01:08:56.006 --> 01:08:58.968
There is no need for drivers

01:08:58.968 --> 01:08:59.844
to say that cars exist.

01:09:00.886 --> 01:09:04.265
The people of "Boqueirão
da Pedra Furada", there nobody died.

01:09:04.265 --> 01:09:08.811
It does not have a skeleton to the base. We wonder if they die.

01:09:08.811 --> 01:09:10.813
Or migrate.

01:09:10.813 --> 01:09:13.023
And I wonder if in the Pedra do Gongo

01:09:13.065 --> 01:09:15.818
it was not people from
"Boqueirão of Pedra Furada",

01:09:15.818 --> 01:09:18.153
cause it is not far.

01:10:12.708 --> 01:10:17.129
We have some sites that demonstrate
the coexistence of human groups

01:10:17.129 --> 01:10:20.674
with the paleofauna, the
pleistocene fauna, the megafauna.

01:10:20.674 --> 01:10:23.177
We will have sites with the bones of the paleofauna,

01:10:23.177 --> 01:10:26.555
with fossilized bones: giant armadillo,

01:10:26.555 --> 01:10:28.557
giant sloth, saber-toothed tiger,

01:10:28.557 --> 01:10:33.103
mastodon, macrauquenia.
Both in some ponds and in some caves,

01:10:33.103 --> 01:10:37.733
with archaeological material as well.
They are paleontological and archaeological sites

01:10:40.319 --> 01:10:42.571
– This is paleontology.

01:10:43.030 --> 01:10:48.077
– Surely there are megafauna
colleagues in the background.

01:10:49.078 --> 01:10:51.121
We find...

01:10:52.373 --> 01:10:53.499
this site...

01:10:53.499 --> 01:10:55.417
which is an extremely rare site

01:10:55.417 --> 01:10:58.003
because it dates back to
11,000, 12,000 years ago

01:10:58.003 --> 01:11:01.924
when we found a
Scelidodon, a big sloth,

01:11:01.924 --> 01:11:08.264
that was killed young.

01:11:08.305 --> 01:11:12.810
We found traces of
cuts in the bones.

01:11:12.810 --> 01:11:16.939
It is the proof for the first
time we have in the "Serra",

01:11:16.939 --> 01:11:21.694
the association man
and scelidodon, megafauna.

01:12:36.101 --> 01:12:41.315
– You start in the corner so I'm going to make the first little hole, which I will measure later.

01:12:47.237 --> 01:12:55.820
– John! Get this one out! Take it to help and
give it back. Get it over there and I'll use it.

01:12:58.916 --> 01:13:03.170
This is the first time
we have found megafauna,

01:13:03.378 --> 01:13:08.300
the megafauna associated
with archaeological materials.

01:13:08.300 --> 01:13:12.096
It is another fragment of the
Eremotherium, well, of Scelidodon

01:13:12.096 --> 01:13:17.351
which is a sloth smaller than 2 or 3 meters.

01:13:17.351 --> 01:13:23.107
Here we see fractures. Here
we see a characteristic fracture

01:13:23.107 --> 01:13:26.527
of something that was
massacred by such an instrument.

01:13:28.779 --> 01:13:30.989
It was not found practically associated.

01:13:30.989 --> 01:13:35.202
They are instruments that massacre the bones.

01:13:39.039 --> 01:13:44.253
Fractures are characteristic of
fresh bones in a spiral fracture.

01:13:44.253 --> 01:13:47.131
We know therefore that this animal died

01:13:47.131 --> 01:13:49.633
probably of natural death
but that immediately afterwards

01:13:49.633 --> 01:13:54.304
the man fractured the bones,
perhaps to pick up the marrow.

01:13:54.388 --> 01:13:58.684
Because the paleofauna that
existed until about 10 thousand years ago,

01:13:58.684 --> 01:14:02.813
it needed perennial plants,
most of the paleofauna animals,

01:14:02.813 --> 01:14:06.733
they are herbivores, they are big
and they need many leaves to survive

01:14:06.733 --> 01:14:10.904
and they need water. So it could
not be the caatinga until 10,000 years ago.

01:14:10.904 --> 01:14:13.323
It had to be a forest environment,

01:14:13.323 --> 01:14:19.329
a mixed forest environment so the savannah environment was more open so the animals

01:14:19.329 --> 01:14:23.709
could move, but it could have been practically the most tropical forest here in the region.

01:14:23.709 --> 01:14:26.044
Here was Paradise.

01:14:27.504 --> 01:14:31.258
Very rich, very much indeed
with all that they needed

01:14:31.258 --> 01:14:34.511
to be able to live peacefully

01:14:34.511 --> 01:14:38.724
in the way the Paleolithic men lived then.

01:14:38.724 --> 01:14:41.435
The life they had here was very nice

01:14:41.435 --> 01:14:43.604
that allowed all of this, you know !?

01:14:43.604 --> 01:14:47.566
If they had gone hungry, if it had been dry, diseases

01:14:47.566 --> 01:14:49.902
and all this would not have time.

01:14:49.902 --> 01:14:56.200
I think it shows that life here was really a life in a place of pleasure.

01:14:56.825 --> 01:15:00.245
It had food, had water, had the beauty of the region.

01:15:00.245 --> 01:15:03.540
I think everything has expired.

01:15:27.689 --> 01:15:30.440
The region up to 9 thousand years ago,

01:15:30.500 --> 01:15:33.040
our research showed that it was here

01:15:33.380 --> 01:15:40.744
in the high plateau of the Amazon Forest. Down here in the plain the Atlantic Forest.

01:15:40.911 --> 01:15:45.249
Two different biomes with different fauna and floras,

01:15:45.249 --> 01:15:49.753
very rich, lots of water and have stayed here all this time.

01:15:49.878 --> 01:15:54.716
The topography of North America and South America is not the same

01:15:54.716 --> 01:15:58.220
as that of 12,000 years ago.

01:15:58.220 --> 01:16:05.811
A current coastal site may be
a holocene coastal site or

01:16:05.811 --> 01:16:09.231
a pleistocene inland site.

01:16:09.231 --> 01:16:17.281
And now the sea is 10 meters away,
but 25,000 years ago, it was 40 km or 50 km.

01:16:17.364 --> 01:16:21.451
And the sea then occupied all this region

01:16:21.535 --> 01:16:26.331
to the plain. I mean São Raimundo
Nonato, all this area here was beach,

01:16:27.082 --> 01:16:30.961
then there was a tectonic
movement that raised the mountains

01:16:30.961 --> 01:16:32.462
and threw the sea there to Ceará.

01:16:32.462 --> 01:16:35.841
And we see the park a bit out here right.

01:16:35.841 --> 01:16:40.304
And we see that it is formed on this edge here plated

01:16:40.304 --> 01:16:43.807
by a succession of
cannyons that we call here

01:16:43.807 --> 01:16:46.190
"baixão", right.

01:16:46.720 --> 01:16:50.397
A valley that was ancient drainage

01:16:50.397 --> 01:16:56.111
that flowed rivers inside these "baixões", of these cannyons.

01:16:56.278 --> 01:17:00.324
We have the São Francisco Basin,
we have the Parnaíba Basin,

01:17:00.324 --> 01:17:07.497
the Tocantins Basin so we are in the middle of the basins, it is in a displacement location,

01:17:07.497 --> 01:17:11.168
so it is a place of convergence of human groups,

01:17:11.209 --> 01:17:13.545
is an outlet location.

01:17:24.931 --> 01:17:28.518
The Serra da Capivara represented

01:17:28.518 --> 01:17:34.608
a total change. Because it was said that the man had arrived,

01:17:34.608 --> 01:17:39.029
coming from Asia, arrived here in North America some 13,000 years ago,

01:17:39.029 --> 01:17:41.907
and then came to South America.

01:17:41.907 --> 01:17:45.535
Inside this structure we find charcoal

01:17:45.535 --> 01:17:49.498
and, next to it, chipped stone
.Chipped Stone utensils.

01:17:49.498 --> 01:17:55.295
So you told someone to date that coal? Exactly, this coal was dated and it was given 48,700 years.

01:17:55.587 --> 01:18:00.008
Could it have been a natural fire?
No, because if it were a natural fire,

01:18:00.008 --> 01:18:03.595
we would have to find a
litter of coal, wouldn’t we?

01:18:03.595 --> 01:18:06.973
Or a tree that burned. It would
thus leave it in the shape of the tree.

01:18:07.057 --> 01:18:11.019
This coal, no. It is within that
structure. There is nothing outside.

01:18:11.436 --> 01:18:14.314
I knew very well their work technique.

01:18:14.314 --> 01:18:18.693
I knew that everything that they
claimed It was right, was actually wrong.

01:18:18.693 --> 01:18:22.906
They were based in a discovery
that wasn't even done by archaeologists,

01:18:22.906 --> 01:18:25.826
by excavations that were still on course, and,

01:18:25.826 --> 01:18:30.789
with only one piece of information, made up the theory that was applied to all America settlement.

01:18:30.789 --> 01:18:32.916
You can't do it.

01:18:32.916 --> 01:18:38.713
You must have a lot of information about
the whole America to reach any conclusions.

01:18:38.713 --> 01:18:41.758
Today, it's possible to
raise different hypothesis.

01:18:43.051 --> 01:18:48.849
But, only data allowed us,
then, to define the reality.

01:18:48.849 --> 01:18:52.102
This controversy, this discussion
of settlement, wherever it came from,

01:18:52.102 --> 01:18:56.106
is super healthy. As long as
it's not an imperialist thing,

01:18:56.106 --> 01:19:02.946
and you try to say it's because we do not know how to verify, we do not know how to work.

01:19:02.946 --> 01:19:06.700
Until 20,000 years the Americans
accept, Niède said that much.

01:19:06.700 --> 01:19:09.453
It means that up to 20 thousand years we
know how to work, that's what happened.

01:19:09.453 --> 01:19:11.455
And we have other pleistocene sites.

01:19:11.455 --> 01:19:16.042
The "Sitio do Meio", right? With a possibility
of dating 25 thousand years and a little more;

01:19:16.042 --> 01:19:20.839
"Vale da Pedra Furada", with a
calibrated dating of 22, 23 thousand years;

01:19:20.839 --> 01:19:24.176
the "Tirapéia" with dating
also of 23 thousand years.

01:19:24.176 --> 01:19:30.056
So we have in the region several
sites that have a chronology prior to Clovis.

01:19:30.056 --> 01:19:33.185
This is very important for the region
and for the settlement of America.

01:19:33.185 --> 01:19:36.771
These people arrived here
about 100 thousand years ago,

01:19:36.771 --> 01:19:39.065
originating from Africa,

01:19:39.065 --> 01:19:41.860
because Africa passed a period of great drought

01:19:41.860 --> 01:19:46.323
130 thousand years ago that caused
the origin of the deserts and all.

01:19:46.323 --> 01:19:49.993
So they went out into the sea to look for food.

01:19:49.993 --> 01:19:53.622
And the winds and tides bring them
here, and they came to end here, didn’t  they?

01:19:54.289 --> 01:19:58.043
We will have here a skeleton
with the elongated skull,

01:19:58.043 --> 01:20:00.545
which is Zuzu
we call Zuzu here

01:20:00.545 --> 01:20:03.465
just like Luzia, right?
From Minas Gerais.

01:20:03.632 --> 01:20:07.844
What are we going to have in
Brazil, both the arrival of groups

01:20:07.844 --> 01:20:10.701
that come directly from an Asian region, with a flattened skull,

01:20:11.056 --> 01:20:14.539
as right groups...
That's all Sapiens, okay?

01:20:14.570 --> 01:20:21.483
as for the groups that came with an offspring that is much more similar

01:20:21.483 --> 01:20:24.653
to the Australian Aborigines and African

01:20:24.653 --> 01:20:27.072
than to the Amerindian. Because
it is this Indian who was in Brazil.

01:20:27.197 --> 01:20:32.702
Here was the first place
that we had these ancient datings.

01:20:33.370 --> 01:20:35.455
After it, there was also Chile

01:20:35.455 --> 01:20:40.252
and, nowadays, about
three, four months ago,

01:20:40.252 --> 01:20:46.967
in the United States they found a site with a dating of 130 thousand years.

01:20:47.676 --> 01:20:51.429
And now, then, we also have one
in Uruguay of 33 thousand years too,

01:20:51.429 --> 01:20:57.310
in Mexico they found a young lady's
skeleton dated of 17 thousand years

01:20:57.310 --> 01:21:01.273
with Asian and African DNA,

01:21:01.350 --> 01:21:02.270
what means…

01:21:02.390 --> 01:21:09.447
And here, all the natives I've met
had a very dark skin, dark hair,

01:21:09.447 --> 01:21:13.076
do you know what I mean? It means that
they were, clearly, African descendents.

01:21:26.631 --> 01:21:30.218
It's possible to make a
high level Scientific research.

01:21:30.218 --> 01:21:33.179
If it's a research According
the international standards.

01:21:33.179 --> 01:21:37.392
One research that today, as someone once said
before, places Piauí in the Scientific Global Map.

01:21:37.475 --> 01:21:41.896
We have achieved extremely
important scientific results,

01:21:41.896 --> 01:21:46.860
which are having a very great
repercussion at an international level.

01:21:46.860 --> 01:21:51.948
We got the teaching results,
extremely important for me,

01:21:51.990 --> 01:21:55.952
which was to form a local, high-level,
young team at Federal do Piauí,

01:21:55.952 --> 01:21:59.789
who can continue the work,

01:21:59.789 --> 01:22:02.751
because the work of São Raimundo
Nonato is in the beginning.

01:22:02.751 --> 01:22:07.297
We continue to find deposits
of the highest importance,

01:22:07.297 --> 01:22:11.468
not only for archeology, but for the
understanding of the evolution

01:22:11.468 --> 01:22:16.473
of the climate and of the installation
of human life and animals that lived

01:22:16.473 --> 01:22:19.684
in a biological community in this region.

01:22:19.684 --> 01:22:25.523
And we have, today, a team
that can continue this work.

01:22:25.523 --> 01:22:29.819
And besides, we also have another
achievement, which is this museum,

01:22:29.819 --> 01:22:35.325
which I think within maybe 4 years,
we will be together here to open it.

01:22:35.325 --> 01:22:39.996
And this museum is the return that the
researcher must give to the community.

01:22:39.996 --> 01:22:44.000
That is, it is the show of the
researcher's respect for the community

01:22:44.000 --> 01:22:48.880
that maintains his research,
he wants to know what wants to learn.

01:22:48.880 --> 01:22:52.258
It is also a way of collaborating

01:22:52.258 --> 01:22:55.970
for the cultural and scientific
development of the country.

01:22:55.970 --> 01:22:59.557
I just want to thank everyone.
Thank you very much.

01:23:40.598 --> 01:23:43.977
When it was declared as humanity heritage,

01:23:43.977 --> 01:23:49.441
the Brazilian government was
obliged to make a whole protection system.

01:23:50.567 --> 01:23:53.820
So then, Itamaraty asked France

01:23:53.820 --> 01:23:56.573
to borrow me for making project come true.

01:23:56.573 --> 01:24:01.494
Because they claimed that nobody in Brazil had
the knowledge required to make this task. Well,

01:24:01.494 --> 01:24:06.416
I was an archaeologist, but I couldn't make
a project for a Park protection, could I?

01:24:06.916 --> 01:24:10.128
So I traveled to visit several
humanity heritages around the world,

01:24:10.128 --> 01:24:13.423
to see how they organized themselves

01:24:13.423 --> 01:24:16.509
so I could understand how I
needed to organize myself too, right?

01:24:16.509 --> 01:24:19.637
And then, France gave me a commission,

01:24:19.721 --> 01:24:22.807
I came here and started to
make from the sketch…

01:24:22.807 --> 01:24:27.353
First of all, I went to visit all the
region and then started making the project.

01:24:50.043 --> 01:24:53.213
What the heck is that?

01:24:56.049 --> 01:24:58.968
Oh, the monkey are here…

01:25:02.180 --> 01:25:04.349
What is happening here?

01:25:07.393 --> 01:25:10.271
Look at the little monkey over there.

01:25:16.986 --> 01:25:18.988
Oh no… good morning.

01:25:18.988 --> 01:25:22.158
-Are you coming in, ma'am? I'll come in. What just happened here? No, it's the tourists, ma'am...

01:25:22.158 --> 01:25:25.537
Ok, the tourists, alright. Ah, the tourists, that's fine. Do you open the door for me there? Thanks.

01:25:27.247 --> 01:25:33.253
What tourists are ...? Ah! They must be doing... The monkeys. It is.

01:25:34.921 --> 01:25:39.259
The monkeys arrived. When the drought comes, they come here.

01:25:40.093 --> 01:25:42.178
There's water... There's food...

01:25:46.599 --> 01:25:50.520
I used to run along the whole park, went everywhere. I would go to the painting sites

01:25:50.520 --> 01:25:54.816
to see if the conservation was
being done well, if there was no problem.

01:25:54.816 --> 01:25:56.818
Because sometimes, when there was a great rain,

01:25:56.818 --> 01:25:59.988
the rain damaged one part and it started to drain on everything.

01:25:59.988 --> 01:26:04.701
So I had to do something to save those paintings. I made the pingadeiras "holes"

01:26:04.701 --> 01:26:07.245
as we called them here, so as not to let the rain drain on the paintings.

01:26:07.245 --> 01:26:12.292
So I did all this surveillance
system for that preservation, right?

01:26:12.750 --> 01:26:14.961
Because, finally,

01:26:15.628 --> 01:26:21.301
Unesco declared that the Foundation

01:26:21.301 --> 01:26:23.303
is responsible for the
protection of Serra da Capivara.

01:26:23.720 --> 01:26:29.684
And whose name is there? Niède Guidon. I mean, Unesco, I am the responsible one to Unesco.

01:26:30.059 --> 01:26:33.479
We are transforming this site into an open-air Museum.

01:26:33.479 --> 01:26:37.108
What we had, the
sponsorship from Banco do Brasil.

01:26:37.108 --> 01:26:39.110
We built these prop walls,

01:26:39.110 --> 01:26:42.822
that prevent landslides from the previous diggings we've done.

01:26:42.822 --> 01:26:46.534
It preserves that part over
there - the oldest part,

01:26:46.534 --> 01:26:51.247
that is still under the blocks -,
that may be excavated in the future,

01:26:51.247 --> 01:26:54.208
when there will be
more advanced technologies.

01:26:54.334 --> 01:26:57.670
We will build a footbridge
that will take the tourist really close,

01:26:57.670 --> 01:27:02.175
at the same height that the paintings are,however 2 meters away, for them not being touched.

01:27:02.175 --> 01:27:07.170
– Well, now I'm going to see from far away. I have seen it close.

01:27:09.170 --> 01:27:13.170
– Ítala, don't fall again, because it's gonna be very annoying...

01:27:16.230 --> 01:27:20.485
We will constitute a tourist complex
where the visitor will have the museum

01:27:20.485 --> 01:27:25.156
with the pieces, with all the explanation,
and the National Park of Serra da Capivara.

01:27:25.156 --> 01:27:29.410
We are going to work together with
IBAMA in order to provide a complete visiting,

01:27:29.410 --> 01:27:32.997
showing a vision, the
scientific vision in the museum,

01:27:32.997 --> 01:27:35.959
and the natural
vision, in the Park.

01:27:35.959 --> 01:27:39.295
And through this visitation,
this tourist fluency,

01:27:39.295 --> 01:27:42.340
I think we will be able
to reach self-sufficiency.

01:28:53.786 --> 01:28:56.372
Today, when you are
going to write a story,

01:28:56.372 --> 01:29:01.002
you then write, for example,
"John went to the site,

01:29:01.002 --> 01:29:03.004
took the donkey and
brought back the donkey."

01:29:03.004 --> 01:29:05.631
They could not write that with letters.

01:29:06.132 --> 01:29:08.593
But they drew.

01:29:10.178 --> 01:29:14.932
So, there's a body deformation,
a deformation that shows

01:29:14.932 --> 01:29:18.353
they no fear of being what they were.

01:29:18.353 --> 01:29:23.691
Do you want to try this gesture?
For example, as they were there.

01:29:23.691 --> 01:29:26.027
Or as he was there...

01:29:26.027 --> 01:29:29.822
One infront of the other,
or all the positions...

01:29:29.822 --> 01:29:33.117
As you wish....right?

01:29:33.576 --> 01:29:38.623
There, for instance, the stone has
no bottom. They could realize this.

01:29:48.007 --> 01:29:51.928
See? More and more you
discover some other details, right?

01:29:56.933 --> 01:30:00.645
This figure of the man
who carries the animal, is the ...?

01:30:00.645 --> 01:30:03.064
Notice here

01:30:03.064 --> 01:30:08.069
with all the force he evokes and there, put him on high?

01:30:08.069 --> 01:30:12.406
It's the same as it repeats there.
So why do they repeat it?

01:30:12.406 --> 01:30:18.830
Why do they repeat the same figures?
Same elements? The same attitudes...

01:30:18.830 --> 01:30:21.958
Why will it be?

01:30:38.766 --> 01:30:43.521
Hands as identity, right? As a way of
saying, "I'm here." Huh? "I'm from here."

01:30:43.521 --> 01:30:48.693
"I leave my clues here
for you to see me."

01:30:51.654 --> 01:30:53.823
Tree little people. Right there, look. Look, “the hands”, are like this.

01:30:56.784 --> 01:30:58.995
An who can see a giant bird, among all, all these figures population? Huh?

01:30:58.995 --> 01:31:03.916
Right over there. There is an animal there. It seems to be a monkey with…

01:31:03.916 --> 01:31:05.910
So here is a population indeed...

01:31:13.718 --> 01:31:18.431
– And I found a photo of 1961,

01:31:18.431 --> 01:31:21.058
when I was doing archeology in Paris.

01:31:21.058 --> 01:31:26.939
– With Luciana Palestrini, with Andrea,
my friend there, and other colleagues.

01:31:29.275 --> 01:31:34.655
– In 61. When I did archeology
in Paris. in 61. And what is this?

01:31:38.576 --> 01:31:41.704
– Good Morning!
– Good Morning!

01:31:43.789 --> 01:31:48.961
– Niède, they are all astonished here with the... – Oh, have you brought all these kids in?

01:31:48.961 --> 01:31:54.342
– All of them wanted to have a têt-à-têt with you.
– Têt-à-têt, like this?

01:31:54.342 --> 01:32:00.264
– Yes!
– Isn’t Serra Branca really beautiful?

01:32:00.264 --> 01:32:01.307
Yes!

01:32:01.307 --> 01:32:03.684
–  Did you see? We don’t know which
is the most beautiful in the Park,

01:32:03.726 --> 01:32:07.855
if it is the Sitio do mocó, If it is the
Serra Branca, everything is so beautiful, isn’t it?

01:32:07.855 --> 01:32:09.106
Yes!

01:32:09.106 --> 01:32:12.860
– That’s it. You are the ones
who will protect this all, ok?

01:32:12.860 --> 01:32:17.156
– They are guardians.
– Do not let anyone destroy anything. Fine?

01:32:17.615 --> 01:32:19.742
– Because Serra da
Capivara, there is nothing like

01:32:19.742 --> 01:32:22.745
it all over the world.
That's right?

01:32:22.745 --> 01:32:27.708
– That is the dripping system and… And there
is the pot and after it goes down there?

01:32:27.708 --> 01:32:29.543
– When it rains.

01:32:29.543 --> 01:32:33.297
– Right there one
in yellow, look...

01:32:33.589 --> 01:32:37.301
– I had not seen it yet. Also
these deer with geometric

01:32:37.468 --> 01:32:40.805
fillings and that human
being there are fantastic.

01:32:41.013 --> 01:32:43.015
– It is a lot of diversity, right? Of...

01:32:43.015 --> 01:32:45.017
– It is a shame no one… – of filling.

01:32:45.017 --> 01:32:48.646
– Make sure you publish this properly. Has Anne Marie taken a picture of it already?

01:32:48.646 --> 01:32:48.896
Yes she has.

01:32:48.896 --> 01:32:52.692
– It is a lot to publish, right?
– Yeap, a lot.

01:32:56.570 --> 01:33:02.243
– Hard work. – Did you like the stools we made here? – This one is awesome, isn’t it?– Yeap.

01:33:05.329 --> 01:33:10.459
When the Park was opened, the local
community did not embrace the cause.

01:33:10.459 --> 01:33:15.339
Why? They were living there.
They did not want to leave their place,

01:33:15.339 --> 01:33:18.467
leave their place, or even stop hunting,

01:33:18.467 --> 01:33:20.636
to kill the animals.

01:33:20.636 --> 01:33:24.432
So for them, someone reaches
adulthood and say, "look, this is forbidden,

01:33:24.432 --> 01:33:26.600
you can not do this,
this will end with nature"

01:33:26.600 --> 01:33:31.605
for them it made no sense.
It was highly out of their context.

01:33:31.605 --> 01:33:37.611
So it was there that the doctor had the
idea of... That would have to start with

01:33:37.611 --> 01:33:41.407
the children, because only then she
would create a generation of defenders.

01:33:41.407 --> 01:33:44.660
Of protectors.
And do not hammer

01:33:44.660 --> 01:33:49.332
in the head of those who...
who already had  made up their minds.

01:33:49.332 --> 01:33:53.836
I would hire people to work with me and I
noticed that they did not know how to write.

01:33:53.836 --> 01:34:02.053
And then Italy signed a contract in which it was
going to build five schools around the Park.

01:34:02.887 --> 01:34:06.640
I was going to train the teachers
and keep them for five years.

01:34:06.640 --> 01:34:13.689
And after five years, the prefectures and the
state government would then continue.

01:34:13.856 --> 01:34:17.318
They had the regular program courses

01:34:17.318 --> 01:34:22.114
and then they had music,
painting, art courses, you know?

01:34:34.460 --> 01:34:37.546
The moment you
embody these paintings

01:34:37.546 --> 01:34:40.216
and you integrate
them into the present,

01:34:40.216 --> 01:34:43.010
then it is no longer
an archeology of the past.

01:34:43.010 --> 01:34:45.554
I mean, you already have
the past and the present,

01:34:45.554 --> 01:34:49.016
and it's all the time - right? -,
looking for some thrill in the future.

01:34:50.309 --> 01:34:52.937
I mean, focusing on
the future, right?

01:34:52.937 --> 01:34:55.481
I mean, it's like a river, right?

01:34:55.481 --> 01:34:57.983
Past, present and future beginning to blend.

01:34:57.983 --> 01:35:00.319
Today I work with the children of the dance students.

01:35:00.319 --> 01:35:04.198
And the parents were the
first to find Niède Guidon.

01:35:04.281 --> 01:35:08.035
So there's a whole
connection, so a rhizome, right?

01:35:08.077 --> 01:35:09.829
Of affective bonds.

01:35:25.761 --> 01:35:32.309
The children, which was the main goal,
these we managed to achieve, yes.

01:35:32.309 --> 01:35:35.688
These are defenders of the Park today.

01:35:36.689 --> 01:35:39.400
They are, we have the young defenders,

01:35:39.400 --> 01:35:43.028
we have them, the guides of the Park,

01:35:43.070 --> 01:35:47.158
we have people who have got
their degrees - right? - in archaeology.

01:35:47.158 --> 01:35:50.619
Today we have people even
with a doctorate degree.

01:35:50.619 --> 01:35:53.706
Who are there. And they are
working in favor of the Park.

01:35:53.706 --> 01:35:57.334
And it was very important because
many people could get a degree,

01:35:57.334 --> 01:35:59.712
including people who work with us today.

01:35:59.712 --> 01:36:05.050
They then did these schools,
and in schools they really learned.

01:36:05.050 --> 01:36:10.139
First, the entire course was
given by specialized teachers.

01:36:10.139 --> 01:36:13.893
And they also learned what
the rights of  people are, right?

01:39:05.439 --> 01:39:10.402
Here there are sites that were destroyed
by fires and everything related to it.

01:39:10.402 --> 01:39:14.657
So, the population itself
knows how important this is and

01:39:14.657 --> 01:39:18.452
so, it increases the
chances of preserving it.

01:39:18.452 --> 01:39:22.039
Our relatives, our relatives,
have given up "all this land" here.

01:39:22.039 --> 01:39:26.627
It was not for the little money
they received at the time.

01:39:26.627 --> 01:39:32.508
It was that they began to understand that...
There had to be this here in the area.

01:39:32.508 --> 01:39:37.554
And if it were not for that park here...

01:39:37.554 --> 01:39:40.808
Maybe "my grandchildren"
today "was" difficult to "meet"

01:39:40.808 --> 01:39:45.854
a deer, a caititu,
an armadillo, a cotia.

01:39:45.938 --> 01:39:50.984
The fauna has developed a lot,
so today it is the largest jaguar

01:39:50.984 --> 01:39:53.862
population in the Caatinga, right?

01:39:53.862 --> 01:39:58.909
If you have the jaguar, which is at the top of the
food chain, there are all the other animals, right?

01:39:59.576 --> 01:40:05.416
It is a well preserved Caatinga. Well regenerated.

01:40:05.416 --> 01:40:09.378
Some spots that had a patch,
was regenerated, so...

01:40:09.378 --> 01:40:13.882
We see jaguar, see caititu,
see the armadillo,

01:40:13.882 --> 01:40:17.970
see the flag anteater, which was already
in extinction; a very large population of armadillos

01:40:17.970 --> 01:40:22.307
which only occurs in the Caatinga

01:40:22.516 --> 01:40:27.187
and which today has a large population;

01:40:27.187 --> 01:40:30.232
some animals that are returning,

01:40:30.232 --> 01:40:35.112
like the jawbone, that we have seen,
in some points, vestige of them;

01:40:35.112 --> 01:40:42.161
animals that have been hunted to extinction
and are coming back to the park today, right?

01:41:15.861 --> 01:41:20.199
Three... What's up, man?

01:41:47.267 --> 01:41:55.609
Thanks! This group here are...
54 monkeys when I left the group, last year.

01:41:55.609 --> 01:42:00.656
So I have to come and take care of
them so I can look at the production,

01:42:00.656 --> 01:42:04.159
how many "produced" this year that

01:42:05.202 --> 01:42:09.039
I was out so that I could know
how many people I have in the group.

01:42:09.832 --> 01:42:14.294
Because this group does not mix with others,
not them, they each have a group.

01:42:15.254 --> 01:42:18.715
Then I have to check them out, tell one, everything,

01:42:18.715 --> 01:42:20.425
to analyze.

01:42:20.425 --> 01:42:26.807
If they are all, if one is missing,
if someone has moved to another group

01:42:27.891 --> 01:42:30.561
I have to look at them all.

01:42:30.686 --> 01:42:34.565
With the monkeys I learned
twice as much as I already knew.

01:42:35.774 --> 01:42:41.029
Because everything they take here in the bush,
that they eat, getting rid of insect, you can eat too.

01:42:41.029 --> 01:42:44.324
It does not hurt at all.
Arrive in a tree, pick a fruit, eat.

01:42:44.324 --> 01:42:45.909
If they reach a tree, pick up
that fruit and eat it,

01:42:45.951 --> 01:42:48.287
you can come and eat it until you fill
your belly. You don’t need to worry.

01:43:15.647 --> 01:43:20.110
So ... I made a mistake here...
I've known this ring for many years.

01:43:20.652 --> 01:43:24.323
Since I was a kid I knew,
but these paintings,

01:43:24.323 --> 01:43:26.783
I never saw them. First I came to
meet  Beth and after found them.

01:43:26.783 --> 01:43:30.871
Look, this stone here was broken.
So the man went and painted this

01:43:30.871 --> 01:43:34.166
little doll in here, oh.
Right here, he's in here...

01:43:34.166 --> 01:43:37.753
Then he went and painted another
here on the edge of this small stone,

01:43:37.753 --> 01:43:42.674
but he said "I'm going to make
it the smallest in the world".

01:43:42.674 --> 01:43:45.385
This is the one here
on this rock, oh.

01:43:46.053 --> 01:43:50.557
This is a doll, with "the arms"
up and the "legs" open, here, oh.

01:44:52.995 --> 01:44:57.582
We are seeing how to
organize the Foundation

01:44:57.582 --> 01:45:02.754
so that it can continue to work
in this direction to keep research,

01:45:02.754 --> 01:45:05.882
above all, active
in the region.

01:45:05.882 --> 01:45:10.137
Because we have
a technical reserve

01:45:10.137 --> 01:45:14.683
there with thousands and thousands
of pieces, from here in the region.

01:45:14.683 --> 01:45:18.562
All this needs, then ... Not all of
them have already been studied.

01:45:18.562 --> 01:45:21.064
There are people
studying all the time.

01:45:21.064 --> 01:45:23.066
And then there is a lot of material, including the question of protection,

01:45:23.066 --> 01:45:28.113
and the sites with paintings that are discovering new ones every time.

01:45:28.155 --> 01:45:31.408
Here in the area, now,
Eric Boëda has discovered three more.

01:45:33.577 --> 01:45:37.539
In the old days, when I was a teacher in Paris, it was I who came with my students.

01:45:37.539 --> 01:45:41.501
we came here to dig. During the summer vacation of Europe

01:45:41.585 --> 01:45:46.131
And since I'm retired it's the teacher Eric Boëda

01:45:46.131 --> 01:45:49.217
who comes every
year with his students.

01:45:50.010 --> 01:45:55.766
When we look for paintings,
we must follow the walls, thus,

01:45:55.766 --> 01:46:02.105
systematically. This is how we
discover new paintings and new sites.

01:46:05.734 --> 01:46:08.111
It's this whole area.

01:46:11.156 --> 01:46:15.118
In those 10 meters,
there is everything we need.

01:46:15.118 --> 01:46:18.038
Here business has
fallen, so is the ceiling.

01:46:18.080 --> 01:46:21.291
It was ... The vertical was here.

01:46:21.291 --> 01:46:23.460
It's a good deal indeed.

01:46:24.044 --> 01:46:27.130
Not there, because it's too small.

01:46:28.215 --> 01:46:33.720
From there. Here may be
a good space, since everything is protected,

01:46:33.720 --> 01:46:36.264
there will be no Holocene.

01:46:36.264 --> 01:46:40.018
Because they did not settle
here. You will find it here,

01:46:40.018 --> 01:46:45.398
between the edge and
the bottom of the wall.

01:46:45.398 --> 01:46:47.400
I'd start here with the Pleistocene.

01:46:49.569 --> 01:46:55.075
I thought: I will also do a technical
analysis of what nature does.

01:46:55.075 --> 01:47:01.289
I chose a place where the
man could not be present.

01:47:01.289 --> 01:47:06.586
And I did a technical analysis
of what nature produces.

01:47:06.586 --> 01:47:13.885
I got about sixty kinds.
Nature produces sixty kinds.

01:47:13.885 --> 01:47:21.726
If this material came from nature,
I would not have ten, I would have sixty.

01:47:22.602 --> 01:47:27.858
And what is more
extraordinary: of these ten types,

01:47:28.650 --> 01:47:32.779
there are only two that resemble
those found in nature.

01:47:33.029 --> 01:47:36.658
It means that of the ten
categories of objects I have here,

01:47:36.658 --> 01:47:39.327
there are eight that
nature never did.

01:47:39.703 --> 01:47:41.580
This object has a memory.

01:47:43.331 --> 01:47:47.752
The first memory
I will try to understand

01:47:47.752 --> 01:47:52.132
is the memory of how it was made.

01:47:52.591 --> 01:47:56.344
As this rubber was manufactured,
how this object was manufactured.

01:47:56.344 --> 01:48:00.515
Experimentation helps me understand
that there were four stonings...

01:48:00.515 --> 01:48:05.478
First there was the
choice of a specific stone.

01:48:05.478 --> 01:48:10.108
The choice of raw material.
A stoning, and two more,

01:48:10.108 --> 01:48:12.194
and then the work
of creating the blade.

01:48:30.086 --> 01:48:35.759
They are universal. And the ways
of constructing the instrument, what is left

01:48:35.759 --> 01:48:37.886
of the instrument, the
part that serves to hold,

01:48:37.886 --> 01:48:42.807
the one that makes the gesture,
is that which expresses the cultural differences.

01:48:56.780 --> 01:49:00.575
I'll work on the traces.
I'm going to look at the

01:49:00.575 --> 01:49:04.037
traces left on the slide
under the microscope.

01:49:04.037 --> 01:49:08.291
What we know, what
the experiments show,

01:49:08.291 --> 01:49:12.087
is that if I use such a blade on wood,

01:49:12.087 --> 01:49:16.174
I will have micro-traces
specific to the wood.

01:49:16.174 --> 01:49:18.969
If I work with a flesh,
I'll have micro-traces...

01:49:18.969 --> 01:49:23.890
So in the microscope,
if conservation is good

01:49:23.890 --> 01:49:28.103
and conservation is
good I'll know exactly

01:49:28.103 --> 01:49:34.818
what contact there was.
Wood, animal material, etc.

01:49:34.818 --> 01:49:41.283
So we know what
materials this object touched.

01:49:41.283 --> 01:49:46.329
The third question is the gesture.
Because this here, we know how it

01:49:46.329 --> 01:49:49.291
was manufactured,
we know what it is for,

01:49:49.291 --> 01:49:56.298
but there is also the gesture.
The gesture... Let's consider

01:49:56.298 --> 01:50:02.470
that when I take this,
there is a part that serves

01:50:02.470 --> 01:50:06.850
to pick up and
a transformative part.

01:50:06.850 --> 01:50:11.354
When I get this, there is
a part that is in the hand

01:50:11.354 --> 01:50:14.899
and a part that comes into
contact with something else.

01:50:14.899 --> 01:50:20.238
This object also has a

01:50:20.238 --> 01:50:22.073
picking part and
a transformative part.

01:50:22.240 --> 01:50:25.118
In other objects, there is what
we call the use function.

01:50:27.203 --> 01:50:32.625
Another important element is
that the object has a memory,

01:50:34.169 --> 01:50:38.798
a genetic memory.

01:50:38.798 --> 01:50:44.846
When I see this object,
I can now say globally

01:50:44.846 --> 01:50:50.060
that it is a characteristic
object of the period 15,000 - 17,000.

01:50:51.144 --> 01:50:53.605
Regarding other objects
on this table, I can say

01:50:53.605 --> 01:50:57.817
"this is typical of 20,000 - 25,000".

01:50:58.943 --> 01:51:04.824
I can relocate the place in
the technical lineage of the object.

01:51:42.070 --> 01:51:46.533
And today we have demonstrated,
with all this, that this people

01:51:46.533 --> 01:51:51.538
here really had a fantastic
cultural and technological capacity,

01:51:51.538 --> 01:51:57.377
because the material they have,
chipped stone, Boëda told me the other day,

01:51:57.377 --> 01:52:00.964
he said, "Look, I have some pieces
that, if I did not know they were from here,

01:52:00.964 --> 01:52:02.257
I would have thought
they were from France."

01:52:02.841 --> 01:52:07.178
And it used to be said that there
was no quality lithic technology here,

01:52:07.178 --> 01:52:09.180
because there was no research,

01:52:09.180 --> 01:52:14.018
and we have pieces of
absolutely high technology.

01:52:29.784 --> 01:52:35.457
The only link we have
between these two memories,

01:52:35.457 --> 01:52:40.753
the current memory and
the memory... is that

01:52:50.180 --> 01:52:54.058
It's the cutting edge.

01:52:57.812 --> 01:53:01.441
They are the transformative parts. In the end,

01:53:02.567 --> 01:53:05.487
it's been 3 million
years since we cut,

01:53:05.487 --> 01:53:06.613
cut,

01:53:07.989 --> 01:53:09.115
grind,

01:53:09.115 --> 01:53:10.492
drill,

01:53:10.492 --> 01:53:11.826
scratch.

01:53:18.291 --> 01:53:21.127
Perhaps the future of man
is to say that there were

01:53:21.127 --> 01:53:23.671
several origins, good,
one origin, but several

01:53:23.671 --> 01:53:27.300
different trajectories, an incredible
diversity that has developed.

01:53:27.592 --> 01:53:30.428
Let us look at this
diversity, for these solutions.

01:53:30.428 --> 01:53:33.014
Perhaps the solution of the
future is just to question

01:53:33.014 --> 01:53:35.600
the solutions of the past.

01:53:35.600 --> 01:53:38.311
This is interesting prehistory.

01:53:38.311 --> 01:53:43.274
It projects the alterity of the past
into the present, saying: beware!

01:53:43.775 --> 01:53:46.736
If we destroy otherness,
we will destroy the future.

01:56:07.960 --> 01:56:10.129
Anyone called me up?
No!

01:56:10.129 --> 01:56:13.257
No one?

01:56:50.128 --> 01:56:55.466
The important thing is to
preserve the sites and, even more, to dig them.

01:56:55.466 --> 01:57:01.347
Knowing where he went, because
he arrived in Piauí from somewhere.

01:57:01.347 --> 01:57:05.768
All you have to do is start
exploring the surrounding area.

01:57:05.768 --> 01:57:08.438
In the south of Piauí,
on the border with Maranhão,

01:57:08.438 --> 01:57:15.862
there are wonderful sites, even larger ones
than we have there in São Raimundo Nonato.

01:57:15.862 --> 01:57:21.534
Simply, no one ever researched.
These sites are being destroyed,

01:57:21.534 --> 01:57:25.747
they will be destroyed, and we will not know.
As the coastline was initially occupied,

01:57:25.747 --> 01:57:29.876
it may be that the key to all
this has been destroyed.

01:57:29.876 --> 01:57:32.962
How many shells have
been turned into lime?

01:57:32.962 --> 01:57:38.092
How many real estate projects
destroyed archaeological sites?

01:57:38.092 --> 01:57:42.013
Then, as long as we do not
have the conscience of the citizen,

01:57:42.013 --> 01:57:45.558
to know that, "well, I have discovered this,
I will stop, I will call the Ipham,

01:57:45.558 --> 01:57:48.686
make the rescue, and I
will do my work again."

01:57:48.686 --> 01:57:51.606
we will not have...
Because those pages

01:57:51.606 --> 01:57:55.401
Because those pages from a book that are
missing out there, that we have to find them all.

01:58:15.630 --> 01:58:20.968
Here we have some archaeological
tools, super interesting and

01:58:20.968 --> 01:58:25.306
Already, right?
Flint flakes... Of quartzite,

01:58:25.306 --> 01:58:29.852
tools, and... And
this stuff here, these

01:58:29.852 --> 01:58:32.647
remains of people, right?
Of human skeletons.

01:58:32.647 --> 01:58:36.234
So the site is a very promising site.
And it must have depth,

01:58:36.234 --> 01:58:40.738
we're just getting started.
Just starting the dig.

01:58:40.738 --> 01:58:46.786
And already, right? Starting,
we already find a material so close

01:58:46.786 --> 01:58:48.788
to the surface already
very, very good.

01:58:48.788 --> 01:58:55.711
Can you get another plastic bag
for us to put that segment in?

01:58:56.170 --> 01:58:59.090
Il est très fin.

01:58:59.090 --> 01:59:01.092
C'est un enfant.

01:59:04.637 --> 01:59:09.433
The difference of what we have
here in Serra da Capivara is

01:59:09.433 --> 01:59:12.103
that we have 40 years
of efforts and work.

01:59:12.103 --> 01:59:15.523
And all of these were invested here.
And money also was invested here, right?

01:59:15.523 --> 01:59:19.777
A lot of time, a lot of money,
a lot of work invested in the area.

01:59:19.777 --> 01:59:24.532
When people are checking, coming
here and seeing the size of the work,

01:59:24.532 --> 01:59:27.118
then they begin
to understand more.

01:59:27.118 --> 01:59:29.120
There are several
excavated sites, right?

01:59:29.120 --> 01:59:31.247
And there's still plenty to do,

01:59:31.247 --> 01:59:34.041
for many generations to
research and work on.

01:59:34.458 --> 01:59:37.879
The idea is that
here it is - right?

01:59:37.879 --> 01:59:42.550
a nucleus that disperses all
this part, right? Of scientific knowledge.

01:59:42.550 --> 01:59:45.136
Let him work on it,
work on the research,

01:59:45.136 --> 01:59:47.722
and at the same
time make this research

01:59:47.722 --> 01:59:49.640
serve to improve
something socially.

01:59:49.765 --> 01:59:51.559
She got the territory

01:59:51.559 --> 01:59:58.774
and organized it in such a way that
the population could benefit from it...

02:00:00.151 --> 02:00:01.110
in a way they could
open to the world.

02:00:02.069 --> 02:00:07.992
When they came to ask me to do the
program for the archeology course,

02:00:07.992 --> 02:00:10.202
they wanted to create
the course in Petrolina.

02:00:10.202 --> 02:00:12.705
I said, "Well, if it's in Petrolina,

02:00:12.705 --> 02:00:16.250
I do not do the program, only if
you create it here, because Petrolina has nothing,

02:00:16.250 --> 02:00:19.545
what will the students do there?

02:00:19.545 --> 02:00:22.173
So they set up
the campus here.

02:00:22.298 --> 02:00:25.217
This is a vision of growth, we need to
try to make the region develop, right?

02:00:25.217 --> 02:00:31.766
And the internalization of the university and such,
which has a development in this area through semiarid,

02:00:31.766 --> 02:00:35.227
basically, scientific research,
through education, right?

02:00:35.227 --> 02:00:41.567
Through also the Federal
University of the São Francisco Valley.

02:00:41.567 --> 02:00:45.363
All this together, is a project
of more than one life, right?

02:00:45.529 --> 02:00:46.864
It's a fantastic project, right?

02:00:46.864 --> 02:00:53.579
So we are preparing the future,
in terms of continuity,

02:00:53.579 --> 02:00:59.210
with these young Brazilians who
are the researchers of the future here,

02:00:59.210 --> 02:01:03.798
who will go in other
regions of the world or Brazil.

02:02:58.913 --> 02:03:02.541
And there's a bush hunt called the
bush owner, right? And the dog,

02:03:02.541 --> 02:03:07.338
"we do not see", and the dog
sees thinking it is an armadillo.

02:03:07.338 --> 02:03:13.219
It runs back, and that hunting
appears and the dog is frightened.

02:03:13.219 --> 02:03:18.849
It squats there on the floor...
back and barking and barking...

02:03:18.849 --> 02:03:21.852
You go there is no whit.
So whoever is invisible

02:03:21.852 --> 02:03:23.979
is the owner of the bush.

02:03:24.021 --> 02:03:25.815
Called "Caipora".

02:03:32.905 --> 02:03:35.032
Is there something?

02:03:36.158 --> 02:03:38.702
If you have,
get down here!

02:03:43.666 --> 02:03:48.129
Come down! Come
down here and we'll talk!

02:04:01.016 --> 02:04:04.395
You do not want to come along,
do not you, Dona Maria?

02:04:05.312 --> 02:04:08.649
There's a cigarette
here for you!

02:04:27.918 --> 02:04:31.297
You got nothing to
trade today? huh?

02:04:36.886 --> 02:04:42.308
Today was the day I was here, I brought
a little money to make a business...

02:05:12.504 --> 02:05:14.798
you do not have anything?

02:05:15.341 --> 02:05:18.552
Oh, you're "very poor" today...

02:05:20.346 --> 02:05:22.806
Well, we're going back.

02:05:24.767 --> 02:05:28.979
You have nothing to offer us.

02:05:30.105 --> 02:05:33.192
Only tomorrow? It is?

02:06:25.369 --> 02:06:26.954
Hello.

02:06:27.538 --> 02:06:29.415
Good afternoon.

02:06:30.291 --> 02:06:32.209
Yes it's me.

02:06:33.836 --> 02:06:37.631
Is it, Roseli, okay?

02:06:41.552 --> 02:06:43.178
Yes. Uhmm,

02:06:45.097 --> 02:06:46.890
yes. Uhm.

02:06:52.980 --> 02:06:58.777
OK then. Thank you
and good afternoon.

02:06:59.111 --> 02:07:03.741
Ready. Ministry of Tourism.
They come now, in August.

02:07:03.741 --> 02:07:07.578
There are three technicians.
We will see. Huh…

02:07:31.477 --> 02:07:33.729
Beth is here...

02:07:34.480 --> 02:07:38.942
And in the museum we can expose
all the fossils we have, right?

02:07:38.942 --> 02:07:42.905
The visitor will enter the
sea, the marine fossils, then

02:07:42.905 --> 02:07:48.160
then, the tectonic movement that raised
the Serra and threw the sea there to Ceará,

02:07:48.202 --> 02:07:53.791
and then, the vegetation and the
fauna. The different epochs,

02:07:53.791 --> 02:07:57.461
when it was still the Atlantic
Forest, the Amazon Forest,

02:07:57.461 --> 02:08:00.172
and until the beginning
of the Caatinga.

02:08:00.589 --> 02:08:04.760
And we're going to show all those
gigantic animals that we have here.

02:08:04.760 --> 02:08:09.515
The giant sloth, the giant armadillo,
all these fossils will be exposed there.

02:08:10.307 --> 02:08:15.020
Oh, look over there, look. They
just started putting polycarbonate

02:08:15.020 --> 02:08:18.857
over there, upside.
Ah, it just started over there upside.

02:08:18.857 --> 02:08:22.069
Yes, this tiny piece here is already transparent.
After, you have to remove all the adhesive...

02:08:25.656 --> 02:08:31.161
So, it starts in the sea and finishes
in the Caatinga. Doesn't It, Miss Beth?

02:08:31.161 --> 02:08:31.286
Yes, it does.

02:08:31.286 --> 02:08:36.500
I think that if you could keep
the continuation from here,

02:08:36.500 --> 02:08:38.502
It would be completely different.

02:08:38.502 --> 02:08:41.839
So, the colours that we use, that I thought
of using was just because of this,

02:08:41.839 --> 02:08:45.759
to follow, but not like this, no…
Laboured, isn't it?

02:08:46.510 --> 02:08:50.639
One colour and other, isn't it?
Without being...

02:09:52.701 --> 02:09:56.330
Bonjour! Tout va bien?

02:09:56.997 --> 02:10:02.878
Good morning. Is everything alright there?
Is everything fine? Is everything working well?

02:10:04.671 --> 02:10:06.965
Good morning.

02:10:06.965 --> 02:10:08.960
Yes, yes, it is.

02:10:08.960 --> 02:10:10.960
Ok, alright so.

02:10:10.960 --> 02:10:12.960
Thank you.

02:10:12.960 --> 02:10:14.960
Good morning.