00:30.597 --> 00:34.101
-WE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE
TAKEN OVER THE WHOLE PLANET,

00:34.101 --> 00:35.603
BUT NOW WE MUST
LEARN TO SHARE IT

00:35.602 --> 00:38.105
OR ELSE WE WILL LOSE IT.

00:38.105 --> 00:43.110
WE HAVE TO OUTGROW TRIBALISM,
PATRIARCHY, ALL OUR OLD WAYS.

00:43.110 --> 00:45.613
AND WE HAVE TO MOVE FAST

00:45.612 --> 00:48.115
BECAUSE WE’RE
RUNNING OUT OF TIME.

01:23.150 --> 01:26.153
I’VE ALWAYS ENJOYED
A GOOD REVOLUTION,

01:26.153 --> 01:28.656
SO KITCHENS ARE AN INTERESTING
PLACE TO BE THESE DAYS.

01:29.156 --> 01:34.662
THIS IS WHERE THE BASIC POWER
BALANCE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
IS BEING RENEGOTIATED AT LAST.

01:35.162 --> 01:40.167
AND IF WE GET IT RIGHT,
THE WHOLE HUMAN RACE
WILL BE THE WINNER.

01:40.167 --> 01:42.670
MOST MALES BEHAVE QUITE
DECENTLY AS INDIVIDUALS,

01:43.170 --> 01:47.675
BUT WHEN HUMAN BEINGS GET
TOGETHER IN LARGE GROUPS,
WE BEHAVE VERY BADLY:

01:48.175 --> 01:52.680
WARS, TYRANNY, THE HUGE
GULF BETWEEN RICH AND
POOR, NORTH AND SOUTH.

01:53.180 --> 01:55.683
AND ALL THOSE THINGS
ARE DIRECTLY CONNECTED

01:56.183 --> 01:59.186
WITH THE IMBALANCE OF
POWER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN.

01:59.686 --> 02:04.191
MALE DOMINATION IS RIGHT AT
THE HEART OF WHAT’S WRONG
WITH MASS CIVILIZATION.

02:07.694 --> 02:10.697
-...WHETHER YOU’RE ONE OF THE
CELEBRITIES IN TOWN GETTING
THE RED CARPET TREATMENT,

02:10.697 --> 02:13.200
OR JUST ONE OF THE HUNDRED
THOUSANDS OF EVERYDAY PEOPLE

02:13.200 --> 02:16.203
WHO WANT TO PARTAKE IN
THIS INAUGURAL CELEBRATION.

02:16.203 --> 02:18.205
EVERYBODY, AND I MEAN EVERYBODY,

02:18.205 --> 02:20.207
IS GOING TO GET A GREAT SHOW.

02:20.207 --> 02:24.211
IN THE NATION’S CAPITAL,
I’M LYNN BLADES REPORTING.

02:27.214 --> 02:30.718
[GWYNNE DYER]: TODAY AMERICA
IS INAUGURATING A NEW PRESIDENT.

02:30.717 --> 02:35.722
AND ALL THE OLD HOPES
FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE AND
EQUALITY ARE HAVING AN OUTING.

02:35.722 --> 02:39.726
BUT COMPARED TO ITS STATED
IDEALS, THE UNITED STATES

02:39.726 --> 02:42.229
IS A GRAVE DISAPPOINTMENT.

02:42.229 --> 02:46.734
AMERICA IS MILITARIZED UP
TO ITS EYEBALLS, AND IT HAS
SPENT MUCH OF ITS HISTORY

02:46.733 --> 02:48.735
FIGHTING WARS ON OTHER
PEOPLE’S TERRITORY:

02:48.735 --> 02:52.239
NATIVE INDIANS, MEXICANS,
FILIPINOS, VIETNAMESE.

02:52.239 --> 02:54.742
WHOLE CLASSES OF
ITS OWN CITIZENS

02:54.741 --> 02:57.244
HAVE SPENT GENERATIONS
AT THE BACK OF THE BUS.

02:57.244 --> 02:59.747
AND EVEN NOW, NOT ONE
OF ITS 42 PRESIDENTS

02:59.746 --> 03:02.749
HAS COME FROM THE FEMALE
MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION.

03:02.749 --> 03:07.754
ELISABETH FURSE HAS
JUST SURPRISED HERSELF

03:07.754 --> 03:10.757
BY BEING ELECTED TO
CONGRESS FROM OREGON.

03:10.757 --> 03:14.261
SHE DOESN’T FIT THE MOULD, AND
NOT JUST BECAUSE SHE’S A WOMAN.

03:14.261 --> 03:18.265
SHE’S ALSO BEEN A FULL-TIME
PEACE ACTIVIST FOR YEARS.

03:18.265 --> 03:21.769
AND LAST YEAR, SHE EARNED
LESS THAN THE MINIMUM WAGE.

03:21.768 --> 03:23.770
-GOODBYE, LUVVIE.

03:23.770 --> 03:26.773
HAVE FUN, YOU AND
BARBRA STREISAND.

03:26.773 --> 03:29.276
AND GUESS WHAT I GET?

03:29.276 --> 03:31.779
ANOTHER RECEPTION.

03:31.778 --> 03:33.280
OH, MY DEAR!

03:33.280 --> 03:37.785
-I’M SO HAPPY YOU’RE HERE.

03:37.784 --> 03:42.789
[GWYNNE DYER]: THIS RECEPTION
IS FOR ALL THE WOMEN WHO WERE
ELECTED TO CONGRESS IN 1992.

03:42.789 --> 03:46.293
THERE WERE ALMOST TWICE AS
MANY OF THEM AS EVER BEFORE.

03:48.295 --> 03:51.799
ELISABETH FURSE GLAD-
HANDS THE CROWD LIKE
ANY TRADITIONAL POLITICIAN.

03:51.798 --> 03:53.800
BUT SHE’S NOT.

03:59.806 --> 04:04.311
-IT IS TIME FOR THOSE OF US
WHO HAVE BEEN DISEMPOWERED
    IN MANY WAYS,

04:04.811 --> 04:06.313
WHO FELT THAT WE’RE
ON THE OUTSIDE

04:06.813 --> 04:09.316
OF THE MAINSTREAM,
TO UNDERSTAND THAT,

04:09.316 --> 04:12.319
IN FACT, WE CAN BE
INCREDIBLY POWERFUL.

04:14.321 --> 04:16.323
OKAY... I NEED MY...

04:16.323 --> 04:20.327
SENATOR! I’VE BEEN LOOKING
FORWARD TO THIS MOMENT.
-YES, I HAVE TOO.

04:20.327 --> 04:22.329
-THIS IS A VERY MALE
INSTITUTION HERE.

04:22.329 --> 04:24.331
WHEN THE 103rd CONGRESS CAME IN,

04:24.331 --> 04:29.336
WE’RE OF COLOUR, WE’RE
WOMEN, IT’S A MARVELLOUS
GROUP OF PEOPLE.

04:29.336 --> 04:32.339
BUT ONCE WE GOT INTO
THE WHOLE OF THE CONGRESS,

04:32.339 --> 04:35.342
I SUDDENLY REALIZED HOW
FEW OF US THERE REALLY WERE.

04:35.342 --> 04:37.344
LESS THAN 10% IS FEMALE.

04:39.846 --> 04:43.350
YOU LOOK AT THOSE
PORTRAITS IN THE ROTUNDA...

04:43.350 --> 04:47.855
SOMEBODY FROM OUTER SPACE WOULD
SAY: "THIS IS A COUNTRY MADE UP
OF WHITE MEN."

04:47.854 --> 04:51.858
I MEAN, THERE’S NO
WOMEN OR PEOPLE OF
COLOUR IN THOSE STATUES.

04:51.858 --> 04:54.361
IT’S MANIFEST DESTINY

04:54.361 --> 04:57.364
WRIT LARGE.

04:57.364 --> 05:00.367
WE JUST WIPE OUT
PARTS OF OUR HISTORY.

05:05.372 --> 05:07.374
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE FOUNDERS
OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC

05:07.874 --> 05:10.377
WERE TRYING TO ESCAPE
FROM THE EVILS OF THE PAST.

05:10.877 --> 05:13.880
THEY THOUGHT ALL THEY HAD
TO DO WAS CREATE A DEMOCRACY.

05:13.880 --> 05:15.882
THEY DIDN’T REALIZE

05:15.882 --> 05:20.387
THAT THE PATTERN OF VIOLENCE
AND OPPRESSION WAS PART
OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF.

05:20.387 --> 05:23.891
NOW WE DO, AND WE EVEN
HAVE A NAME FOR IT:

05:23.890 --> 05:25.892
"THE PATRIARCHAL ORDER".

05:32.899 --> 05:36.903
SOME KING OR EMPEROR
GIVES THE ORDERS.

05:36.903 --> 05:40.407
THOSE WHO ENFORCE THEM HAVE
LOTS OF POWER AND PRIVILEGES.

05:40.407 --> 05:44.912
PEOPLE AT THE BOTTOM
HAVE NO RIGHTS AT ALL.

05:44.911 --> 05:46.913
THE POOR, SLAVES,

05:46.913 --> 05:49.416
ALMOST ALL WOMEN.

05:49.416 --> 05:52.419
AND OUTSIDERS CAN JUST BE
KILLED IF THEY GET IN THE WAY.

05:52.419 --> 05:54.922
IN FACT, AMERICAN WARPLANES

05:54.921 --> 05:58.925
WERE BOMBING IRAQ
ON INAUGURATION DAY.

05:58.925 --> 06:01.928
-WHAT I THINK
ABOUT NOW AS WE PLAY

06:01.928 --> 06:04.431
THIS TERRIBLE GAME
OF CAT AND MOUSE

06:04.431 --> 06:08.936
IS THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF
CHILDREN DYING IN BAGHDAD FROM
THE LAST TIME WE WERE BOMBING.

06:08.935 --> 06:10.937
WHAT ARE WE DOING?

06:10.937 --> 06:15.442
WHEN DO WE BEGIN TO SAY THAT
AN IRAQI CHILD’S LIFE IS THE
SAME AS A LIFE

06:15.442 --> 06:19.947
OF A WHITE AMERICAN? UNTIL WE DO
THAT, WE’LL GO ON HAVING WARS.

06:19.946 --> 06:21.948
[GWYNNE DYER]: AMERICANS
    HAVE BEEN TRYING

06:21.948 --> 06:24.451
TO BREAK OUT OF THE OLD
PATTERN FOR OVER 2 CENTURIES.

06:24.451 --> 06:28.455
AND THERE HAS BEEN
PROGRESS. THERE’S NO
KING NOW, AND NO SLAVES...

06:28.455 --> 06:30.457
AND WOMEN HAVE THE VOTE.

06:30.457 --> 06:33.961
BUT HIERARCHY AND VIOLENCE
STILL RULE THE WORLD.

06:33.960 --> 06:36.463
MEN STILL RULE THE WORLD.

06:36.963 --> 06:39.466
THIS HAS BEEN THE PATTERN
OF OUR HISTORY FOR SO LONG

06:39.466 --> 06:41.969
THAT MANY PEOPLE THINK
IT’S JUST "HUMAN NATURE".

06:41.968 --> 06:44.471
AND THERE’S NO POINT
IN ASKING A PIG TO FLY.

06:44.471 --> 06:46.473
BUT BEFORE WE ABANDON HOPE,

06:46.473 --> 06:50.477
WE SHOULD BE SURE WHETHER
THE PATRIARCHAL ORDER IS
    NATURAL OR NOT.

06:50.977 --> 06:53.480
AND THE KEY EVIDENCE
FOR THAT IS NOT HERE,

06:53.480 --> 06:57.484
IT’S DEEPLY BURIED IN A
DIFFERENT TIME AND PLACE.

07:24.511 --> 07:27.514
HUMAN BEINGS HAVE
ALWAYS LIVED IN GROUPS.

07:27.514 --> 07:30.017
BUT UP UNTIL ABOUT
10,000 YEARS AGO,

07:30.016 --> 07:32.018
IN THE HUNTING
AND GATHERING TIMES,

07:32.018 --> 07:36.523
THE GROUPS COULD BEHAVE
IN A WIDE RANGE OF WAYS.

07:36.523 --> 07:41.028
THERE WERE NO MORE THAN
10 MILLION HUMAN BEINGS
IN THE WHOLE WORLD THEN.

07:41.027 --> 07:44.531
BUT THE GROUPS WERE VERY SMALL.

07:44.531 --> 07:47.534
AND HOW THEY TREATED EACH
OTHER DEPENDED ON CIRCUMSTANCES.

07:51.037 --> 07:53.039
ROCK PAINTINGS
FROM NEOLITHIC TIMES

07:53.540 --> 07:55.542
SUGGEST THAT MANY
BANDS WERE WARLIKE,

07:55.542 --> 07:58.545
WITH THE WARRIOR MALES
RUNNING EVERYTHING.

07:58.545 --> 08:01.548
BUT OTHERS DID NOT
GLORIFY FIGHTING.

08:01.548 --> 08:05.052
AND IN THOSE BANDS, MEN AND
WOMEN WERE MORE OR LESS EQUAL.

08:10.557 --> 08:16.063
AROUND 10,000 YEARS AGO, THE
OPTIONS BEGAN TO GROW NARROWER.

08:16.062 --> 08:20.066
IT WAS PROBABLY WOMEN
WHO INVENTED AGRICULTURE,

08:20.066 --> 08:24.070
SINCE GATHERING PLANTS WAS
TRADITIONALLY A WOMAN’S JOB.

08:24.070 --> 08:27.574
BUT FARMING CHANGED
EVERYBODY’S ROLES

08:27.574 --> 08:30.577
AND CREATED A NEW WAY OF DOING
THINGS ALL OVER THE WORLD:

08:31.077 --> 08:33.079
THE "VILLAGE" WAY.

08:36.583 --> 08:41.088
PEOPLE HAVE PROBABLY LIVED ON
THIS SPOT FOR ABOUT 8,000 YEARS.

08:41.588 --> 08:46.093
AND AT THE START, IT WOULD
HAVE BEEN WHAT’S CALLED AN
"AUTONOMOUS VILLAGE".

08:48.595 --> 08:51.598
THERE WERE NO CITIES YET,
NO KING, NO SOLDIERS;

08:51.598 --> 08:54.101
JUST HUNDREDS OF
INDEPENDENT VILLAGES,

08:54.100 --> 08:57.103
EACH LIVING ITS OWN QUIET LIFE.

09:00.607 --> 09:05.612
AND DECISIONS PROBABLY
STILL GOT MADE THE OLD
HUNTER-GATHERER WAY:

09:05.612 --> 09:08.115
EVERYBODY CAME TOGETHER
AND TALKED THINGS OVER

09:08.114 --> 09:10.116
UNTIL THEY REACHED A CONSENSUS.

09:16.623 --> 09:18.125
HANIA SHOLGAMY IS
AN ANTHROPOLOGIST,

09:18.625 --> 09:22.129
AND THE VILLAGES SHE STUDIES
ARE IN 20th-CENTURY EGYPT.

09:22.629 --> 09:25.132
BUT THE ECONOMIC REALITIES
IN A VILLAGE LIKE THIS

09:25.632 --> 09:28.135
HAVE NOT CHANGED MUCH
IN THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

09:28.134 --> 09:30.637
-IN VILLAGES IN PARTICULAR,

09:30.637 --> 09:32.639
BUT I WOULD DARE SAY ANYWHERE,

09:32.639 --> 09:41.148
THE SOCIAL FABRIC WOULD
COMPLETELY COLLAPSE WITHOUT
THE INPUT OF WOMEN IN ECONOMICS.

09:41.147 --> 09:44.651
EVERYTHING TO DO WITH THE
ESSENTIAL DAY-TO-DAY LIFE

09:44.651 --> 09:49.156
OF VILLAGES MUST BE
PROCESSED THROUGH WOMEN.

09:49.155 --> 09:54.661
IF MEN CULTIVATE THE WHEAT,
IT HAS TO BE PICKED OVER

09:54.661 --> 09:58.665
AND PUT THROUGH A MILL
TO BECOME FLOUR, AND THEN

09:58.665 --> 10:02.169
TO BE PROCESSED INTO
BREAD, WHICH IS THE
LIFELINE OF EVERYONE.

10:07.674 --> 10:14.181
THE MAIN INVESTMENT OF ANY RURAL
HOUSEHOLD, BESIDES THE LAND,
IS THE CATTLE THAT THEY OWN.

10:14.681 --> 10:16.683
THIS IS THE WOMEN’S DOMAIN.

10:20.687 --> 10:22.689
THIS ALSO MEANS

10:22.689 --> 10:28.195
WOMEN ARE SO CENTRAL TO
THE HOME, THAT SOMETIMES
THEY HARDLY EVER LEAVE IT.

10:31.197 --> 10:35.201
IT’S A FACT THAT THERE
IS SO MUCH LIFE CAPITAL.

10:35.201 --> 10:38.705
[GWYNNE DYER]: UNLIKE HUNTER-
GATHERERS, VILLAGERS OWN THINGS.

10:38.705 --> 10:42.209
AND TO MAKE SURE THIS VALUABLE
PROPERTY STAYED IN THE FAMILY,

10:42.208 --> 10:46.212
ALMOST ALL THE EARLIEST CULTURES
PASSED IT DOWN THROUGH WOMEN.

10:50.216 --> 10:53.219
BABIES HAVE FATHERS TOO,
AND THE VILLAGERS KNEW IT.

10:53.720 --> 10:55.222
ONCE YOU’VE TAMED ANIMALS,

10:55.722 --> 10:58.725
IT’S OBVIOUS THAT MAKING
BABIES REQUIRES A MALE INPUT.

10:59.225 --> 11:02.228
BUT YOU CAN’T REALLY BE SURE
WHICH MALE IS THE FATHER,

11:02.729 --> 11:05.232
WHILE YOU ALWAYS
KNOW WHO THE MOTHER IS.

11:05.231 --> 11:12.238
SO MEN’S PROPERTY WENT TO
THEIR SISTER’S CHILDREN WHEN
THEY DIED, NOT TO THEIR OWN.

11:15.742 --> 11:18.245
THE STATUS OF MEN
DROPPED STEEPLY

11:18.244 --> 11:20.747
WHEN HUMAN BEINGS
SETTLED IN VILLAGES.

11:20.747 --> 11:24.751
ONCE THEIR VALUE TO
SOCIETY HAD COME FROM
THEIR ABILITY AS HUNTERS.

11:24.751 --> 11:28.255
BUT THE WILD GAME WAS QUICKLY
HUNTED OUT NEAR THE VILLAGES.

11:28.755 --> 11:30.757
AND WHEN HUNTING
LOST ITS IMPORTANCE,

11:30.757 --> 11:33.760
SO DID THE PEOPLE
WHO USED TO DO IT.

11:36.262 --> 11:41.267
WE DON’T ACTUALLY KNOW WHO
SAT AT THE HEAD OF THE TABLE
IN THE AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES,

11:41.267 --> 11:44.270
BUT WE DO KNOW
THAT IN SOME PLACES

11:44.270 --> 11:48.274
WOMEN WERE BURIED IN THE
CENTER OF THE HOUSE, WITH
THE VALUABLE HOUSEHOLD GOODS,

11:48.274 --> 11:52.278
AND MEN WERE BURIED OUT AT
THE CORNERS, WITH THE CHILDREN.

11:54.781 --> 12:00.287
ARCHEOLOGISTS FIND UP TO 100
FEMALE FERTILITY FIGURES FOR
EVERY MALE SYMBOL.

12:02.789 --> 12:06.793
FERTILITY WAS THE KEY TO WHETHER
THE VILLAGES LIVED OR DIED.

12:06.793 --> 12:10.797
AND FERTILITY WAS
TRADITIONALLY FEMALE MAGIC.

12:15.301 --> 12:17.804
MEN WERE NEVER
ACTUALLY OPPRESSED;

12:17.804 --> 12:20.307
THERE WAS NEVER A
MATRIARCHY IN THAT SENSE.

12:20.306 --> 12:24.811
BUT YOU CAN SEE HOW MEN MIGHT
HAVE FELT MARGINALIZED IN THE
EARLY VILLAGE CULTURES.

12:24.811 --> 12:27.314
SO WHAT’S THAT
GOT TO DO WITH US?

12:27.313 --> 12:30.316
FIRST OF ALL, THE HUGE
CHANGES THAT HAPPENED

12:30.316 --> 12:33.820
WHEN HUNTER-GATHERERS SETTLED
DOWN IN THE AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES

12:33.820 --> 12:37.824
SHOW JUST HOW FLEXIBLE THIS
THING CALLED "HUMAN NATURE" IS.

12:37.824 --> 12:39.326
MALE DOMINATION ISN’T NATURAL.

12:39.325 --> 12:41.828
NEITHER IS EQUALITY
OF THE SEXES.

12:41.828 --> 12:43.830
IT ALL DEPENDS.

12:43.830 --> 12:48.335
SAME GOES FOR WHETHER
WE’RE WARLIKE OR PEACEFUL,
DEMOCRATIC OR AUTHORITARIAN.

12:48.334 --> 12:49.836
CHANGE THE WAY WE LIVE,

12:49.836 --> 12:53.340
AND YOU MAY ALSO CHANGE THE WAY
WE BEHAVE TOWARDS EACH OTHER.

13:01.347 --> 13:04.851
MEN WERE JUST NOT VERY IMPORTANT
IN THE AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES,

13:04.851 --> 13:09.356
AND PEOPLE WHO DON’T
FEEL IMPORTANT TEND TO
FEEL RESENTFUL INSTEAD.

13:09.355 --> 13:13.860
YOU REALIZE, OF COURSE, THAT
WE’RE TALKING ABOUT THE RAW
MATERIAL FOR A REVOLUTION HERE.

13:20.867 --> 13:22.869
AND THE REVOLUTION
DULY HAPPENED,

13:22.869 --> 13:25.872
SO LONG AGO THAT IT
ISN’T IN THE HISTORY BOOKS.

13:25.872 --> 13:30.877
BUT THOUSANDS OF YEARS LATER,
WE CAN SEE THE RESULTS OF IT
ALL AROUND US.

13:41.888 --> 13:44.891
NOW WOMEN ARE AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE PECKING ORDER.

13:44.891 --> 13:47.394
MEN RUN PRACTICALLY EVERYTHING

13:47.393 --> 13:49.395
AND THERE’S MILITARY
ALL OVER THE PLACE.

13:49.395 --> 13:51.397
WHAT HAPPENED?

13:51.898 --> 13:55.402
THE MIDDLE-EAST IS THE BEST
PLACE TO LOOK FOR ANSWERS,

13:55.401 --> 13:59.405
BECAUSE OVER HALF THE PEOPLE
ON EARTH LIVE IN CULTURES
THAT STEM FROM HERE.

14:03.409 --> 14:05.411
-THERE ARE VARIOUS
KINDS OF HISTORIES,

14:05.411 --> 14:08.915
AND THE ONE THAT GOT RECORDED
IS NOT THE ONLY ONE.

14:08.915 --> 14:14.421
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, IT IS
THE HISTORY OF THE DOMINANT
PERSON. IT’S THE DOMINANT GROUP.

14:14.420 --> 14:18.424
IT IS MALE HISTORY, IT
IS THE STATE’S HISTORY.

14:18.424 --> 14:23.429
THE ARCHIVES THAT I SEE AND
THE DOCUMENTS THAT I CONSULT

14:23.429 --> 14:26.933
IN THE EGYPTIAN
 NATIONAL ARCHIVES
DOWN THERE ON THE NILE,

14:26.933 --> 14:29.936
THEY ARE DOCUMENTS
OF STATE OPPRESSION.

14:29.936 --> 14:32.439
WHETHER THEY ARE POLICE
RECORDS, PRISON ACCOUNTS,

14:32.438 --> 14:34.440
MEDICAL TREATISES...

14:34.440 --> 14:40.947
NOW FOR IMPORTANT PURPOSES,
THESE ARE ALL WRITTEN BY MEN.

14:40.947 --> 14:42.949
WOMEN ARE EXCLUDED,
AND WHEN THEY APPEAR,

14:42.949 --> 14:45.952
THEY APPEAR IN A
VERY MARGINAL WAY.

14:45.952 --> 14:49.956
[GWYNNE DYER]: KHALID
FAHMY STUDIES THE HISTORY
OF MILITARISM IN EGYPT.

14:49.956 --> 14:53.460
TODAY HE’S CELEBRATING
HIS DOCTORATE WITH FRIENDS,

14:53.459 --> 14:57.463
MOSTLY YOUNG SCHOLARS WHO
SPEND THEIR WORKING DAYS
TRYING TO PIECE TOGETHER

14:57.463 --> 14:59.966
OTHER BITS OF THE HUMAN PUZZLE.

15:01.968 --> 15:06.973
HUDA LUTFY RESEARCHES THE LIVES
OF WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM.

15:06.973 --> 15:11.478
SHE’S A HISTORY PROFESSOR AT THE
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF CAIRO.

15:11.477 --> 15:14.480
-WOMEN HAVE ALWAYS BEEN
NEGLECTED IN HISTORY,

15:14.480 --> 15:19.485
SO... NOT JUST AS A WOMAN,
BUT ALSO AS AN HISTORIAN,

15:19.485 --> 15:23.489
I’D LIKE TO BRING OUT
WHAT HAS BEEN NEGLECTED,
INVISIBLE, SILENT.

15:23.489 --> 15:27.493
I LEARN A LOT FROM IT,
BECAUSE IT EXPLODES MYTHS.

15:27.493 --> 15:31.497
UNFORTUNATELY, THE SOURCES THAT
I USE HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY MEN,

15:31.497 --> 15:34.500
EXPRESSING THE PATRIARCHAL
VIEW OF WHAT IS IMPORTANT:

15:34.500 --> 15:36.502
THE ARMY, THE STATE,
THE BUREAUCRACY;

15:36.502 --> 15:39.005
WHAT MY STUDENTS
CALL "BORING HISTORY".

15:42.508 --> 15:45.011
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE WOMEN HUDA
STUDIES LEFT NO WRITTEN RECORDS,

15:45.011 --> 15:50.517
SO SHE LOOKS FOR CLUES IN
THE WRITINGS OF MEDIEVAL
ISLAMIC SCHOLARS.

15:53.019 --> 15:55.021
HUDA FIGURES OUT WHAT
WOMEN WERE REALLY DOING

15:55.021 --> 16:00.026
FROM THE DEMANDS OF THE
MALE SCHOLARS THAT THEY
    STOP DOING IT.

16:04.530 --> 16:08.034
[HUDA LUTFY]: "FIRST OF ALL,
"A WOMAN SHOULD GO OUT
ONLY FOR A NECESSITY.

16:08.034 --> 16:12.539
IF SHE DOES, SHE SHOULD GO IN
LONG AND UNATTRACTIVE GARMENTS."

16:12.538 --> 16:14.540
IT SOUNDS FAMILIAR...

16:14.540 --> 16:20.546
"A WOMAN SHOULD WALK CLOSE
TO THE WALLS OF HOUSES IN
ORDER TO MAKE WAY FOR MEN.

16:20.546 --> 16:25.051
MEN SHOULD MAKE THE ROAD
DIFFICULT AND NARROW FOR WOMEN."

16:25.051 --> 16:27.053
AS RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS,

16:27.053 --> 16:31.558
THEY VIEWED THE FEMALE BODY
AS THREATENING TO THE ORDER
    OF THE MALE WORLD.

16:31.557 --> 16:34.560
THE NUDITY OF THE FEMALE
BODY IS FROWNED UPON.

16:34.560 --> 16:36.562
AND THIS IS A VERY
SENSITIVE SUBJECT

16:37.063 --> 16:39.566
ON THE PART OF OUR
RELIGIOUS SCHOLAR

16:40.066 --> 16:45.071
BECAUSE HE HATES WOMEN
PRANCING IN THE PUBLIC BATHS,
YOU KNOW, WALKING AROUND NUDE.

16:45.071 --> 16:48.575
BECAUSE THEY EXCHANGED
    DOMESTIC NEWS

16:48.574 --> 16:51.077
ABOUT THEMSELVES,
ABOUT THEIR HUSBANDS,

16:51.077 --> 16:57.083
AND THEY COMPETED AMONG
THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF
CLOTHES AND JEWELLERY,

16:57.083 --> 16:58.585
AND WHAT DID MY HUSBAND GET,

16:59.085 --> 17:03.590
IT WAS TROUBLE
FOR THE MAN AT HOME.

17:03.589 --> 17:07.093
I ALWAYS ENCOUNTER THIS
IN MY RESEARCH ABOUT WOMEN,

17:07.093 --> 17:12.599
THAT THE FEMALE BODY IN
PUBLIC SPACE CAUSED CHAOS.

17:12.598 --> 17:18.604
AND AGAIN, I’M WONDERING
WHETHER THIS IS NOT ALSO A
MALE RETENTION OF THE PAST,

17:19.105 --> 17:25.111
WHEN MATRIARCHAL POWER
WAS EXPRESSED THROUGH THE
SEXUALITY OF THE FEMALE.

17:27.613 --> 17:31.117
WHEN THE MALE REVOLTED
AGAINST THAT SEXUAL DOMINANCE,

17:31.617 --> 17:33.619
HE STARTED TAMING IT.

17:35.621 --> 17:38.624
[GWYNNE DYER]: WOMEN’S
FERTILITY MADE THEM POWERFUL
IN THE VILLAGE TIMES.

17:38.624 --> 17:41.627
BUT THOSE TIMES DID NOT LAST.

17:50.636 --> 17:54.140
AROUND 5,000 YEARS AGO,

17:54.140 --> 17:56.643
A GREAT CHANGE SWEPT
ACROSS THE WORLD.

17:57.143 --> 18:02.649
THE ERA OF THE AUTONOMOUS
VILLAGES CAME TO AN END.

18:02.648 --> 18:04.650
NOBODY REALLY KNOWS WHY.

18:05.151 --> 18:07.153
BUT IN HALF A DOZEN
PLACES AROUND THE WORLD,

18:07.653 --> 18:09.155
A NEW WAY OF LIVING AROSE.

18:09.655 --> 18:11.657
IT WAS THE POINT
WHERE HUMAN BEINGS

18:11.657 --> 18:14.160
STOPPED JUST FITTING
INTO THE WORLD

18:14.160 --> 18:18.164
AND BEGAN TO SUBJUGATE IT.

18:20.166 --> 18:22.168
IN EGYPT, IN MESOPOTAMIA,

18:22.668 --> 18:24.670
IN CHINA, IN CENTRAL AMERICA,

18:24.670 --> 18:29.175
GREAT NUMBERS OF VILLAGES
WERE UNITED UNDER SINGLE RULERS.

18:29.175 --> 18:32.178
HUMAN BEINGS INVENTED THE STATE.

18:32.178 --> 18:37.183
AND PATRIARCHY WAS
BORN AT THE SAME MOMENT.

18:37.183 --> 18:43.189
ALL THE EARLY STATES WERE
PYRAMIDS OF POWER AND PRIVILEGE
WITH A SINGLE MAN AT THE TOP:

18:43.189 --> 18:47.694
A PHARAOH, A GOD-KING,
A SACRED PERSON.

18:47.693 --> 18:50.696
AND HOW COULD A SINGLE
MAN GET SO MUCH POWER?

18:52.698 --> 18:54.700
ONLY BY TERROR.

19:03.709 --> 19:06.212
THE TOMBS AROUND HERE
BELONG TO THE KINGS

19:06.212 --> 19:08.715
AND NOBLES OF
EGYPT’S 1st DYNASTY.

19:08.714 --> 19:11.217
THEY DIED ABOUT 5,000 YEARS AGO,

19:11.217 --> 19:13.219
SO THERE’S NOT MUCH
LEFT OF THE TOMBS NOW,

19:13.219 --> 19:15.722
EXCEPT THE OUTSIDE
WALLS OF MUD-BRICK.

19:15.721 --> 19:18.724
BUT ONCE THE INTERIORS
WERE LINED WITH INLAID CEDAR

19:18.724 --> 19:22.228
AND FILLED WITH GOLD AND
IVORY, AND ALL MANNER OF
    PRECIOUS THINGS.

19:22.228 --> 19:26.232
AND SOME OF THE KINGS MAY
HAVE BEEN DECENT MEN WHEN
    THEY WERE ALIVE,

19:26.232 --> 19:30.236
BUT THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED
    WHEN THEY DIED.

19:30.236 --> 19:34.741
THEY STRANGLED SCORES OR
HUNDREDS OF THE PEOPLE
WHO WORKED FOR THE KING:

19:34.740 --> 19:38.244
CONCUBINES, BODYGUARDS,
MINOR OFFICIALS, SERVANT GIRLS,

19:38.244 --> 19:41.748
AND BURIED THEM NEARBY TO
SERVE HIM IN THE NEXT WORLD.

19:41.747 --> 19:45.251
AROUND THE TOMB OF DJER,
THE 3rd KING OF UNIFIED EGYPT,

19:45.251 --> 19:48.755
ARE THE GRAVES OF
317 OTHER PEOPLE,

19:48.754 --> 19:51.257
THE GREAT MAJORITY
OF THEM YOUNG WOMEN.

19:53.259 --> 19:55.762
AND THESE WERE NOT
THE KING’S ENEMIES,

19:55.761 --> 19:57.763
THEY WERE PEOPLE HE KNEW.

19:57.763 --> 20:00.766
BUT MURDERING HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE
AND BURYING THEM WITH THE KING

20:00.766 --> 20:03.269
IS ALMOST NORMAL IN
THE EARLIEST KINGDOMS.

20:03.269 --> 20:06.272
EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA,
CHINA, THEY ALL DID IT.

20:06.272 --> 20:09.275
ABSOLUTE POWER
CORRUPTS ABSOLUTELY.

20:09.275 --> 20:11.778
WELCOME TO CIVILIZATION.

20:14.280 --> 20:16.783
BUT THE TERRIBLE THINGS
THEY DID HAD A PURPOSE.

20:16.782 --> 20:20.286
TERROR IS A PRIMITIVE
FORM OF MASS COMMUNICATION.

20:20.286 --> 20:22.288
PUT UP ENOUGH IMAGES LIKE THIS,

20:22.288 --> 20:24.791
AND YOU DON’T HAVE
TO STATION SOLDIERS

20:24.790 --> 20:28.294
IN EVERY VILLAGE.

20:31.297 --> 20:33.800
IN MESOPOTAMIA,
THE 1st CIVILIZATIONS

20:33.799 --> 20:40.306
SOON BECAME MILITARY EMPIRES
THAT ROUTINELY IMPALED THE
CITIZENS OF CONQUERED CITIES.

20:40.306 --> 20:42.308
THE GLORIOUS SOLDIER

20:42.308 --> 20:47.814
HOLDING THE SEVERED HEAD OF HIS
ENEMY BECAME THE HUMAN IDEAL.

20:47.813 --> 20:51.817
AND WOMEN PRACTICALLY
VANISHED FROM THE RECORD.

20:51.817 --> 20:54.820
EXCEPT FOR LAWS
DESTROYING THEIR FREEDOM.

20:59.325 --> 21:03.329
"WIVES OF CITIZENS WHO
GO OUT ON THE STREET
MUST VEIL THEMSELVES."

21:03.329 --> 21:08.835
MIDDLE ASSYRIAN LAWS, 1500 B.C.

21:08.834 --> 21:11.837
ONE-QUARTER OF EARLY
MESOPOTAMIAN LAWS

21:11.837 --> 21:14.340
WERE ABOUT CONTROLLING WOMEN.

21:16.342 --> 21:21.347
-THE MAN WANTS TO MAKE SURE
THAT THE CHILDREN ARE HIS.

21:21.347 --> 21:24.851
AND ONE WAY OF DOING IT
IS TO REGULATE MARRIAGE,

21:24.850 --> 21:28.854
AND TO SAY TO THE WOMAN: "I
HAVE TO CONTROL YOUR MOVEMENT."

21:32.358 --> 21:36.863
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE LEGACY OF
MESOPOTAMIA IS STILL VISIBLE
TODAY IN OLD PARTS OF CAIRO.

21:36.862 --> 21:41.367
THE WEALTHIER HOUSES
CONTAINED HAREMS WHERE
WOMEN WERE SEGREGATED,

21:41.367 --> 21:45.872
IN ORDER TO PREVENT SOCIAL
CONTACT WITH MEN WHO WERE
NOT PART OF THE FAMILY.

21:51.877 --> 21:55.881
[HUDA LUTFY]: YOU HAVE THIS
IDEOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURAL FORM.

21:55.881 --> 21:58.884
THE HOUSE IS ENCLOSED
BY HIGH WALLS,

21:58.884 --> 22:01.387
THE MALE SPACE IS
ON THE GROUND FLOOR,

22:01.387 --> 22:04.891
SO THAT THERE’S EASY ACCESS
FOR THE MALE VISITORS.

22:04.890 --> 22:07.893
AND THE FEMALE SPACES
ARE ON THE UPPER FLOORS,

22:07.893 --> 22:10.896
WHERE THEY COULD
OVERLOOK THESE MALE SPACES.

22:28.914 --> 22:34.920
IT SERVED THE PURPOSES
OF SECLUDING THE WOMEN
FROM STRANGE MALE EYES.

22:34.920 --> 22:37.923
AT THE SAME TIME, IT
ALLOWED WOMEN PRIVACY

22:37.923 --> 22:42.428
TO SOCIALIZE WITHOUT
INTERFERENCE FROM THE MALES.

22:45.931 --> 22:48.934
[GWYNNE DYER]: SEGREGATING
WOMEN AND MAKING THEM WEAR VEILS

22:48.934 --> 22:53.439
WERE JUST PART OF THE
PROCESS OF TURNING WOMEN
INTO PRIVATE PROPERTY.

22:53.439 --> 22:59.445
WOMEN HAD TO WEAR VEILS IN
MESOPOTAMIA 4,000 YEARS AGO.

23:01.947 --> 23:06.952
SO DID RESPECTABLE WOMEN
IN CLASSICAL GREECE AND ROME.

23:06.952 --> 23:10.456
WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE
WERE STILL VEILING THEIR HAIR.

23:10.456 --> 23:13.459
AND EVEN IN OUR
GRANDMOTHERS’ TIME,

23:13.459 --> 23:17.964
WOMEN STILL WORE VEILS
ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS.

23:17.963 --> 23:23.469
TODAY, ALMOST EVERYBODY
HAS FORGOTTEN THAT THE VEIL
COMES FROM AN ANCIENT UPHEAVAL

23:23.469 --> 23:26.973
THAT ALSO BROUGHT US
TYRANNY AND ENDLESS WAR.

23:26.972 --> 23:28.974
BUT IT DOES.

23:40.986 --> 23:43.989
EVERY STATE
ECHOES THE 1st STATE.

23:43.989 --> 23:46.992
HIERARCHY. MILITARISM.

23:46.992 --> 23:48.994
MALE DOMINATION.

23:51.497 --> 23:55.501
-TODAY, IN THIS
GREAT MEETING PLACE

23:55.501 --> 23:58.004
AND THROUGHOUT THE LAND,

23:58.003 --> 23:59.505
WE THE PEOPLE

23:59.505 --> 24:01.507
CELEBRATE AMERICA.

24:01.507 --> 24:07.013
PLEASE WELCOME PRESIDENT-ELECT
BILL CLINTON AND Mrs. CLINTON,

24:07.012 --> 24:12.017
VICE-PRESIDENT-ELECT
AL GORE AND Mrs. GORE.

24:16.021 --> 24:19.024
[GWYNNE DYER]: LIKE
ANYBODY TRYING TO RUN
A MASS CIVILIZATION,

24:19.024 --> 24:20.526
BILL CLINTON MUST GET

24:20.526 --> 24:24.030
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE TO
PAY TAXES, WORK TOGETHER,

24:24.029 --> 24:27.533
OBEY ORDERS FROM
A DISTANT CAPITAL.

24:27.533 --> 24:30.536
THAT’S SO HARD TO DO
THAT UNTIL RECENTLY,

24:30.536 --> 24:33.539
ALL MASS SOCIETIES
HAD TO BE DICTATORSHIPS.

24:37.042 --> 24:38.544
BUT BILL CLINTON DOESN’T HAVE

24:39.044 --> 24:41.547
TO BE A DICTATOR.

24:42.047 --> 24:46.051
HE CAN ACTUALLY TRY TO TALK
PEOPLE INTO COOPERATING,

24:46.051 --> 24:49.555
BECAUSE HE HAS
ALL THE TECHNOLOGY
OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS

24:49.555 --> 24:51.557
AVAILABLE TO HIM.

24:51.557 --> 24:56.562
[BILL CLINTON]: ...TO CELEBRATE
NOT A VICTORY OF
PARTY OR PERSONS

24:56.562 --> 25:01.067
BUT THE COMMON GROUND
WE CALL AMERICA.

25:01.066 --> 25:05.571
[GWYNNE DYER]: BUT WHAT WAS
IT LIKE BEFORE MASS MEDIA?

25:10.075 --> 25:14.580
GO ALL THE WAY BACK TO
ANCIENT EGYPT, 5,000 YEARS AGO.

25:14.580 --> 25:20.086
NO HUMAN BEING HAS EVER LIVED IN
ANYTHING BIGGER THAN A VILLAGE.

25:20.085 --> 25:24.590
AND SUDDENLY, HERE WE ARE, IN
THE WORLD’S 1st UNIFIED STATE.

25:24.590 --> 25:27.093
AND WE HAVE A LITTLE PROBLEM...

25:27.092 --> 25:30.095
HOW TO RUN IT?

25:30.095 --> 25:32.598
THINK OF THE NUMBER
OF PEOPLE INVOLVED:

25:32.598 --> 25:34.600
50,000, 100,000,
HALF A MILLION...

25:35.100 --> 25:37.102
AND REMEMBER THAT
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS,

25:37.603 --> 25:40.606
THE ANCIENT EVERYBODY,
LIVED IN A WORLD WITH
NO MASS COMMUNICATIONS:

25:41.106 --> 25:44.610
NO RADIO, NO TELEVISION,
NO BOOKS, NO NEWSPAPERS.

25:44.610 --> 25:46.612
HARDLY ANYBODY COULD
EVEN READ AND WRITE.

25:47.112 --> 25:50.616
SO THEY HAD NO WAY TO TALK
THINGS OVER AS A MASS SOCIETY.

25:50.616 --> 25:52.618
NO WAY TO REACH A CONSENSUS,

25:52.618 --> 25:56.122
NO WAY TO AGREE VOLUNTARILY
ON WHAT OUGHT TO BE DONE.

25:56.121 --> 25:59.625
SO SOMEBODY HAD
TO GIVE THE ORDERS,

25:59.625 --> 26:01.127
AND EVERYBODY ELSE HAD TO OBEY.

26:01.627 --> 26:06.632
WHEN WE LEFT THE VILLAGES,
WE HAD TO LEAVE EQUALITY
    BEHIND TOO.

26:06.632 --> 26:13.139
A MASS SOCIETY WITHOUT
MASS COMMUNICATIONS HAS
TO BE A DICTATORSHIP.

26:16.141 --> 26:19.144
BUT IT DOESN’T HAVE
TO GO IN FOR MILITARISM.

26:19.144 --> 26:22.648
AND IT DOESN’T HAVE TO
DESTROY WOMEN’S RIGHTS.

26:25.651 --> 26:28.654
EGYPT WAS ONE OF THE
FEW ANCIENT KINGDOMS

26:28.654 --> 26:30.156
WHERE ALL THE
ELEMENTS OF PATRIARCHY

26:30.656 --> 26:33.159
DID NOT ARRIVE AT THE SAME TIME.

26:33.158 --> 26:35.661
IN FACT, THE EARLY
EGYPTIANS, AT LEAST,

26:36.161 --> 26:39.665
ACCEPTED NO MORE OF THE
PATRIARCHAL ORDER THAN
THEY ABSOLUTELY HAD TO.

26:39.665 --> 26:42.168
THE VERY 1st KINGS
BEHAVE QUITE BADLY,

26:42.668 --> 26:47.673
BUT MASS SOCIETY IN EGYPT DID
NOT BECOME A PERMANENT NIGHTMARE
OF EXPLOITATION AND OPPRESSION.

26:47.673 --> 26:50.176
AS SOON AS THEY COULD,

26:50.175 --> 26:54.680
THEY EGYPTIANS MOVED
AWAY FROM THE TERROR
OF THE FOUNDING TIMES.

26:58.684 --> 27:01.187
THEY EVEN GAVE UP BUILDING
PYRAMIDS EVENTUALLY,

27:01.186 --> 27:05.691
AND SATISFIED THEMSELVES
WITH MORE MODEST TEMPLES.

27:06.191 --> 27:07.693
IN FACT,

27:07.693 --> 27:10.196
EGYPT BECAME THE
GREAT EXCEPTION.

27:10.696 --> 27:14.700
A MASS SOCIETY THAT
MANAGED TO KEEP A LOT
OF THE OLD VILLAGE VALUES.

27:21.206 --> 27:26.211
AND WOMEN STILL HAD A
PLACE, BOTH IN RELIGION
AND IN THE REAL WORLD.

27:31.717 --> 27:34.720
-BEFORE THE COMING OF JUDAISM,
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM,

27:34.720 --> 27:37.223
PATRIARCHY WAS DOMINANT,

27:37.222 --> 27:39.725
BUT IT TOLERATED THE
PRESENCE OF GODDESSES.

27:39.725 --> 27:43.229
SO WE SEE GODDESSES
JUXTAPOSED TO GODS

27:43.228 --> 27:45.731
IN THE RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGIES.

27:45.731 --> 27:50.236
THE EARLIER THE PERIOD, THE MORE
DOMINANT THE FEMALE FIGURE IS.

27:50.235 --> 27:55.240
IN PHARAONIC EGYPT, THE
QUEEN LEGITIMIZED THE
KINGSHIP OF THE RULER.

28:07.753 --> 28:11.257
[GWYNNE DYER]: IN EGYPT, WOMEN
OWNED LAND AND RAN BUSINESSES.

28:11.256 --> 28:13.759
THEY MOVED FREELY IN PUBLIC

28:14.259 --> 28:17.262
AND WERE CLOSE TO BEING EQUAL
PARTNERS WITH THEIR HUSBANDS.

28:27.773 --> 28:32.278
OCCASIONALLY, EGYPTIAN WOMEN
EVEN RULED THE COUNTRY IN
THEIR OWN RIGHT.

28:32.277 --> 28:36.281
QUEEN HATSHEPSUT REIGNED FOR
20 YEARS AND BUILT THIS TEMPLE.

28:41.286 --> 28:46.291
SHE WORE THE CUSTOMARY
FAKE BEARD OF THE PHARAOH
ON CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS,

28:46.291 --> 28:50.295
BUT THE EGYPTIANS, BY AND
LARGE, DIDN’T SEEM TO MIND
BEING RULED BY A WOMAN.

28:57.302 --> 29:00.806
BENEATH THESE SANDS
LIES THE CITY OF LA HOUN,

29:00.806 --> 29:04.310
BRIEFLY EGYPT’S CAPITAL
OVER 3,000 YEARS AGO.

29:04.309 --> 29:05.811
NICK MILLET,

29:05.811 --> 29:08.814
THE CURATOR IN EGYPTOLOGY
AT THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM,

29:08.814 --> 29:10.816
IS OVERSEEING THE DIG.

29:13.318 --> 29:16.321
-THE SHARP CONTRAST THAT
HAS ALWAYS IMPRESSED ME

29:16.321 --> 29:19.324
IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN EGYPT

29:19.324 --> 29:21.827
AND, SHALL WE SAY,
CLASSICAL GREECE.

29:21.827 --> 29:24.830
THE ANCIENT GREEKS WERE A
VERY PECULIAR BUNCH INDEED,

29:25.330 --> 29:27.332
AND THEY WERE BASICALLY
TERRIFIED OF THEIR WOMENFOLK.

29:27.332 --> 29:29.835
I DON’T SAY THAT LIGHTLY,
I REALLY BELIEVE THIS.

29:29.835 --> 29:31.837
IF YOU GO OVER GREEK MYTHOLOGY,

29:31.837 --> 29:34.840
YOU FIND THAT ALMOST ALL
THE MONSTERS ARE FEMALE,

29:34.840 --> 29:37.843
AND THAT MUST
SURELY MEAN SOMETHING.

29:37.843 --> 29:39.845
THIS DID NOT HAPPEN IN EGYPT.

29:39.845 --> 29:42.848
A MAN HAD HIS
WOMENFOLK AROUND HIM.

29:47.853 --> 29:51.357
THIS GIVES THE WHOLE COURT LIFE
A KIND OF A FEMININE QUALITY.

29:51.356 --> 29:55.360
THE ART SHOWS EXTREMELY FINE
LINEN GARMENTS ON THE WOMEN

29:55.360 --> 29:57.863
THROUGH WHICH THE
BODIES SHOW VERY CLEARLY.

30:00.866 --> 30:03.869
WOMEN’S CLOTHING PARTICULARLY,
WHICH I HAVE A KIND OF INTEREST
IN AT THIS TIME,

30:04.369 --> 30:06.872
DOES DEVELOP, NEW STYLES APPEAR.

30:07.372 --> 30:10.375
AND IN MANY CASES, YOU CAN
DATE A PICTURE ON A TOMB WALL

30:10.375 --> 30:12.878
BY THE FASHIONS OF THE MOMENT.

30:16.381 --> 30:20.385
[GWYNNE DYER]: IT WAS NOT
A MISFORTUNE TO BE BORN A
GIRL IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

30:20.385 --> 30:23.388
NOBODY HAD EVEN
HEARD OF THE VEIL.

30:26.391 --> 30:30.395
WHY THIS HUGE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN EGYPT AND OTHER PLACES?

30:30.395 --> 30:33.899
ANCIENT EGYPT
LIVED ALONG A RIVER,

30:33.899 --> 30:37.403
IN A DESERT SO WIDE THAT
EARLY ARMIES COULDN’T CROSS IT.

30:37.402 --> 30:39.905
TO THE NORTH WAS OPEN SEA.

30:39.905 --> 30:42.408
SO FOR ALMOST 2,000 YEARS,

30:42.407 --> 30:47.913
ANCIENT EGYPT WAS SAFE
FROM ATTACK BY OTHER
CIVILIZED STATES.

30:49.915 --> 30:53.419
BUT EGYPT’S LUCK
EVENTUALLY RAN OUT.

30:53.418 --> 30:57.923
AROUND 1600 B.C., THE
1st INVADERS ARRIVED.

31:04.429 --> 31:07.432
IT WAS THE END OF EGYPT
AS THE GREAT EXCEPTION.

31:07.933 --> 31:09.435
1st CAME THE HYKSOS

31:09.434 --> 31:12.437
AND THEN CAME THE HITTITES,
AN EVEN MORE AGGRESSIVE LOT.

31:12.437 --> 31:14.940
IN THE COURSE OF ORGANIZING
ITSELF TO FIGHT THEM OFF,

31:14.940 --> 31:17.443
EGYPT BECAME LIKE
EVERYWHERE ELSE.

31:17.442 --> 31:22.447
THIS TEMPLE WAS BUILT OVER 3,000
YEARS AGO BY RAMSES THE 3rd,

31:22.447 --> 31:26.952
ONE OF THE 1st PHARAOHS
TO GLORY IN BEING A
CONQUEROR AND A KILLER.

31:26.952 --> 31:29.955
THERE’S THE GREAT PHARAOH
IN HIS WAR CHARIOT,

31:29.955 --> 31:33.459
PULLED BY HORSES THAT LOOK LIKE
NEW KINGDOM HARLEY DAVIDSONS,

31:33.458 --> 31:35.961
TRAMPLING THE FOE UNDERFOOT.

31:35.961 --> 31:38.964
THERE’S THE PHARAOH, 10
TIMES LARGER THAN LIFE,

31:38.964 --> 31:42.968
HOLDING A BUNCH OF DOOMED
CAPTIVES BY THE HAIR.

31:42.968 --> 31:46.972
AND THERE ARE THE
PHARAOH’S SCRIBES,

31:46.972 --> 31:50.476
COUNTING THE SEVERED HANDS

31:50.475 --> 31:54.479
AND VARIOUS OTHER SEVERED BITS
OF HIS SLAUGHTERED ENEMIES.

31:54.980 --> 32:00.486
THIS WAS WHEN EGYPT
FINALLY ACCEPTED THE
FULL PATRIARCHAL PACKAGE.

32:07.492 --> 32:11.997
ONCE OTHER CIVILIZATIONS
CAN REACH OUT AND HURT YOU,
YOU HAVE TO MILITARIZE.

32:11.997 --> 32:15.501
THAT’S WHAT HAPPENED
IN 19th DYNASTY EGYPT.

32:15.500 --> 32:18.003
AND IT HAD AN IMMEDIATE
IMPACT ON WOMEN.

32:18.003 --> 32:21.006
-WITH THE ACCESSION
OF THE 19th DYNASTY,

32:21.006 --> 32:24.510
WHICH WAS A MILITARY
DYNASTY UNDER RAMSES THE 1st,

32:24.509 --> 32:29.514
YOU HAVE THE BEGINNING OF A NEW
APPROACH, A NEW PRESENTATION OF
THE KINGSHIP.

32:29.514 --> 32:31.516
THEY SAW THEMSELVES AS REFORMING

32:32.017 --> 32:34.019
THE INCREASINGLY EFFEMINATE
AND INEFFECTUAL WAYS

32:34.519 --> 32:37.022
OF THE LATTER PART
OF THE 18th DYNASTY.

32:37.022 --> 32:40.526
"WE’RE NOT LIKE THOSE GUYS
WHO MISRULED YOU BEFORE,

32:40.525 --> 32:46.031
WE ARE MEN, WE ARE WARRIORS,
WE ARE THE NEW CONQUERING
KINGS OF THE EMPIRE."

32:46.531 --> 32:51.036
AND THEY REPRESENTED THEIR SONS
IN A WAY THAT THE EARLIER KINGS
HAD NOT...

32:51.036 --> 32:54.039
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE ROYAL
PRINCES UNDER THE 18th DYNASTY,

32:54.039 --> 32:58.043
EVEN ONES WHO ULTIMATELY BECAME
KINGS, ARE VERY RARE INDEED.

32:58.043 --> 33:01.547
UNDER THE 19th DYNASTY, YOU
HAVE THE BOYS, ROWS OF THEM.

33:01.546 --> 33:04.049
RAMSES THE 2nd BRAGS
OF HAVING HAD 108 SONS,

33:04.049 --> 33:07.553
AND THOSE PRESUMABLY WERE
ONLY THE LEGITIMATE ONES.

33:14.059 --> 33:21.066
THE PICTURE IN THE 19th DYNASTY
IS ONE OF INCREASINGLY MASCULINE
PRESENTATION.

33:21.066 --> 33:23.569
[GWYNNE DYER]:
NICE GUYS FINISH LAST.

33:23.568 --> 33:29.074
THE CHINESE, THE INCAS,
MESOPOTAMIANS, MAYANS,
AZTECS, EVEN EGYPTIANS;

33:29.074 --> 33:31.577
THEY ALL WENT THE
SAME WAY IN THE END.

33:31.576 --> 33:35.580
1st, A REASONABLY PLEASANT
AND TOLERANT CULTURE,
AND THEN SMASH!

33:35.580 --> 33:38.583
ALONG COMES THE LOCAL VERSION
OF THE PATRIARCHAL REVOLUTION

33:38.583 --> 33:42.087
AND IT’S TYRANNY, SLAUGHTER
AND OPPRESSION FOREVER MORE.

33:42.087 --> 33:45.090
WHICH STILL LEAVES
ONE BIG QUESTION.

33:45.090 --> 33:47.092
MAYBE THE MOST IMPORTANT ONE.

33:47.092 --> 33:53.098
WHY WAS IT NECESSARY, IN
EVERY PATRIARCHAL CULTURE,
TO DESTROY THE STATUS OF WOMEN?

34:00.605 --> 34:03.608
HOW MANY BABIES WOULD
THE AVERAGE WOMAN HAVE

34:03.608 --> 34:06.111
IF NOBODY WAS
PUSHING HER AROUND?

34:06.111 --> 34:08.614
IT WOULD CERTAINLY NOT BE

34:08.613 --> 34:12.617
THE 6 CHILDREN THAT
WERE THE NORM IN OUR
GRANDMOTHERS’ GENERATION.

34:12.617 --> 34:17.622
IN CULTURES THAT LET WOMEN
MAKE THEIR OWN CHOICES,
SMALL FAMILIES ARE THE NORM.

34:17.622 --> 34:21.126
BECAUSE WOMEN KNOW THAT
CHILDREN ARE A LOT OF WORK.

34:21.126 --> 34:27.132
BIG FAMILIES ARE A LEGACY
OF MILITARIZED SOCIETIES.

34:27.132 --> 34:30.135
MILITARY POWER REQUIRES
    LOTS OF PEOPLE,

34:30.135 --> 34:31.637
ESPECIALLY SOLDIERS.

34:32.137 --> 34:36.642
THAT MEANS LOTS OF
BABIES, ESPECIALLY BOYS.

34:37.142 --> 34:41.647
BUT YOU CAN’T GET A HIGH
BIRTH RATE IF WOMEN ARE
REALLY FREE TO CHOOSE.

34:42.147 --> 34:44.149
SO YOU HAVE TO
REDUCE THEM TO A STATE

34:44.649 --> 34:47.152
WHERE THEIR BEST HOPE
OF SECURITY AND RESPECT

34:47.152 --> 34:48.654
IS THEIR CHILDREN.

34:48.653 --> 34:50.155
OR MORE PRECISELY,

34:50.155 --> 34:52.157
THEIR BOY CHILDREN.

35:02.167 --> 35:09.174
-PATRILINEALITY, THE PASSING
DOWN OF POSSESSIONS AND PROPERTY
AND NAME FROM FATHER TO SON,

35:09.674 --> 35:11.176
MEANS THAT YOU MUST HAVE A SON.

35:11.676 --> 35:14.179
IF YOU’RE SO UNLUCKY
AS NOT TO HAVE A BOY,

35:14.179 --> 35:15.681
THIS IS BIG TROUBLE.

35:15.680 --> 35:19.684
ONE RECOURSE IS TO
TRY TO ATTAIN A BOY,

35:19.684 --> 35:24.689
BY, FOR EXAMPLE, GIVING
YOUR INHERITANCE TO A NEPHEW.

35:24.689 --> 35:27.692
THAT OBLIGES HIM
TO TAKE CARE OF YOU

35:27.692 --> 35:29.694
AND RESPECT YOU.

35:33.698 --> 35:38.203
WOMEN WHO DON’T PRODUCE
SONS WIND UP BEING DESTITUTE.

35:38.203 --> 35:40.205
FOR THAT VERY REASON,

35:40.205 --> 35:45.711
YOU CAN’T AFFORD TO
ALIENATE YOUR BROTHERS
OR UNCLES OR ANY MALE KIN.

35:46.211 --> 35:49.715
THE SOURCE OF WEAKNESS
FOR WOMEN IS THE FACT
THAT THEY ARE REPLACEABLE.

35:50.215 --> 35:54.720
THAT A MAN CAN TAKE ANOTHER
WOMAN INSTEAD OF HIS WIFE.

35:54.719 --> 35:58.723
IT’S NOT THAT THEIR
FUNCTIONS ARE REPLACEABLE,

35:58.723 --> 36:01.226
IT’S THE FACT THAT
THEY ARE PERSONALLY.

36:01.226 --> 36:04.229
THERE ARE SO MANY OTHER
WOMEN TO CHOOSE FROM.

36:10.735 --> 36:14.239
WOMEN TRY TO OVERCOME
THIS OPPRESSION

36:14.239 --> 36:18.744
BY PRACTICING MAXIMUM
FREEDOM WITHIN THE SPACE
THAT IS ALLOWED TO THEM.

36:20.245 --> 36:22.247
THEY JUST KNOW THE BOUNDARIES.

36:22.247 --> 36:24.249
THEY KNOW WHERE NOT TO GO.

36:24.249 --> 36:27.753
AND WITHIN THAT, THEY
HAVE MAXIMUM POWER.

36:45.270 --> 36:50.275
[HANIA SHOLGAMY]: BECAUSE OF
WOMEN’S INTELLIGENCE, WOMEN HAVE
CREATED A STAKE IN PATRIARCHY

36:50.275 --> 36:54.279
AND HAVE TRIED TO
PLAY BY THE RULES

36:54.279 --> 36:56.782
AND GET THE MOST OUT OF IT.

36:56.781 --> 37:01.286
YOU’RE NOT GOING TO UPTURN
THE CULTURE, WHAT PEOPLE
WRITE IN NEWSPAPERS

37:01.286 --> 37:02.788
OR HOW THE COUNTRY IS RULED.

37:02.787 --> 37:05.290
YOU’RE NOT GOING TO
CHANGE THAT ANYWAY.

37:05.290 --> 37:07.292
I’M TALKING ABOUT
MAKING THE MOST

37:07.292 --> 37:10.796
OUT OF SCARCE RESOURCES,
IN A CULTURE OF POVERTY

37:10.795 --> 37:13.798
THAT IS DEVALUED
AND DOESN’T HAVE A VOICE.

37:20.305 --> 37:24.810
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE RULERS HAD
TO DESTROY WOMEN’S FREEDOM TO
GET THE BIRTH RATE UP.

37:24.809 --> 37:27.312
THEY NEEDED MEN’S
SUPPORT TO DO THAT.

37:27.312 --> 37:32.317
BUT MOST MEN LOVE THEIR
MOTHERS AND THEIR WIVES,
AND THEIR DAUGHTERS...

37:32.317 --> 37:35.821
WHY WOULD THEY COLLABORATE
    IN HURTING THEM?

37:35.820 --> 37:41.826
BESIDES, A FULLY MILITARIZED
PATRIARCHY WAS NOT GOOD NEWS
FOR THE AVERAGE MALE.

37:41.826 --> 37:45.830
FOR EVERY GENERAL, THERE ARE
THOUSANDS OF FOOT SOLDIERS.

37:45.830 --> 37:48.833
AND BEING A FOOT SOLDIER
IS NOT GOOD FOR YOUR HEALTH.

37:57.342 --> 37:59.344
A FEW MEN ENDED UP ON TOP,

37:59.344 --> 38:01.847
BUT MOST MEN WERE
LESS FREE, LESS RICH

38:01.846 --> 38:04.349
AND MAYBE EVEN
LESS SAFE THAN BEFORE.

38:04.349 --> 38:07.853
SO WHY DID MEN GO ALONG WITH
THE PATRIARCHAL REVOLUTION?

38:07.852 --> 38:10.355
I SUSPECT THAT IN MOST PLACES,

38:10.355 --> 38:14.359
THERE WAS AN UNSPOKEN
DEAL MADE RIGHT AT THE
DAWN OF CIVILIZATION.

38:14.359 --> 38:18.363
THE PATRIARCHS HAD
TO BUY MEN’S SUPPORT.

38:18.363 --> 38:20.866
AND WHAT THEY HAD
TO OFFER WAS STATUS.

38:20.865 --> 38:25.370
HERE WAS A WAY TO REVERSE
THE HUGE LOSS OF STATUS
MEN HAD SUFFERED

38:25.370 --> 38:27.873
BACK WHEN WE ALL
MOVED INTO THE VILLAGES.

38:27.872 --> 38:30.875
ANY COMPETENT TYRANT WOULD
SPOT THE RAW MATERIAL

38:30.875 --> 38:33.878
FOR A DEAL HERE.

38:37.382 --> 38:39.885
SO HERE’S AN OFFER
YOU CAN’T REFUSE:

38:39.884 --> 38:42.887
THROW YOUR LOT IN WITH
US, BACK PATRIARCHY,

38:42.887 --> 38:45.390
AND WE’LL MAKE YOU
SUPERIOR TO ALL WOMEN.

38:45.390 --> 38:47.893
YOU’LL HAVE TO OBEY
US, BUT FROM NOW ON,

38:47.892 --> 38:49.894
YOU’LL HAVE CONTROL
OVER YOUR WOMEN.

38:49.894 --> 38:53.398
AND YOU CAN BE CERTAIN,
WELL, PRETTY CERTAIN...
THAT THEY’RE YOUR KIDS.

38:53.398 --> 38:56.401
WHAT’S MORE, YOUR KIDS WILL
BELONG TO YOU, NOT YOUR WIFE.

38:56.401 --> 39:00.405
AND YOUR PROPERTY
WILL GO TO YOUR SONS,
NOT YOUR SISTER’S KIDS.

39:00.405 --> 39:02.908
OH, AND WE’LL CHANGE
THE RELIGION TOO.

39:02.907 --> 39:06.411
FROM NOW ON, GOD WILL BE MALE
AND SO WILL ALL HIS PRIESTS.

39:06.411 --> 39:09.915
AND THEY’LL ALL BACK
YOUR NEW MALE PRIVILEGES.

39:18.923 --> 39:20.925
AROUND 2,000 YEARS AGO,

39:20.925 --> 39:23.928
NEW RELIGIONS SWEPT AWAY
THE OLD PAGAN BELIEFS

39:23.928 --> 39:27.432
IN ALMOST ALL THE MASS
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD.

39:27.432 --> 39:29.434
THE NEW RELIGIONS
OF THE MIDDLE-EAST

39:29.434 --> 39:32.938
TURNED THE UNIVERSE
INTO A PERFECT HIERARCHY,

39:32.937 --> 39:35.440
WITH A SINGLE MALE
SKY-GOD AT THE TOP.

39:35.440 --> 39:40.445
AND THE GODDESSES WHO
ALWAYS PLAYED A MAJOR
ROLE IN EARLIER RELIGIONS

39:40.445 --> 39:43.448
WERE DEMOTED TO MERE
SAINTS... OR AT BEST,

39:43.948 --> 39:45.950
THE MOTHER OF THE GOD.

39:48.953 --> 39:52.957
EARLY JUDAISM, EARLY
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM,

39:52.957 --> 39:55.960
ALL SEGREGATED
WORSHIPPERS BY SEX.

39:55.960 --> 39:59.464
THEIR RULES FOR WOMEN
WERE PATRIARCHY’S RULES.

40:03.468 --> 40:06.471
AND THOSE WHO INTERPRET
GOD’S WILL, OF COURSE,

40:06.471 --> 40:08.473
ARE EXCLUSIVELY MALE.

40:21.486 --> 40:28.493
-IN ISLAM, GOD BECOMES
MUCH MORE ABSTRACT, AS
AN IDEA, AS A CONCEPT.

41:04.028 --> 41:08.032
LINGUISTICALLY SPEAKING,
HE’S REFERRED TO AS A MALE GOD.

41:08.032 --> 41:13.037
HOWEVER, IT’S REALLY A VERY
ABSTRACT CONCEPT OF DIVINITY,

41:13.037 --> 41:18.042
AND DEFINITELY, THERE
IS NO TOLERANCE OF ANY
FEMALE DIVINITY THERE.

41:20.545 --> 41:22.547
[GWYNNE DYER]: IN THEIR
STRUCTURE AND RULES,

41:22.547 --> 41:26.551
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
REPRESENT THE FINAL
TRIUMPH OF PATRIARCHY.

41:30.054 --> 41:33.057
YET, THE NEW RELIGIONS
WERE A PARADOX;

41:33.057 --> 41:35.560
FOR AT THE SAME TIME,
THEY WERE ACTUALLY

41:35.560 --> 41:39.064
A REVOLT AGAINST INEQUALITY,
THE VERY CORE OF PATRIARCHY.

41:39.063 --> 41:41.065
THEY PROCLAIMED
THAT ALL HUMAN BEINGS

41:41.566 --> 41:43.568
WERE BASICALLY EQUAL.

41:44.068 --> 41:47.071
THAT’S PROBABLY WHY
THEY SPREAD SO FAST.

42:00.084 --> 42:03.588
HOWEVER LITTLE THE NEW RELIGIONS
CHANGED THINGS IN PRACTICE,

42:03.588 --> 42:09.594
THEY WERE A SIGN THAT PEOPLE
WOULD BREAK WITH PATRIARCHY
IF THEY HAD THE CHANCE.

42:09.594 --> 42:11.596
MAYBE NOW WE HAVE.

42:22.106 --> 42:24.609
THE VEIL HAS MADE A
COMEBACK IN EGYPT RECENTLY.

42:24.609 --> 42:26.611
AND FUNDAMENTALISM
IS ON THE RISE.

42:27.111 --> 42:28.613
BUT LOOKS CAN BE DECEIVING.

42:30.615 --> 42:34.619
-EVEN THOUGH THERE IS NO
LAW THAT SAYS: WOMEN SHOULD
WEAR THE VEIL IN EGYPT,

42:35.119 --> 42:38.122
WE SEE IT ALL OVER
THE MUSLIM WORLD.

42:38.122 --> 42:40.124
WHY ARE WOMEN WEARING THE VEIL?

42:40.625 --> 42:43.128
WHY ARE THEY WILLINGLY
WEARING THE VEIL?

42:43.127 --> 42:46.130
WE KNOW THAT SOME ARE
PRESSURED TO WEAR IT.

42:46.130 --> 42:49.634
AND I THINK THAT’S THE
PANICKING, THE INSECURITY
    OF PATRIARCHY,

42:50.134 --> 42:53.638
AND ITS NEED TO SAY TO WOMEN:
"YOU SHOULD BE MORE CONTROLLED."

42:54.138 --> 42:57.141
[GWYNNE DYER]: PATRIARCHY
    IS RIGHT TO PANIC

42:57.141 --> 43:02.146
BECAUSE THESE YOUNG WOMEN BEHAVE
IN WAYS UNIMAGINABLE
TO THEIR GRANDMOTHERS.

43:02.146 --> 43:05.149
WHEN THEY PUT ON THE VEIL,

43:05.149 --> 43:06.651
IT’S NOT IN SUBMISSION

43:06.651 --> 43:09.154
TO SOME 4,000-YEAR-OLD LAW,

43:09.153 --> 43:13.157
OFTEN IT’S JUST A TACTIC
TO MOVE OUTSIDE THE HOUSE.

43:54.699 --> 43:58.703
[GWYNNE DYER]: THE MODERN
ECONOMY PULLS WOMEN
INTO THE WORKFORCE

43:58.703 --> 44:03.208
AND EDUCATION GIVES
THEM NEW IDEAS.

44:03.207 --> 44:07.712
SUCH RAPID CHANGES PROVOKED
A FUNDAMENTALIST BACKLASH.

44:11.716 --> 44:13.218
IT’S THE SAME
STRUGGLE THAT STARTED

44:13.718 --> 44:15.220
CENTURIES AGO IN THE WEST,

44:15.219 --> 44:18.723
AND IT ISN’T OVER THERE EITHER.

44:19.223 --> 44:22.727
-IF YOU PUT IT IN PERSPECTIVE,
WE CAN SAY THAT THE NEW RIGHT

44:23.227 --> 44:24.729
HAS BECOME A
UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA.

44:24.729 --> 44:30.235
IT TAKES THE MANIFESTATION OF
WOMEN VEILING IN THIS CULTURE.

44:30.234 --> 44:34.238
IT TAKES OTHER FORMS
IN OTHER CULTURES.

44:34.238 --> 44:36.741
THERE ARE FASCIST MOVEMENTS
    IN OTHER CULTURES,

44:36.741 --> 44:39.744
THAT DEMAND CERTAIN
FORMS OF BEHAVIOUR.

44:39.744 --> 44:42.747
I’M SURE THERE ARE SIMILARITIES.

44:42.747 --> 44:46.251
I THINK THE WORLD ECONOMY
GOES THROUGH A CRISIS.

44:46.250 --> 44:51.255
AND PEOPLE ALWAYS TURN TO
RELIGION OR CONSERVATISM,
TO WHAT THEY KNOW.

44:57.261 --> 45:00.264
[GWYNNE DYER]: ALL
ACROSS THE GLOBE,

45:00.765 --> 45:03.268
A COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
IS UNDERMINING THE OLD WAYS.

45:05.269 --> 45:10.274
TELEVISION IS BRINGING
THE IMAGES AND IDEAS OF
AN EMERGING GLOBAL CULTURE

45:10.274 --> 45:12.276
TO TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES.

45:12.276 --> 45:14.278
AND THAT’S ALREADY
HAVING AN IMPACT

45:14.278 --> 45:17.281
ON THE POWER BALANCE
BETWEEN THE SEXES EVERYWHERE.

45:20.284 --> 45:23.287
[HANIA SHOLGAMY]: PEOPLE
SEE A VERY ALIEN WORLD.

45:23.788 --> 45:28.293
MUCH OF IT IS FOREIGN, IT’S
ABOUT PLACES PEOPLE HAVE NEVER
BEEN AND WILL NEVER GO TO.

45:28.292 --> 45:31.295
BUT PEOPLE ARE AVID TO
LEARN JUST HOW UN-ISLAMIC

45:31.295 --> 45:34.799
THE STORIES CAN BE.

45:34.799 --> 45:38.803
ONE INCIDENT WAS
CAUSED BY TELEVISION.

45:38.803 --> 45:46.311
4 YOUNG GIRLS DECIDED TO ESCAPE
FROM THE VILLAGE AND GO TO CAIRO
AND BECOME TV STARS.

45:46.310 --> 45:50.314
THEY WERE, OF COURSE,
BROUGHT BACK SUMMARILY,

45:50.314 --> 45:52.316
THEY DIDN’T GET VERY FAR.

45:52.316 --> 45:55.820
BUT THIS HAD A GREAT
IMPACT ON THE VILLAGE,

45:55.820 --> 45:58.323
THAT TELEVISION
CAN BE SUBVERSIVE.

46:05.830 --> 46:10.335
EVEN THOUGH MALE HIERARCHY
AND PRIVILEGE STILL
PREDOMINATE EVERYWHERE,

46:10.334 --> 46:15.339
EVEN THOUGH EVERY COUNTRY IN
THE WORLD IS STILL MILITARIZED.

46:19.844 --> 46:24.349
AFTER 5,000 YEARS, PATRIARCHY
IS NOT JUST IN OUR INSTITUTIONS,

46:24.348 --> 46:28.352
IT’S IN OUR HEADS.

46:28.352 --> 46:31.355
BUT IT IS NOT IN OUR GENES.

46:31.856 --> 46:34.359
THE PROBLEM IS NOT
"HUMAN NATURE".

46:34.358 --> 46:37.361
IT’S THAT MASS SOCIETIES
ARE STILL TRAPPED INSIDE

46:37.361 --> 46:39.864
THE ANCIENT MACHINE THEY
BUILT THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO,

46:39.864 --> 46:42.867
TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMS
OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO.

46:42.867 --> 46:49.374
THE MACHINE CALLED PATRIARCHY
WAS THE ONLY WAY TO RUN AN
EARLY MASS SOCIETY.

46:49.874 --> 46:52.877
IT WAS REFINED INTO
BOTH A KILLING MACHINE
AND A BREEDING MACHINE

46:53.377 --> 46:56.380
AS THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
STARTED FIGHTING ONE ANOTHER.

46:56.881 --> 46:58.883
AND WE CONQUERED THE
WHOLE PLANET WITH IT...

46:58.883 --> 47:01.386
THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO.

47:08.392 --> 47:10.394
BUT NOW OUR WEAPONS HAVE
BECOME SO DESTRUCTIVE

47:10.394 --> 47:14.398
THAT WE COULD NO LONGER
AFFORD TO FIGHT MAJOR WARS.

47:14.398 --> 47:18.402
WE DON’T ACTUALLY HAVE
TO LIVE IN PATRIARCHAL
DICTATORSHIPS ANYMORE.

47:18.903 --> 47:22.407
MASS COMMUNICATIONS
MEAN THAT WE CAN BE DEMOCRATIC.

47:22.406 --> 47:26.911
PATRIARCHY NO LONGER MAKES
SENSE AS AN INSTITUTION.

47:31.916 --> 47:35.920
-I THINK WE HAVE
BUILT ENORMOUS MONUMENTS

47:35.920 --> 47:38.423
TO MAN’S DOMINATION.

47:38.422 --> 47:41.425
THERE WAS A PHOTOGRAPH OF ALL
THE NEW MEMBERS OF CONGRESS...

47:41.425 --> 47:43.427
WE WERE ALL LINED
UP ON THE STEPS...

47:43.427 --> 47:47.932
I WAS ON THE TOP STEP, READY
TO HAVE THIS PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN.

47:47.932 --> 47:51.436
AND 2 OF THE NEW MEMBERS,
    2 WHITE MALES...

47:51.435 --> 47:54.438
JUST AT THE TIME
THE PHOTOGRAPH WENT...

47:54.438 --> 47:57.441
THEY STOOD IN FRONT OF ME,
AND IT’S AS IF I’M NOT THERE.

47:57.441 --> 47:58.943
IT’S SORT OF SYMBOLIC.

47:58.943 --> 48:00.945
THERE’S NO ME.

48:00.945 --> 48:05.950
I THINK I HAVE TO LEARN
SOMEHOW TO BE ABLE TO
MOVE THAT ASIDE AND SAY:

48:05.950 --> 48:07.952
"I’M HERE TOO."

48:07.952 --> 48:11.956
[GWYNNE DYER]: PHOTOGRAPHS LIKE
THIS MAY ONE DAY SEEM AS BIZARRE

48:11.956 --> 48:14.459
AS THOSE OLD PICTURES
OF THE SOVIET LEADERS

48:14.458 --> 48:16.961
LINED UP ON TOP OF LENIN’S TOMB.

48:16.961 --> 48:21.966
AND IT WILL BE AS NORMAL FOR
WOMEN TO HOLD POWER AS IT IS
FOR MEN TO DO THE DISHES.

48:21.966 --> 48:24.469
-LET’S SEE, TOMORROW
WE HAVE NAWAL...

48:24.468 --> 48:28.973
-NIKE, GAY AND LESBIAN
 RIGHTS COALITION.
-THAT’S RIGHT.

48:28.973 --> 48:32.977
-SOMEBODY THAT BOUGHT
SOMETHING... A DINNER
WITH YOU AT AN AUCTION.

48:32.977 --> 48:34.979
-THAT’S RIGHT, I HAVE
TO TAKE THEM TO DINNER...

48:34.979 --> 48:38.983
-BASICALLY, WHAT YOU DO IS
YOU EAT AND DRINK IN THIS JOB.

48:38.983 --> 48:42.987
-NO... YOU TRY TO AVOID BOTH
THE EATING AND THE DRINKING,

48:42.987 --> 48:44.989
BUT YOU LOOK LIKE YOU’RE
EATING AND DRINKING.

48:44.989 --> 48:46.991
ALL RIGHT, NOW I
THINK WE’RE READY.

48:46.991 --> 48:50.995
-GOOD NIGHT.
-GOOD NIGHT.

48:57.501 --> 49:01.005
[GWYNNE DYER]: THERE’S
NO GOLDEN AGE COMING,
NO HAPPY EVER AFTER.

49:01.005 --> 49:04.509
THE PATRIARCHY IS IN
RETREAT IN EVERY FRONT.

49:04.508 --> 49:06.510
AND THE VITAL FRONT
IS RIGHT HERE,

49:06.510 --> 49:10.514
WHERE MEN AND WOMEN ARE CHANGING
THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN
PARTNERSHIP.

49:10.514 --> 49:15.019
THE PROCESS IS OFTEN
CONFUSING AND PAINFUL
BUT WE ARE CHANGING IT.

49:15.019 --> 49:18.523
AND THAT’S A GOOD REASON TO
BE HOPEFUL ABOUT THE HUMAN RACE.

49:18.522 --> 49:22.026
IF WE CAN ACHIEVE EQUALITY
    BETWEEN THE SEXES,

49:22.026 --> 49:27.031
THEN THE OTHER BIG PROBLEMS LIKE
WAR, NATIONALISM AND NORTH-SOUTH
ARE NOT INSOLUBLE EITHER.

49:27.031 --> 49:33.037
AND A CENTURY FROM NOW,
PEOPLE MAY HAVE TO EXPLAIN
TO THEIR KIDS ABOUT PATRIARCHY

49:33.037 --> 49:36.040
THE WAY WE HAVE TO
EXPLAIN ABOUT SLAVERY.

49:36.040 --> 49:38.042
AND WOULDN’T THAT BE NICE?

49:49.053 --> 49:51.055
CAPTIONS PERFORMED BY

49:51.055 --> 49:55.059
CENTRE NATIONAL
DU SOUS-TITRAGE PST INC.