Environmental problems might be solved by nano solar cells, clean fuel…
More Than Human
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
Here again, nanotechnology is promoted as an enabling technology. Nano devices can provide a way to automate routine laboratory tests. They can deliver active treatment directly to affected cells, and that means fewer side effects with increased efficiency. Dr. Chad Mirkin is the Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology at Northwestern University and he shows how with the new diagnostic devices a single sample allows doctors to do multiple tests. At the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, we learn how nano devices can be used to destroy specific cancer cells. Through nanotechnology, the practice of medicine is evolving from treating disease and illness to a practice that is predictive, personalized, and preemptive.
There is a medical future where permanent nano-devices can roam the body to monitor, and provide early diagnosis and take action against diseases. Nanotechnology is a powerful tool for advancing tissue engineering and stem cell therapy. Significant results have been obtained in creating artificial functioning interfaces between nerve fibers and electronic contact electrodes. This opens the way to control prosthetics and all kinds of implants.
'More than Human presents the ways in which nanotechnology can transform medicine, as well as the upshot that it will have for human enhancement. Focusing on near- and mid-term applications, it offers a sober assessment of where the technology will take us in coming decades. The disc also engages the social and ethical implications of these applications and serves as a wonderful instructional resource.' Dr. Fritz Allhoff, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Western Michigan University, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Australian National University, Author, What Is Nanotechnology and Why Does It Matter: From Science to Ethics
'This inspirational and clever series should be used in every introductory chemistry, physics, biology, and environmental science class at the college level, not to mention a wide range of classes in various engineering disciplines. In addition, they are wonderfully appropriate for social science classes that look at the interaction of society and technology...Exceptionally well done. Bravo!' Michael Hochella, Professor of Geosciences, Director of Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
'Nanotechnology has become one of the most exciting areas of research today, attracting many of our most creative scientists and engineers...Yet as with any new technology, there will be trade-offs and unanticipated hazards. As this imaginative and informative film series makes clear, society must grapple with the potential risks as well as the rewards to come from this burgeoning field.' David Kaiser, Department Head, Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Author, How the Hippies Saved Physics
'Each video highlights career choices in the currently numerous, wide-open fields within the broad scope of nanotechnology and also points out some of the possible dangers and other issues in using nanotechnology. For teachers looking to excite students about the possibilities of science, the series either individually or collectively is a winner...A great addition to the classroom tool box...With the provocative ideas in each video, they have good springboard ideas for discussions or writing prompts...The series demonstrates a great way to integrate science with life. There are no easy answers in the videos, but a weighing of options is suggested.' Steve Canipe, NSTA Recommends
'The Nano Revolution does an excellent job of explaining nanotechnology, as it applies to specific topics, through interviewing nano-scientists working on the cutting edge inventions...Each chapter concludes with a dramatization on how a future society that uses the applications of nanotechnology might look. This does not detract from the scientific research discussed-rather it allows the viewer to imagine the many possible ways that the nanotechnology can be used and think about the potential risks. The Nano Revolution is highly recommended for anyone interested in nanotechnology. It will work very well as an introduction to nanotechnology in senior high school to college level science or engineering courses.' Angela R Davis, The Pennsylvania State University, Educational Media Reviews Online
'The Nano Revolution captivatingly explores the impact of nanotechnology on urban living...Despite the context of a very subjective future reality, attempts to evenly present both positive and negative potentials are clear. This title is particularly recommended for high school, technical school, and community college collections.' Vincent Livoti, University of Maine, School Library Journal
'Outstanding...This intense, rapidly moving, and highly engaging film would be a good resource in a high school or college biology class. The explanations are clear, and many of the techniques are demonstrated by the scientists who developed them...After viewing [More Than Human], students may wish to discuss what they have observed, such as the interaction between science and business in research, predictions of possible applications of medical nanotechnology in their lifetimes, the ethics of keeping people alive almost indefinitely by rebuilding their bodies, and even career possibilities.' Richard Lord, Jr., The American Biology Teacher
Citation
Main credits
Hamano, Takahiro (Producer)
Hamano, Takahiro (Director)
Itano, Tetsuya (Producer)
Itano, Tetsuya (Director)
Suzuki, David T. (Narrator)
Other credits
Editor, Michel Klochlendler; director of photography, Olivier Banon; music, Ken Myhr.
Distributor subjects
Biology; Chemistry; Engineering; Ethics; Future Studies; Health; Humanities; Medicine; Philosophy; Physical Science; Science, Technology, Society; SociologyKeywords
WEBVTT
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The vision is revolutionary.
Imagine a radical
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new approach to medical science that
utilizes our new found abilities
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to manipulate the world of the
infinitesimally small, the Nano dimension.
00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:24.999
Imagine tiny sentinels that monitor the
minute-by-minute status of our health,
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less intrusive and more efficient cures
for cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:34.999
In the context of a Nano
particle, you can increase
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the amount of drug at the tumor site by 24.
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Now, in order to achieve that level of tumor
concentration of a chemotherapy drug,
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you would have to give a very high dose of chemotherapy
which would actually be lethal to a patient,
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but in the context of a targeted Nano particle,
you got essentially complete tumor eradication.
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A science that promises
radical developments
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in cell regeneration, our ability
to repair lost or damaged tissues,
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the science that could extent life,
revolutionize medical practice.
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As you can see from the many
tools that are out there now,
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uh… in the systems that are going now in the
hospitals, this is a not pipedream, its reality.
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A scenario that sometimes
approaches science fiction,
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but will the promise be fulfilled?
And if so what repercussions
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will these advances have on our lives?
What new questions will we confront?
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[music]
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[music]
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We have always counted our new
technologies to help us shape our world.
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Now, researchers are crossing
another technological frontier.
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In the Nano dimension,
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they are learning to manipulate the
most intimate mechanics of life,
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and they promise us more control of
our bodies and of our environment.
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This three part series
explores a mysterious
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and unknown universe and the
revolution it promises.
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Nanotechnology is already
improving our ability to detect
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the first signs of disease and diagnose
genetic predispositions earlier
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and more efficiently. Conventional tests
are time-consuming and expensive.
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Doctors must depend on complex
protocols and sophisticated tools.
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Many tests must be sent on to
large centralized laboratories.
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To be really fast and efficient, diagnosis
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would be done onsite. Labs and patients would
be in the same place at the same time.
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Dr. Chad Mirkin, Director of
the International Institute
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for Nanotechnology at
Northwestern University.
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A Nanotechnology brings a revolution to medicine in
many different areas, uh… so in the diagnostic front,
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it\'s gonna create very accurate, very
sensitive tools that enable point
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of care diagnostics. The point of care
being hospitals, the emergency room,
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and one day I think eventually the doctor\'s
office in home, people have talked about this now
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for a couple of decades, in this case the
Nanotech advances are really making it happen.
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Why such confidence? Because it is
precisely at the Nanometric scale
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that the first signs of a disease appear.
A human body
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contains about a 100 trillion living
cells, in order to coexist together,
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the cells exchange messages. The messages
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are tiny molecules, DNA fragments
or complex proteins that are only
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a few nanometers in size.
The cascades of reaction
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set off by these molecular
messengers are the language of life,
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the most intimate form communication.
When a cell is sick,
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it sends out different messages,
biologists call them biomarkers.
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They are the molecular signatures
of disease and the clues,
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the indicators on which the most
sophisticated diagnostic instrument depend.
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It turns out that
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there is unique genetic marker, and there is
often times a unique protein marker for almost
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every disease out there, anything
living in fact. And so, over the last
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couple of decades, the world has gotten very
good at identifying what these markers are
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and now we can begin to create tests for all
sorts of different markers that allow us
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to rapidly assess, determine the state of disease
and then the course of therapy that follows.
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This revolution is already underway.
The first diagnostic systems
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based on Chad Mirkin\'s research
have already been installed
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in some American hospitals.
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The machine embodies many of the
advances that nanoscientist promote,
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it\'s simple, fully automate and
uses disposable cartridges.
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A single sample allows doctors to detect
the presence of different diseases,
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genetic predispositions
or viruses in the blood.
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[music]
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Biggest benefit for doctors is being able to detect
multiple different organisms or multiple different targets
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in the same reaction and to get a decreased
turnaround time. The system was to
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prove its word, in a recent and
potentially threatening flu scare.
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In 2009, we saw umm… a recent outbreak of a
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novel strain of influence 2009 H1N1,
and through use of Nanotechnology
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we were able to detect the pathogen, identify
it, and determine what type or organism it was
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and we are able to do that in a period of
about three and a half hours as opposed
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to tradition culture methods which would require that
grow the organism and that would then be followed
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by detecting the organism, and that
could take in total of 14 days.
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But, how does this small device replace
the work of a whole laboratory?
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In order to look for biomarkers of
diseases, researchers can rely on a
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fundamental property of
molecular messengers.
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They bind exclusively to certain other
molecules according to a lock and key logic.
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These bonding molecules
called ligands are receptors
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which can used to identify and capture the
target, should the disease be present.
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To detect the disease, the researchers
need to see whether binding has occurred
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at a molecular level.
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To find a solution, Chad Mirkin looked back
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to the days of medieval
artisans and their use of gold.
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Gold Nano particles are little clusters of
gold, actually red in color when they are
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under a 100 nanometers in diameter.
Uh… They are very intensely colored,
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so very dilute solutions appear
as high colored solutions.
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And actually for that reason, they were used as a stains
and stained glass windows back in the middle ages.
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Now, the eternal glitter of goal
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has a new and more a high-tech application.
Scientist can stick
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biological ligands to gold Nano
particles, creating new particles
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that stand out clearly and
are easily detectable.
00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:09.999
You can think of them as little Nano
beacons structures that can latch on
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to a target molecule that tells me a
particular disease marker is present
00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.999
and then gives me a burst of signal.
They can differentiate on disease target
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in a presence of a sea of millions of other
disease targets with incredible specificity,
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in fact 100% accuracy in most tests.
Nano refreshers believe that
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the appeal of personalized medicine
will outweigh the high cost.
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As soon as it going to change medicine, it\'s going to
allow clinicians the ability to detect more things
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and we are gonna be able to develop diagnostics
that are fit for individual patients as opposed to
00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:49.999
those that are developed for the masses.
The full impact of this revolution
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is yet to come. Currently, the
system can only perform about
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10 different tests, but as new ligands are added,
the range of targeted biomarkers can be increased.
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In these types of tools as the menu grows
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and the different capabilities are
added to the same basic system,
00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:14.999
uh… the… the wealth of information one can collect is
just mindboggling. You are going to see this ability
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to detect really low quantities of targets, to
completely transform the field of medicine,
00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:24.999
because you are effectively taking the blinders off,
you are increasing the capabilities of the radar.
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Other diagnostic devices are coming
on to that market, some of them
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from Nano innovations in strikingly
different fields. In Italy,
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Dr. Silvano Dragonieri is trying an
unusual approach to disease diagnosis.
00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:44.999
He is adapting the use of a
device originally developed
00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.999
for military purposes to detect
traces of explosives or toxic spills,
00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:54.999
as well as to carry out checks in the food
industry, a portable electronic nose.
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We just took it, and because
it\'s easily available
00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.999
and not too expensive in order to check
whether it could be applied for medicine.
00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:09.999
Dragonieri\'s artificial nose has 32
00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:14.999
electronic sensors, but in this
case, the sensors detect disease,
00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:19.999
not explosives. As with the dog\'s
recognition of scent, the electronic nose
00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:24.999
doesn\'t so much analyze the scent as
recognize its pattern and imprint.
00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:29.999
Paralleling some kinds of
pattern recognition software,
00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:34.999
it detects the big picture
rather than separate components.
00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:39.999
Silvano Dragonieri thinks the
nose could detect the first signs
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of a range of diseases in
the breath of the patient.
00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:49.999
It\'s been found out in the last years that
00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:54.999
you human\'s breath contains more than 3,000
00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:59.999
volatile organic compounds. When
you are sick, there is a change
00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:04.999
in the body\'s metabolism,
a change in chemistry.
00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:09.999
Subject for example with lung
cancer uh… show different
00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:14.999
uh… volatile organic compounds
compared to subject without it.
00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:19.999
According to Dragonieri the nose
could be programmed to distinguish
00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:24.999
between a pathological imprint and a
healthy one. Nowadays, the CT Scan
00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:29.999
is the only diagnostic tool used for
early detection of lung cancer,
00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:34.999
but it\'s expensive and cumbersome
obtaining and reliable and fast diagnosis
00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:39.999
simply by blowing into a plastic bag
would be both faster and cheaper.
00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:44.999
[non-English narration]
00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:49.999
[music]
00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:54.999
The nose is able to distinguish subject
with asthma from subject without it,
00:11:55.000 --> 00:11:59.999
subject with lung cancer from subject without
it and from subject with chronic bronchitis.
00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.999
[non-English narration]
00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:09.999
Research is being carried out in
laboratories around the world
00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:14.999
and some scientists suggest that this
type of diagnostic device could be in use
00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:19.999
within the next decade. Should
the promise be fulfilled?
00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.999
These advances in early detection will make
diagnosis more immediate and less intrusive,
00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:29.999
but as the science evolves and
screening becomes instantaneous
00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:34.999
it could have far reaching consequences
in an imaginary future world.
00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:39.999
[music]
00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:44.999
I came here for the first time in 2040.
00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:49.999
I just met this girl Lisa, and she dreamt about
visiting the city of the future media called,
00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:54.999
I have plenty of time and she
was good looking, so why not?
00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:59.999
Nanocity or not, it seems that
some things would never change.
00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:04.999
Customs Immigration and Public Health Service… Well,
here they are called the Customs Immigrations
00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:09.999
and Public Health and
they were very polite,
00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:14.999
perhaps too polite. Come on, darling.
00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:19.999
Thanks. First, we would like They lead us
into separate rooms, but I soon felt this
00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:24.999
was going to be the usual (inaudible). Sorry
to interrupt your journey, but we are working
00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:29.999
with the public health. This was a public health
investigation and they had good news for me, I didn\'t carry
00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:34.999
any class A barrels. …then an control test, which means
that you are not a class A… But they have noticed
00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:39.999
that neither Lisa nor I were wearing any check patch.
So, do you know what a check patch is? A check patch?
00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:44.999
A Nano path? A check path, as you
can see on my colleague\'s wrist.
00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:49.999
In fact checked patch was a new
real time diagnostic device
00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:54.999
and they were offering to lend to one for
the rest of my stay here. …to our visitor.
00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:59.999
I would benefit from high-tech medical
protection while in the city.
00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:04.999
And at the same time, wouldn\'t pose a
potential health threat to the locals.
00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:09.999
We perfectly understand… The very idea of
this invasion of my privacy was unacceptable.
00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:14.999
…to protect you in the most efficient… And their
attitudes have started to get on my nerves.
00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:19.999
…fully appreciate… I began wondering whether
this wasn\'t some marketing stunt initiated
00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:24.999
by check patch. …Or do I need to call my lawyer?
Are the people\'s health and… I let them know
00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:29.999
I had enough of it. Okay, okay, okay.
Save your breath. My answer is, no.
00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.999
But apparently the check patch was not
compulsory. I like to go. Very well sir,
00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:39.999
as you wish. You are free to go. More fast,
if you please. Could you sign this please?
00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:44.999
Still they didn\'t let me go without
signing and official disclaimer.
00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:49.999
Thank you, sir. Goodbye.
And enjoy your stay.
00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.999
It\'s a bloody circus here.
00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:59.999
Lisa was already in the hall. You okay?
Yes. And she had some news in her arm?
00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.999
That\'s not a reason to get mad. She was wearing a check patch.
What do you mean no reason to get mad? Stupidly I lost my tempo,
00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:09.999
said a few things I wished I hadn\'t.
A couple that naive.
00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:14.999
Calm down.
00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:19.999
[sil.]
00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:24.999
Next thing I knew, I was in hospital. Hello,
Mr. Santos, you fainted at the airport…
00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:29.999
I fainted at the airport, and when I came around,
I was in for a shock. But, I noticed you
00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:34.999
don\'t take much care of your body. The
doctors knew everything about me,
00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:39.999
not all of it was good. …and your sugar level is 16%
above average and you have… Especially the news
00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:44.999
he said for the ape, lung cancer.
00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:49.999
What are my chances? The chances of what?
My chances of survival?
00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.999
What do you mean? There is nothing serious in all of
this. But he seem to be a little casual about it,
00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.999
is this some kind of joke? Yes, a very
small cancer, at a very early stage.
00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:04.999
Apparently in Nanocity cancer was simply
not a problem anymore, if it was detected
00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.999
early enough, it could be easily cured. I was
stunned. There might be a small problem though…
00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.999
But notice much, that\'s when I realize that not
having the right insurance, they were planning
00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.999
to send me back home. You are able to… Are you telling me,
you are going to send me back to my country to die slowly
00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:24.999
from a cancer, that you could easily treat here?
Yes… No, I\'m not the one who makes the law. Listen…
00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.999
And that wasn\'t all. This guy had causally
00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.999
told Lisa I have cancer and she had panicked, because
thanks to her new patch, he had just told her
00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:39.999
that she was pregnant. …baby.
What? She obviously did…
00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:44.999
Three days pregnant. I
never saw Lisa again.
00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:50.000
[music]
00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.999
In parts of the world, life expectancy is on
the increase, but there are still diseases
00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:09.999
that confound. Philip Kantoff is a cancer
specialist at the Dana-Farber Institute in Boston.
00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:14.999
Right now cancer remains
one of the leading causes
00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:19.999
of death in the United States and around the
world. People are living longer, but still
00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.999
it\'s a challenge to cure
people with advanced disease.
00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:29.999
After numerous pre-clinical trials Kantoff
is testing a protocol that is radical
00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:34.999
than highly selective, and is
being used for the first time
00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:39.999
on cancer patients. …this
was pretty serious…
00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:44.999
The traditional approach to treating cancer has
been with chemotherapy, which are chemicals that
00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:49.999
are relatively nonspecific in that,
they kill cancer cells, but they kill
00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:54.999
normal cells as well. And as a
result of that, they cause toxicity
00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:59.999
or side effects. This
was also the challenge
00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:04.999
facing Omid Farakhzad from Harvard Medical
School, and Professor Robert Langer
00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.999
from MIT, how to design a
treatment that would target only
00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:14.999
rogue cells and spare the healthy ones?
00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:19.999
If you take the chemotherapy
drug docetaxel,
00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:24.999
and if you give that drug in this conventional
form, you know, something in the neighborhood,
00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:29.999
may be a couple of percent of the drug actually
ends up going to the tumor and they… and, you know,
00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.999
a huge portion of that administer does actually
goes to other places where it\'s cause of toxicity,
00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:39.999
we target a delivery, you
control exactly where
00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:44.999
you want your drug molecule to go. Dr.
Farakhzad and his team are encouraged
00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.999
by the results of the early trials. What
we are seeing across a range of animal
00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:54.999
models of cancer is that we are always
able to improve the efficacy of a drug
00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.999
compared to the apparent drug and we are
almost always able to improve the safety
00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.999
of that in animal models. Given
such precious targeting,
00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:09.999
the team has been able to increase the dosage
of the drug without causing any apparent
00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:14.999
adverse side effects. Only
the tumor takes the hit.
00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
In the context of a Nano particle,
00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.999
you can increase the amount of
drug at the tumor site by 20 fold.
00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
Now, in order to achieve that
level of tumor concentration
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
of a chemotherapy drug, you would have
to give a very high dose of chemotherapy
00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
would actually be lethal to a patient, but
in the context of a targeted Nano particle,
00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
you got essentially
complete tumor eradication.
00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
The particles are only tens of nanometers in
size, but their sophisticated engineering
00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
gives them some unique
properties, they are so small
00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
that they can roam the body freely as they
hunt for the disease cells. They also contain
00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
an anticancer drug. The first
phase of the structure
00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
was resolved some 30 years ago, when
scientist succeeded in containing
00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
the active drug molecule in a
plastic Nano particle. By altering
00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
or amending the formula scientist can
also control the size and porosity
00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
of the particle and the
quantity of the dose.
00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:33.000
[music]
00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
Although the particles can travel the body,
00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
they must also out win that
phosgene of human health,
00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
the immune system. But, how?
00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
Professor Langer staged an
elaborate trail, he attached
00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
tiny filaments capable of capturing
water molecules to the particles.
00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
The camouflaged particle is then able
to circulate in the blood stream
00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
for several hours without being
detected, before finally dissolving.
00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
[music]
00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
Omid Farakhzad took the initiative a
step further and added a homing device.
00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
Ligands that bind to specific
receptors that grow only
00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
on the membrane of tumor cells.
00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Now the Nano scale drug delivery
system can specifically recognize
00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
one cell from the other
and deliver it\'s payload
00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
to the desired cell and to a far less degree
to a cell that it\'s not supposed to go to.
00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
[music]
00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
And, once their task is accomplished,
the particles are designed
00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
to be eliminated naturally.
The materials that we use
00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
in the context of uh… designing our
Nano particles have actually been used
00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
in… in other medical systems for well over
for decades. And these Nano particles
00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
tend to degrade in the body into
essentially lactic acid and glycolic acid
00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
and these are molecules that the
body uses actually to create energy.
00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
The targeted delivery protocol is
the first in the world to enter
00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
human clinical trials.
So far the team tells us
00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
there are no signs of toxicity
related to their technology.
00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
But, it\'s been less than a
year since the test began.
00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
I think it\'s very important not to over
hype this umm… and… and to say that
00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
this is a step wise uh… approach.
The animal results
00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
are very, very promising, umm… what remains
to be seen is whether that can be achieved
00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
in humans and it\'s a… it is a leap
going from animals to people.
00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
Umm… So, we are… we are hopeful,
but we are cautiously optimistic.
00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
It is a formidable jump.
However, Omid Farakhzad
00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
believes the basic principles of targeted delivery
could revolutionize contemporary medicine
00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
and lead to a reappraisal
of many other therapies.
00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
The real potential of Nanotechnology
goes far beyond cancer therapy,
00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
we can develop far more effective treatments for
cardiovascular diseases, umm… you can develop
00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
much more efficacious vaccines. What we are
seeing today is just really a tip of the iceberg,
00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
what\'s underneath is just
humongous, almost difficult
00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
to imagine today. But, what I do know is that the medicine
that we are gonna practicing 30, 40, 50 years from now,
00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
will look nothing like today. Futurist for
sea cocktails have targeted Nano particles,
00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
program to identify and combat disease.
00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
A brave new world which promises
healthier, longer lives
00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
and the prospect of the eternal youth.
00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
[music]
00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
I deployed for a humanitarian
VISA and that cured
00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
my cancer all right and the rest of me too.
I hadn\'t realized
00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
what poor shape I was in until I came here.
I didn\'t care much I guess.
00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
But, now I knew and I decided to stay.
It seem the safe thing to do.
00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
And I like the look of the place.
00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
But by then, I found another reason
00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
to stay, Rachel.
00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
I didn\'t understand at first what it was
00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
she had that got to me, she
was beautiful all right,
00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
but she was more than that.
00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
I\'d never met anyone like her, she
had a depth of feeling a very gentle
00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
and strong outlook on life.
00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
She took time to enjoy every minute of it.
00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
She never seemed to work
00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
or have much of a social life, but
she kept a distance towards me
00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
like she was cautiously
protecting herself from me.
00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
In fact, I didn\'t know anything about her.
00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
Then one day, she asked
me to come to her home.
00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
And that\'s where I found
00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
she had a husband, George.
00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
When she married him, George was a famous
research scientist, that being happy
00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
together for 30 years, until he was in
an accident and lost both his legs.
00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
He gave up his career and became
00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
and virtual recluse. For
more than 20 years now,
00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
George had been addicted to a very powerful
Nano targeted drug, straight to the brain,
00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
no secondary effects. Day after day,
00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
he would sit on the terrace and
look at the sea, it was his choice
00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
and she respected it.
00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
It was a heartbreaker, but yet something
sounded wrong about this story,
00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
George was too young. You don\'t understand,
00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
do you? George was pursuing
00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
a wonderful dream, to free humanity
from disease and suffering.
00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
Out of love I tested with him the new molecular
correction treatment here, just invented.
00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
Thank you.
00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
It went well at first, and then George started
to change. He began to take more and more risks,
00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
he said he wanted to test the
boundaries of his new condition
00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
until his accident.
00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
Today I\'m 89
00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
and he is 92, and nobody knows
how long we are going to live.
00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
We didn\'t have a child
00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
and I lost all the people I loved.
You have probably
00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
disappeared long before me.
00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
It was a mistake to think
that the end of disease
00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:49.999
would be the end of suffering,
a journey without end.
00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:58.000
[music]
00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
Living a youthful life at 92 might become
an option for some, but the immediate,
00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
more prosaic reality lies in
maintaining our metabolism.
00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
Most of our body tissues stop
developing when we reach adulthood.
00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
If damaged by accident or
disease can they be restored?
00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
In Chicago,
00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
scientist at the Institute for Bio
Nanotechnology and Medicine are at work
00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:44.999
on a radically new approach. Samuel Stupp,
00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.999
the center\'s director is employing
what he calls molecular signals
00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.999
to help encourage selves to continue
growing and to help regenerate
00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
lost or damaged tissue.
00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
When our bodies are forming,
there are many signals
00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
that are taken place where
cells are being instructed
00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
by uh… Nanostructure in
fact outside of the cell
00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
to produce certain tissues
to also produce the signals
00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
that allow cells to connect with
each other and form an organ
00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:29.999
to form a functional tissue. The idea in
Nanotechnology is to create Nanostructures
00:29:30.000 --> 00:29:34.999
that are synthetic, and
they are built and designed
00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.999
to talk to selves as
though they were uh… parts
00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
of the natural tissue during development.
00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
Sam Stupp has designed
Nanoparticles which self assembled
00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
into Nanometric filaments.
00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
[music]
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
Those filaments gather up and coils much like collagen,
the natural structure that guides the growth of cells
00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
to form most of our body\'s tissues.
00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
Ramille Shah head of one of the
laboratories at the institute
00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:19.999
has studied the behavior of cells when
implanted in new and artificial structures.
00:30:20.000 --> 00:30:24.999
Our natural tissues are
made up of collagen fibers
00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
and these fibers are Nanofiber
structures, a cell can actually
00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:34.999
umm… see a Nanofiber, and if it\'s
surrounded by a bunch of Nanofibers
00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.999
it can interact with each
individual Nanofiber.
00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
Usually cells are signaled in the body
through proteins that tell the cell
00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
to attach, to migrate,
to multiply in number.
00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.999
If we can take those signals
that the body naturally
00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:59.999
gives the cells and put them into these
artificial matrices, then we can use that
00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
to instruct the cells to do what we wanted them
to do. Sam Stupp has modified the particles
00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
of the surface of the filament is covered with
proteins that instruct cells to grow tissues,
00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
and the results have been spectacular.
00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:19.999
It\'s really neat to see cells
really responding to a material,
00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.999
because it\'s high bioactive, they thrive,
they are very vibrant and alive. And so,
00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
when you see that, you know, researchers get excited, you
know, especially for two new materials, because you know that
00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
this has promise. An artificial
environment which encourage
00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
yourselves to form specific tissues
in vitro is already a great success,
00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
but Sam Stupp is looking further ahead.
00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.999
With generative medicine, acknowledge it has
to be something that the patient can receive
00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.999
in a doctor\'s office or in a
hospital, it has to be easy to do.
00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:59.999
So, we thought we could create those
molecules, put them in a solution,
00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:04.999
and then just inject them, inject
them in the human body, place them
00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
wherever they are needed, so that
they can promote regeneration.
00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
Ramille Shah and her husband Niraw,
00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
an orthopedic surgeon, have designed an
experiment that regenerates cartilage in rabbits.
00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
It is extremely simple, you have
00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
a site where cartilage needs to grow again,
00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
and at that site, you place
uh… the liquid that contains
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
these molecules, and these molecules right
at that site, build these filaments
00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
into some kind of network,
and that network is ready
00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
to interact with cells.
00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
Even sophisticated surgery techniques,
00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
necessarily produce scar tissue, but
experiments with Nano particle gel
00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
enable almost perfect regeneration.
00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
The results from the rabbit
model were very exciting,
00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
very promising, because we show that not
only that did it help regenerate tissue,
00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
that cartilage tissue within the defect,
but it also preserved that quality
00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
of cartilage in the surrounding surface,
if we can prove that, the results are also
00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
very good in larger animal
models, and that it\'s also safe,
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
umm… then we\'ll move on to human clinical trials. And
so, that\'s sort of down the road, but umm… yeah,
00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
good research is continuing.
There have been further test
00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
to explore the regeneration of other
body parts, blood vessel, skin, bone
00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
and tooth enamel, so far
tests have been positive.
00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
What we envision is actually
a very broad platform
00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
of Nanostructures that are
chemically designed to signal cells.
00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
And that can be customized for specific
targets in regenerative medicine.
00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
Other research work is focused
on the regeneration of neurons,
00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
the cells that power the brain and nervous system,
initial tests have been exploring paralysis
00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
and injury, its groundbreaking science
that if it were to be successful,
00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
offers extraordinary promises in the
treatment of a range of trauma and disease.
00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
It would be great to regenerate new neurons
in… you know, for Alzheimer\'s patients
00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
also or to… to have different ways
of dealing with brain injuries,
00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
again you have to produce new neurons
of if not produce new neurons,
00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
at least you need to uh…
promote bran chain of neurons
00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
that are already there, and I guess
that have damaged either by trauma
00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
or by some disease. To achieve this,
00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
the Nano particles have been customized to
self assemble and to form artificial cells
00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.999
that carry molecular messengers similar to the ones
that support the neuron\'s growth in the brain.
00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:09.999
[music]
00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
And the neurons flourish in
this artificial environment.
00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:19.999
Their extensions grow and
spread to make new connections.
00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.999
It\'s an approach that could have many
00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:29.999
other applications, but there
are still challenges ahead.
00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
Some targets are going to be
more difficult than others,
00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
umm… I think cartilage for
example will happen relatively
00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
quickly or bone, uh… I think other targets
00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
like the brain and… and even the heart
might take a little bit more time,
00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
but in our bodies all
of the major processes
00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
involving cells occur through signaling.
00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
And… and the objects that are involved
in those signals are from the standpoint
00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
of the Nanotechnologist,
they are Nanostructures.
00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
So, in a way it gives you the idea that uh…
00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
we can manipulate the human body in ways
that we never thought about before.
00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
And that might include the possibility
of technically enhanced humans
00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
with Nano implants. I\'m a photographer,
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
and Rachel had given me the idea to shoot the
portraits of the modified, the four runners
00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
of a new humanity. And this
work had caught the attention
00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
of the famous Salvatori, owner of a
very influential art gallery, famous
00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
for its able to shock. Lovely to meet you.
00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
Rachel told me a lot… He wanted to see the
whole series to may be stage and exhibition.
00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
…and I can\'t wait to see the rest of it.
00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
Rachel, who you know, she
is 92 years old today.
00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
This is Jim Ex-cripple,
00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
he is with the Special Forces now, multiple
reconstructions and amplified sensor system,
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
a dangerous animal. Bill,
hypo muscle and bone growth,
00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
suffered from cardiac malformation at birth,
his father trained him. He won 6 medals
00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
at the last Olympic game. The case is
currently being studies by the committee.
00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
Elona, the one, she is everywhere.
Entirely redesigned
00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
after a plain crush, equipped with
a lot of extras, she is a puppet,
00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
very touchy. And this is David…
00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
He love the picture, he love the
concept, and the timing was perfect.
00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:54.999
Enhancement in post humans
was a burning project.
00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:59.999
Brilliant idea and they are great. He said
he would have to device a special approach
00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
that would appeal to his cliental. …so
this pushed humanism, drawing big.
00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
I didn\'t quite understand what he
meant, but it sounded like good news,
00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
so I decided to trust him. Hello, dear.
How are you?
00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
On opening day, it became
though I should have.
00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
When I arrived there was already a
little crowd, but something was wrong.
00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
People behaved strongly and I didn\'t
see a single picture of mine.
00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
That\'s when a cheerful
Salvatori suddenly appeared.
00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
They love it, I told you.
He sounded enthusiastic,
00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
I just got more perplexed. Where are my
photos? And it must have been showing,
00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
because he started to apologize.
Don\'t tell me
00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
you didn\'t get the chip. He was so sure he
had sent me the chip with the invitation.
00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
He was right, there it was,
but I still didn\'t know
00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
what to do with it. Tell me… He
began to look very embarrassed.
00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
Oh! My god. I\'m so sorry. He
presumed that his customers
00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
had an implanted reader, it
was so cool and fashionable.
00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
Stay there, I should… He said
something about an old device he kept
00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
for the workers and vanished again.
It was like a nightmare,
00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
everybody seem to stare at me
like I was a strange animal.
00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
I\'m sorry; it\'s really not very fresh… And
he came back with a huge pair of glasses.
00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
I have an upper class cliental
and what equipment you know –
00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
Putting them on was quite an experience.
00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:53.000
[music]
00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
Now, I did see and hear
too, it was fascinating.
00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:08.000
[music]
00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
With that soon felt dizzy. They
were the real post humans.
00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
Their world had not much in
common with mine anymore.
00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
And then I thought,
00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
maybe that\'s what getting old is about.
00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
[music]
00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
But does the enhanced human,
00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
\"Half man, half machine\" have much of a future
other than in the movies and science fiction?
00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
Building connections
00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
between brain and machine continues
to fascinate and Nanotechnology
00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
will likely play a significant role.
But to many researchers,
00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
there are more immediate
and rewarding challenges.
00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
Enhancements, that\'s sort of not the goal of
this of… of this research or my research,
00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
just… we just want to improve patient
quality of life. It\'s really to…
00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
umm… to bring back whatever used to
be the perfect tissue, I don\'t know
00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
what would be better than having
a perfect tissue actually.
00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
Advocates believe the science
balances a new understanding
00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
of the Nano dimension with discoveries in other
disciplines. It\'s especially relevant they say,
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
as the scale reflects that most
fundamental processes of life.
00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
As science has progressed, we have learned
00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
about all the processes
that uh… keep us alive
00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
and uh… we know it in a level of
detail that makes it possible now
00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
for scientist that work
00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
in chemistry, in physics and in
engineering disciplines to emulate
00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
those processes with synthetic structures.
The Nano Revolution
00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
promises less invasive, more
preventive personalized medicine,
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
but right now it\'s a revolution
that is little know beyond the lab
00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
and big business, and its
future is difficult to predict.
00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
People contemplated this
magic bullet or targeted
00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
delivery almost over a 100 years ago, but,
you know, with… with… with Nanotechnology
00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
we are beginning to realize that in a very
significant and substantial way today.
00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
The spread of these approaches could be very
fast, and could be on the more pervasive
00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
because of their apparent simplicity.
00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
These are technologies
that are not based upon
00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
expensive components, in facts it\'s the
know how to build and that\'s important.
00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
As that type of technology matures, as we get more and
more advances, the competition will begin to drive
00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
the places down, and you\'ll seen then an explosion
in terms of the disruption of these types
00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
of technologies all over the world.
Nanoscience has caught
00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
the imagination of many in the medical
community, matched only by the enthusiasm
00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
of investors. Such backing
comes at a prices,
00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
much of the new research is patented.
As the science it promises much,
00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
but is there a will to share its
wonders, its promise of universal
00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:50.000
and low cost access, that
would be a true revolution.
Distributor: Bullfrog Films
Length: 45 minutes
Date: 2013
Genre: Expository
Language: English
Grade: 9-12, College, Adults
Closed Captioning: Available
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