WEBVTT

00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:09.999
Today more than ever, our planet is reeling

00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:14.999
from a range of environmental threats.

00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:19.999
Severe droughts have dried
out great swathes of land.

00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:24.999
But, in the heart of Central Mexico,

00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:29.999
researchers are using a
revolutionary new science,

00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:34.999
Nanotechnology, to try to make
the Arsenic released groundwater

00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:39.999
safe enough to drink.

00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:44.999
Elsewhere around the globe mass industrialization
has left a trial of hazardous sites

00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:49.999
and contaminated soils. But, in Canada,

00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:54.999
engineers are using Nanoscience
to clean up the deadly toxins.

00:00:55.000 --> 00:00:59.999
Within minutes, because we seriously
control the contaminant levels in the…

00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:04.999
in this area. The development of the science
is routed in our ever increasing ability

00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:09.999
to manipulate the tiniest of particles
to explore the once unknown

00:01:10.000 --> 00:01:14.999
and unseen world of Nano. I will
be breathing in Nano particles

00:01:15.000 --> 00:01:19.999
as I stand here. When I go back in the car,

00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.999
our roads are full of Nano particles
from exhaust, what is new is the

00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:29.999
deliberate engineering of these very,
very small particles to have enhanced

00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:34.999
or even novel properties and the
uncertainties that introduces

00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.999
in terms of the potential risks
to the environment and health.

00:01:40.000 --> 00:01:44.999
In this episode of the Nano revolution,

00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:49.999
we explore pioneering environmental
research and we jump into the future

00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:54.999
to dramatize how the technology
might impact our lives.

00:01:55.000 --> 00:02:03.000
[music]

00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:24.999
We have always counted our new
technologies to help us shape our world.

00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:29.999
Now, researchers are crossing
another technological frontier.

00:02:30.000 --> 00:02:34.999
In the Nano dimension,

00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:39.999
they are learning to manipulate the
most intimate mechanics of life,

00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:44.999
and they promise us more
control of our bodies

00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:49.999
and of our environment. This
three part series explores

00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:55.000
a mysterious and unknown universe
and the revolution it promises.

00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:04.999
[music]

00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:09.999
Here inside this real work snow globe

00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:14.999
of the grounds of the University of
Toronto, there is a State of the Art lab

00:03:15.000 --> 00:03:19.999
where Nano particles are being created.

00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:24.999
By mixing lead and sulfur
at a prescribed ratio

00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:29.999
and temperature, hundreds of
millions of Nano participles

00:03:30.000 --> 00:03:34.999
are instantaneously and
somewhat magically synthesized.

00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:39.999
But, what is Nano technology?

00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:44.999
How revolutionary is it? And is it going
to change how we see the world around us?

00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:49.999
For starters a Nano world
is an invisible one.

00:03:50.000 --> 00:03:54.999
If you look at the distance between the ridges
of the skin on your finger tips, Nano particles

00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:59.999
are 80,000 times smaller.

00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:04.999
These particles can only be glimpsed by
the most powerful electron microscopes.

00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:09.999
This is the world of Nano, where
it\'s possible to shape matter

00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.999
and alter its basic properties.

00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:19.999
Scientist like Professor Ted Sargent

00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:24.999
at the University of Toronto, believe
Nanotech is the only way to go.

00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:29.999
He sees the future where Nano
particles applied to solar cells,

00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:34.999
transform the way we capture energy. There
is two aspects to the solar technologies

00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:39.999
that are incredibly exciting, and the first
is just raw performance… performance to cost.

00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:44.999
The other thing about having a flexible solar cell or
paintable solar cell is that it just allows your imagination

00:04:45.000 --> 00:04:49.999
to go wild. Uh… Imagine
if you could wear clothes

00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:54.999
that were solar energy harvesters and then we charge up the
batteries of the mobile devices that you are carrying around.

00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:59.999
Imagine if you could
create a sailboat to sail

00:05:00.000 --> 00:05:04.999
was also solar energy harvesting, can
charge up the battery on sailboat.

00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:09.999
The imaginative possibilities that emerge, when you start to make
low cost flexible and high efficiency solar cells simultaneously

00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:14.999
are really limitless.

00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:19.999
Solar energy has already
caught the imagination

00:05:20.000 --> 00:05:24.999
of both environmentalist and entrepreneurs.
But what if it\'s efficiency

00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:29.999
could be dramatically enhanced? Here on
the edge of the vast Arabian desert,

00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:34.999
King Abdullah is building
at a furious space.

00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:39.999
Creating an intellectual oasis

00:05:40.000 --> 00:05:44.999
among the dunes. Total
price tag $12 billion.

00:05:45.000 --> 00:05:49.999
This is the King Abdullah

00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:54.999
University of Science and
Technology or KAUST for short.

00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:59.999
And look who is shown up
here in Saudi Arabia.

00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:04.999
Professors Sargent and his solar
Nano technology have been beaconed

00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:09.999
to the land of Easy oil. This country
maybe the largest exporter of oil

00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:14.999
in the world, but when you
consider the amount of sunlight

00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:19.999
bombarding the desert floor, the potential for
producing solar power here is simple astounding.

00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:24.999
For Professor Sargent, the
solution lies in designing

00:06:25.000 --> 00:06:29.999
a radically different solar
collector, using Nano particles

00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:34.999
to maximize the sun\'s impact. It\'s a bit like
when I guess it would have been in the 1950s

00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:39.999
people wondered whether one
could go to the moon. And, we…

00:06:40.000 --> 00:06:44.999
it became clear that there\'s no physical
impediment, there\'s no laws of physics

00:06:45.000 --> 00:06:49.999
that would prevent that from happening
and it became a technology challenge.

00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:54.999
[music]

00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:59.999
Did this oil show you like the elemental make
up of glycogen or… In the world of Nano,

00:07:00.000 --> 00:07:04.999
Professor Sargent is a big deal.
More than just a visiting professor,

00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:09.999
he\'s a rock star in the furiously
competitive world of Nano science

00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:14.999
and he\'s here to sing the phrases of his unique
and potentially, hugely profitable approach

00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:19.999
to harnessing a seemingly limitless force.

00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:24.999
[music]

00:07:25.000 --> 00:07:29.999
The sun\'s power reaching the earth is
really incredible. There\'s 10,000 times

00:07:30.000 --> 00:07:34.999
more solar power reaching the earth everyday
that we use across all our energy habits.

00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:39.999
And another way to put… put the same idea is
that as much sun hits the earth in an hour

00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:44.999
uh… as we consume in the year.

00:07:45.000 --> 00:07:49.999
The key that Professor Sargent solar Nanotechnology
holds its potential to unlock energy

00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:54.999
across the sun\'s entire light spectrum.
One of the phenomena

00:07:55.000 --> 00:07:59.999
that the heart of the Nanotechnology is that we
can shape matter. As a consequence in my lab,

00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:04.999
when we make three different batches of
Nano particles, we can program them,

00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:09.999
each to be responsive to different slices of sun\'s
spectrum. The initial solar cell prototypes

00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:14.999
that Ted is working on look like this.
A glass square

00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.999
coded with thin layers of Nano particle.
Embed the cells with tiny electrodes

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:24.999
bombard them with laser beams and, you can
measure both the wave length and current

00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:29.999
and also more importantly
gage the cells capacity

00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:34.999
to absorb the energy from a crucial
and as yet largely untapped source,

00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:39.999
the sun\'s invisible Infrared rays.
And so, in turns out that

00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:44.999
fully half of the sun\'s energy lies in the Infrared
frequencies and the other half in the visible.

00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:49.999
So, my research acknowledges
that we need to capture

00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:54.999
all of that energy, if we\'re gonna
make an efficient solar cell.

00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:59.999
Sargent is coy about his progress.
But his experiment suggests that

00:09:00.000 --> 00:09:04.999
Nano could revolutionize the design
and manufacture of solar cells.

00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:09.999
And that the next generation of solar
power will look very different

00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:14.999
from the installations of today.

00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:19.999
So, the major differences in making quantum dot based
solar cells relative to gusting in your approaches.

00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:24.999
The first that we actually do work with
individual Nanometer size crystals

00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:29.999
and they\'re individually packaged. So,
each on is in… in a position such that

00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:34.999
we can just coat it, spray it, if
you like paint it on to a backing.

00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:39.999
Professor Sargent city of the future
is one in which every building

00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:44.999
becomes its own power generating station.
And then also by virtue

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.999
of their lower cost you won\'t hesitate to deploy them
across the entire surface of the building in fact,

00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:54.999
if they\'re… if they\'re cheap enough, if there\'s a little bit of power to be
had from the sides of the building or you might even put them there too.

00:09:55.000 --> 00:09:59.999
[music]

00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.999
So, what might this future look like?
We\'ve dramatized a potential world

00:10:05.000 --> 00:10:09.999
where Nano technology has transformed
how solar energy is harvested.

00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:18.000
[music]

00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:24.999
I have been living in the city all my life.
And over the years,

00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:29.999
I have seen changes I never would
have believed to take power.

00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:34.999
My grandson just assumes
it comes from the sun,

00:10:35.000 --> 00:10:39.999
but it wasn\'t always like that.
There used to be coal and oil,

00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:44.999
and who could forget all of
the trouble with nuclear.

00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:49.999
After that energy saving came back people
bought all kinds of do in yourself solar stuff,

00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:54.999
like my mini panel, it\'s basic but,

00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:59.999
I\'m still using it. Then came
the Nanoflex fabric balloons.

00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:04.999
At the beginning, there
were kind of modest.

00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:09.999
My neighbour Sam, was the first person
I know that tried it, pushy guy.

00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:14.999
Always wants to be first with everything.
Yeah, did seem like a bad idea.

00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:19.999
But right away, the retentions

00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:24.999
and in no time at all, there was trouble.

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:29.999
No, that damn balloon of your, keep
blocking the sun from my solar panels.

00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:34.999
Now, there\'s no hot water. Hey, Cobby,
sun light is first come, first earn.

00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:39.999
Go get yourself your own balloon.

00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:44.999
You can\'t halt the sunlight.

00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:49.999
Hey, Hey. I can\'t help it, if my balloon
happens to be bigger than your panel.

00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:54.999
I\'m gonna tear your dame balloon
into pieces. Shut up you…

00:11:55.000 --> 00:11:59.999
[music]

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.999
Sam\'s Nanoflex balloons

00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:09.999
were just the beginning.
People started to think big

00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:14.999
and do I mean big?

00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:19.999
Well, I stop at balloons in solar
panels, when you can have your very own

00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.999
Nano solar reflector airship.
Solar guzzlers

00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:29.999
that\'s what they\'re swallowing up the sky.

00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:35.000
[music]

00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:49.999
Nano science

00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:54.999
will not only revolutionize how
we capture the sun\'s energy.

00:12:55.000 --> 00:12:59.999
New applications of Nanotechnology promised
to clean toxins out of our water supply.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:04.999
In these beautiful mountains
in Central Mexico,

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:09.999
they have been living with the serious
environmental health risk for years.

00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:14.999
We\'re in danger. We\'re in danger,
because uh… we need water

00:13:15.000 --> 00:13:19.999
and the only source we have…
it\'s poisonous with arsenic.

00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:24.999
Rafael Zoratti has a big
weight on his shoulders.

00:13:25.000 --> 00:13:29.999
He is manager of the city\'s water utility.

00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:34.999
This is the city where I
was born and right now,

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:39.999
my responsibility is to make sure that
everyone at their homes have water,

00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:44.999
every time they needed. But the truth
is that well conservation helps ensure

00:13:45.000 --> 00:13:49.999
there\'s enough water for the future. The
pressing issue of today is what\'s in the water.

00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:54.999
We\'re having water from
700 meters deep wells.

00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:59.999
And the concentration of
arsenic at that levels

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:04.999
are very, very high. Although arsenic

00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:09.999
is strongly linked to cancer, more than
55 million people around the world

00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:14.999
still drink water, that has naturally
occurring concentrations of the toxin.

00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:19.999
Compounding this problem is the difficulty
of removing arsenic from water.

00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:24.999
[music]

00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:29.999
The water coming out from this water
treatment plant, it\'s pretty clean,

00:14:30.000 --> 00:14:34.999
but we still have a problem with arsenic and we
cannot face it with the available technology,

00:14:35.000 --> 00:14:39.999
because it\'s too expensive for us.

00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:44.999
But there may finally be
an affordable solution

00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:49.999
to Guanajuato, troubled waters.

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:54.999
A team of scientist from
Rice University has arrived

00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:59.999
and three amigos, aimed to clean up this
town and ridded of its arsenic problems

00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:04.999
ones in for all.

00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:09.999
Professor Vicki Colvin and her
grad students Jessie Ferule

00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:14.999
and John Frowner are here to
conduct series of experiments

00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:19.999
in which the arsenic will be zapped from
the ground water, her secret weapon

00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:24.999
Nano particles. We can see those materials
using our very latest instruments so,

00:15:25.000 --> 00:15:29.999
we can actually know a lot about how small they\'re
because, we can go down to those length scales.

00:15:30.000 --> 00:15:34.999
But more than that they\'re strange, materials on the Nanoscale, they
interact with material with things around them very differently.

00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:39.999
And they don\'t behave at all like things are
little bit bigger. So, that strangeness

00:15:40.000 --> 00:15:44.999
is really the value of Nano materials. When you
find in application like we have here in Mexico,

00:15:45.000 --> 00:15:49.999
with that very strange chemistry, can be
coupled with a really important social need,

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.999
that\'s when you have opportunity
to actually change people\'s lives.

00:15:55.000 --> 00:15:59.999
Nano\'s power is a function
of its vast surface area.

00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:04.999
As particles decrease in size, their
surface area increases relative

00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:09.999
to their mass. A greater number of atoms

00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.999
are now available on the surface,
these tiny Nano particles

00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.999
initiates stronger and faster
reactions with other atoms.

00:16:20.000 --> 00:16:24.999
Dr. Colvin

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.999
and her team planned to make use
of the Nano particle surface area

00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.999
with this water filtration column.
For this device to be of any use,

00:16:35.000 --> 00:16:39.999
in the developing world, it\'s design should be
simple with components that are both inexpensive

00:16:40.000 --> 00:16:44.999
and locally sources, a layer of gravel,

00:16:45.000 --> 00:16:49.999
a layer of sand,

00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:54.999
and then the active ingredient,

00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.999
Nano size particles of faros oxide

00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.999
also known as rust. Well, I
think knows what rust is.

00:17:05.000 --> 00:17:09.999
We\'re using a particular form of rust and that\'s with Nano
rust is a good way to think about it. But it\'s special…

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:14.999
it\'s special, because it\'s really, really small. And so, really
what we\'re hoping to do is by using these Nano materials

00:17:15.000 --> 00:17:19.999
that have just in a single small amount
tons and tons and tons and tons surface

00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:24.999
for the arsenic stick to kind of
like an amazing sponge for arsenic.

00:17:25.000 --> 00:17:29.999
Hey guys. Hey, Vicki. How is it going?
It\'s going.

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:34.999
It\'s like a column, (inaudible). It\'s
we\'re hoping to… for 10,000 leaders

00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:39.999
through that one pound of magnetite. Although
this test column is relatively small,

00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:44.999
the Rice University researchers believe
that if they can just get this one to work.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:49.999
They could scale up the process to eventually
treat the cities entire water supply.

00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:54.999
I mean, good twist.

00:17:55.000 --> 00:17:59.999
Yeah. All right. You guys, ready to clean some water?
Yeah. All right, it\'s time to take it to the field.

00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:04.999
[music]

00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.999
We\'re pumping the ground water
directly into the top of our column

00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:14.999
with arsenic in it. The Nano filtered
water will be tested back at the lab

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:19.999
to see if all the arsenic has been removed.

00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:24.999
Nanotechnology is… this capability,
this new entirely neutral

00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:29.999
that people have available to them. And I think it\'s going
to move into just about every arena limited perhaps

00:18:30.000 --> 00:18:34.999
only by the creativity of people. Uh… And how
they take these new ideas in neutrals and solve

00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:40.000
some of the world\'s most hardest problems.

00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:49.999
Another environmental challenge we now face

00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:54.999
is cleaning up the chemical hangover
that industry has left behind.

00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:59.999
It\'s a dirty job, but someone\'s got
to do it. And today that someone

00:19:00.000 --> 00:19:04.999
is Professor Denis O\'Carroll from the University
of Western Ontario. He and his students

00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:09.999
are here to try to clean up this
old abandon sight, using some

00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:14.999
brand new Nanotechnology. On the other side
of the building here they would have had

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
uh… uh… a maintenance yard, where they would
have cleaned up tools and trucks umm…

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:24.999
with a trichloroethane which is
chloroethene solvent is commonly used

00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:29.999
for decreasing, it would… it\'s also is commonly
used in dry cleaners. The histrionically,

00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:34.999
let\'s say 20, 30 years ago, when your done with oils and these kind of
liquids you just pour him on the ground or pour them down the drain.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
I wish and they didn\'t let it get into the surface, they
didn\'t really understand uh… that… that these contaminants

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:44.999
would persist for longer the time
that they\'re extremity toxic.

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
Professor O\'Carroll is
preparing to clean up the soil

00:19:50.000 --> 00:19:54.999
by mixing up a barrel full of Nano particles that
will then be injected into the contaminated ground.

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.999
It\'s injecting it for both
three and half hours.

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:04.999
As long as the water is
moving it\'s gonna freez so…

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
Of watching turneries then it\'s gonna
be ready… uh… ready for the dissolved.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
It\'s a complex and exacting procedure
made all of them more difficult

00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:19.999
by a nasty mid February
Canadian deep freeze.

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:24.999
And the frigid weather isn\'t their only
concern, synthesizing these Nano particles

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
creates a dangerous the
explosive by product hydrogen.

00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:34.999
So, until we get it into the vessel which in
explosion zone. We have to be very careful,

00:20:35.000 --> 00:20:39.999
that\'s why we have to… we have to kind of stay back.
This is the exciting time, we\'re gonna inject the…

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
the whole hydride in… into the syntheses
vessel. It\'s going to turn black

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
and that\'s if it doesn\'t black, we\'re gonna
have some worried people here. But on queue

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
and without any firing explosions Nano
particles by the billions are created.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
That yellow shade or orangish
that\'s the Nano particles out.

00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:04.999
420 mills in how many seconds?

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
Eight. Eight seconds. That\'s crazy.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
The Nano particles are now ready
to be pumped into the ground.

00:21:15.000 --> 00:21:19.999
It\'s got to go in there and it\'s gonna go towards
this well, here. Just stay there in case…

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
in case it comes up react like a gusher.

00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:29.999
Ones in the ground the Nano particles
transfer electrons to the contaminant.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:34.999
Euclorina this slipped away from the
trichloroethane effectively dissolving it.

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
[music]

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:44.999
So, I\'m hoping this is gonna and we gonna have see here so
around this entire zone to a contamination in this area.

00:21:45.000 --> 00:21:49.999
So, Nano particles are injected today, we
injective in for two purposes, one to intact

00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:54.999
to the initial contamination in this zone. But then
it\'s gonna be some residual Nano metals in this area.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
So, it\'s a water continues to flow through here
that\'s contaminated. It\'ll flow through this…

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
this residual Nano particles and the way we
integrated so, further on downstream there the…

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
the water will be cleaned and you can
probably drink it. There are an estimated

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
400,000 contaminated brown field sites
scattered across North America.

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
We\'re literally surrounded by them.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
If we drive around and see and you\'re… and if where
we stopped and you see a couple of interactions

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
that are empty with a couple of wall
sticky note, as like you know, gas station

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
that\'s contaminated well, no one wants to go back
in there and buy up a really value up the land

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
because it is contaminated at a significant
cost. Not only are these Nano particles

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
good at busting up toxins O\'Carroll and
his team are certain there\'s little risk

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
of future contamination problems. For these
nano particles that are very reactive.

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
So, ones your injecting into the ground they don\'t last very
long, that they react… they react with the contaminants

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
in the ground, they react with the water, with air
and then… and then the essentially become rust

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
and they\'ll aggregate together, stick
together and then set a lot of solution

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
and there\'s all the way.
So, it\'ll be no problem.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
But what about some of the
other particles used today

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
after all our past is leaded with
technological break thoughts gone bad.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
The noble prize was awarded
for the development of DDT

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
with the possibility of irradiating malaria.
The use of asbestos and the (inaudible)

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
had tremendous benefits, uh… but of course,
with significant impacts and human health.

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
What we\'re trying to do with
Nano technology is avoid uh…

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
those sort of disappointments, to avoid
those sort environmental impacts.

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
[music]

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
Here in the roads outside Duke University professor
Mark Wisner is investigating the potential impacts

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
of particular Nano particles
already in many consumer goods.

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
These wooden crates are called mesocosms.
Each crate contains water, soil,

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
bacteria plants, insects even fish.
And they are used

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:14.999
to identify threats to
a natural eco system.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:19.999
So, what we\'re doing here is testing Nano
materials in a very complex environment.

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:24.999
Professor Wisner\'s grad students
are spraying these mesocosms

00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:29.999
with silver Nano particles which
are being used as anti bacterial

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:34.999
in all sort of products. As we use these
products and these things will down the drain

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.999
independent waste water treatment plant. The waste water
treatment plant will separate them and to the clarified water

00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.999
and the… the sludge or the solids
that come out of that process.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.999
The question is

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:54.999
what happens when the Nano sliver accumulates in
the treatment plant sludge and is then trucked out

00:24:55.000 --> 00:24:59.999
and spread over farmer\'s fields. One of the… the
things they were interested in looking at here

00:25:00.000 --> 00:25:04.999
is what happens when we do apply them to land. How
long will they stay there, where will they go, uh…

00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:09.999
what kinds of organisms will
they impact along the way.

00:25:10.000 --> 00:25:14.999
Ones a month

00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.999
professor Wisner\'s grad students, return
the sample water from these mesocoms,

00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:24.999
to measure the Nano particles
that are still present.

00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:29.999
When you talk about a Nano particle, it\'s all
surface, uh… when you get down to a particle

00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:34.999
that\'s something like five
Nanometers in diameter.

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:39.999
Uh… About half of the
atoms are on the surface.

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:44.999
Nature will modify these surfaces just as
much as people will modify the surface.

00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:49.999
So, we can engineer the surface to death.
But when we… when we put it out in nature,

00:25:50.000 --> 00:25:54.999
nature will begin to modify that surface and we believe that those
modifications change the very properties of the Nano materials.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:59.999
[music]

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:04.999
Water samples from their mesocoms are brought
back to the lab where professor Karl Maton

00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:09.999
analysis their toxicity.
So, we\'re working with

00:26:10.000 --> 00:26:14.999
jelly fish larvae and we\'re
dosing in with one of

00:26:15.000 --> 00:26:19.999
our silver Nano particles and trying to understand how different
types of water affect the toxicity of those particles.

00:26:20.000 --> 00:26:24.999
Ultimately the challenge is to understand
what happens when engineered Nano particles

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:29.999
enter the environment. How
they react, how they travel,

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:34.999
whether they dissolve? Over the past
several years we\'ve made a lot of progress

00:26:35.000 --> 00:26:39.999
and understanding how a particle might
affect an individual species, fish,

00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:44.999
invertebrates etcetera. But
understanding how it may alter

00:26:45.000 --> 00:26:49.999
the entire eco system or microbial
nutrient processing etcetera,

00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:54.999
we\'re just at the cost of… of that type
of work. It\'s a challenge compounded

00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:59.999
by the incredible speed at which the Nano
applications are being pushed forward.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:04.999
We don\'t normally regulate most materials before they\'re
releasing commercial products in United States.

00:27:05.000 --> 00:27:09.999
Umm… And so, generally we\'re
left with the situation

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:14.999
where we\'re trying to understand where the products
are already out on the market might pose a hazard

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:19.999
to either wild life or humans specifically.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:24.999
So… so here we have work very
fast to try to understand

00:27:25.000 --> 00:27:29.999
these questions as quickly as we can.
Umm… You know, last thing anyone wants

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:34.999
is 30 years from now, figuring out that there was a problem that we should
have discovered earlier in the process. So, it is definitely a race.

00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:39.999
[music]

00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:44.999
You know what, something\'s are
never quite what they seem.

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:49.999
This park for instance. I\'m
little quick see you later.

00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:54.999
I live nearby and come here every day

00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.999
when my grandson\'s around. He
play here all day if he could.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:04.999
And this park was a waste land when I
first brought my little apartment.

00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:09.999
That was the only reason I
could afford the place.

00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:14.999
Nobody wanted to live on
the edge of a dead zone.

00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:19.999
It was all fenced up and
no one could go near.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.999
But I was lucky, it was chosen
for the latest Nano remediations

00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:29.999
soon after I moved in.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:34.999
The whole area was off limits for years. No one
knew exactly what they were up to, but in the end

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.999
it was amazing, magical to
see a dark neuralgic space

00:28:40.000 --> 00:28:44.999
come alive again. A run
down waste land transformed

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.999
into a beautiful park. It\'s
a joy to see my grandson

00:28:50.000 --> 00:28:54.999
play here with his friends and think
back on what it used to be like.

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.999
But lately I\'m not so sure,

00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:04.999
protective tents went up again,
and the inspectors were back,

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:09.999
looking for something. I don\'t know what.

00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.999
Then the anti Nano trouble makers started,

00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:19.999
it looks like a fear more to me, but fear can
be catching. I don\'t know what to think,

00:29:20.000 --> 00:29:24.999
because I say these days nothing
is quite what it seems.

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:33.000
[music]

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:39.999
That kind of uncertainty is just

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:44.999
what the scientist at Duke University are
trying to avoid. But the difficulty facing them

00:29:45.000 --> 00:29:49.999
is that they are unsure of the
questions that must be asked,

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:54.999
let alone the answers. The
sources of uncertainty

00:29:55.000 --> 00:29:59.999
in this area are numerous. We don\'t
know what Nano materials will be main.

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:04.999
We don\'t know how they would be used, we don\'t know, how many will be
used. We don\'t know where they will go, we don\'t know who they\'ll impact.

00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.999
Umm… They are a great number of unknowns.
Some of the unknowns are unknown,

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:14.999
some of the unknowns are known.
So, what do we know

00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:20.000
and what we don\'t know and what do we don\'t
know and what can we not yet imagine.

00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:29.999
As well as clearing up our water in soil

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:34.999
Nano particles may also be
able to clean up our air.

00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.999
It\'s spring in the beautiful and
historic city of Edinburgh Scotland.

00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:44.999
The sun is out and the tress are in bloom.

00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.999
It\'s one of those perfect days. But
things are not nearly as perfect

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.999
as they seem. There\'s something in the air,

00:30:55.000 --> 00:30:59.999
Nano particles. We\'ve grown somewhat a
customs with a bad air in our cities,

00:31:00.000 --> 00:31:04.999
but scientist now know that the
air contains Nano particles

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:09.999
and they are dangerous.

00:31:10.000 --> 00:31:14.999
On his daily commute to the royal infirmary
Dr. David Newby a cardiac surgeon

00:31:15.000 --> 00:31:19.999
tries to avoid streets with congested
traffic. We see a lot of patients

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:24.999
going to our (inaudible) care unit with
acute heart attacks, severe heart attacks,

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:29.999
life threatening heart attacks. And actually if you look
at what they\'re doing in the hours before they going to

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:34.999
have their heart attack that two to three
times more likely to be in traffic.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:39.999
Dr. Newby\'s research is now linking
heart attacks with heavy traffic.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:44.999
And it\'s not the frustration of
sitting in traffic that\'s to blame.

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:49.999
It\'s the clouds of Nano particles
suspended within diesel exhaust.

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.999
When people breathe I n

00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:59.999
makes conversation to rock Nano particles
in the air, they can influence the lung

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:04.999
cause inflammation in the lung and nothing
cause the cascade effects, that gonna heart

00:32:05.000 --> 00:32:09.999
and trigger the heart attack. We also believe
that these Nano particles are so small

00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:14.999
that they can actually fly across the
blood vessel valve, because in the lungs

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:19.999
the blood vessel valve is incredibly thin. So, we think
these Nano particles when they\'re in the blood stream

00:32:20.000 --> 00:32:24.999
that actually trigger these plants, this (inaudible)
deposit to burst open, and that can cause

00:32:25.000 --> 00:32:29.999
the heart attack to occur. Just before we go out
and walk we need to put an ECG machine on to you

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:34.999
and a blood pressure cup, just
to measure your blood pressure.

00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:39.999
[music]

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:44.999
Are you felling okay. Yeah. A bit
Frankenstein like with all these.

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:49.999
Sure, your not the first to say that.
With the heart monitor

00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:54.999
and blood pressure cups in place the Nano detectors
hit the streets to track the invisible blooms

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:59.999
of Nano particles and monitor
how the test subject

00:33:00.000 --> 00:33:04.999
reacts as they enter into his body. And
so, I think the in this pulse goes fast,

00:33:05.000 --> 00:33:09.999
it will be interesting to see what kind…
or get so, about 30,000 at the moment.

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.999
Yeah and you can see this jumps up quite a bit and so jumps
up to 48,000. Are you sure you okay… you wanna see that?

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:19.999
Yeah, yeah. Now it\'s fine. So, if the air

00:33:20.000 --> 00:33:24.999
in our congested cities is so bad for us. What can
we do to get rid of these dangerous Nano particles?

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:29.999
The answer may be found here,

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:34.999
a few 100 kilometers
away in Oxford England.

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.999
That\'s the famous Radcliff observatory
over there, people (inaudible)

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.999
they\'re going passing that.
One of our favorite pubs.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:33:49.999
It\'s a nice tour, isn\'t it? Great tour.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:33:54.999
Peter Dobson a professor here at Oxford
University is not only a terrific tour guide,

00:33:55.000 --> 00:33:59.999
he\'s also one of the top Nano scientist
in the world and he plans to fight

00:34:00.000 --> 00:34:04.999
those deadly exhaust born Nano particles
with… well some Nano particles of his own.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:09.999
It\'s shaping up to be a
Nano and nano battle.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:14.999
Professor Dobson has a ring side seat.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:19.999
Dobson believes the road to cleaning
Nano particles out of the air

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:24.999
in the world\'s major cities begins
right here at the bus depot

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:29.999
in the outskirts of Oxford.
The fuel on this buses

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:34.999
has got cerium oxide particles suspended
in the diesel fuel and the idea started

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:39.999
because of a chance meeting in a pub between uh…
someone who has vision of using cerium oxide

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:44.999
to improve uh… diesel engines
and former student of mine.

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.999
And between them,

00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:54.999
they found the way to make cerium oxide Nano
particles that could be added to diesel fuel

00:34:55.000 --> 00:34:59.999
and eliminate the harmful Nano
particles in the exhaust.

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:04.999
Cleaning machine, now it sort of
coming out of the tall pipe and uh…

00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:09.999
we see this as a radical way of improving
all in internal combustion engines

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:14.999
and possibly other combustion as well.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:19.999
This drum containing hundreds of
trillions of cerium oxide Nano particles

00:35:20.000 --> 00:35:24.999
is connected directly to the
diesel refueling tanks.

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:29.999
[music]

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:34.999
Inside the engine cylinders

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:39.999
cerium oxides works as a important
catalysts giving up oxygen

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:44.999
that allows the fuel to
burn more efficiently.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:49.999
If you in visage breaking the cerium oxide down from
big lumps down into lots of tiny little Nano particles

00:35:50.000 --> 00:35:54.999
you end up with a very high surface area

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.999
and it\'s that surface area which grieves
the catalysis makes it so effective

00:36:00.000 --> 00:36:04.999
as a diesel fuel additive.
This is a good example

00:36:05.000 --> 00:36:09.999
of how a Nano material can help clean up the
planet, but for the environment as a whole

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:14.999
what is the likely impact
of Nano technologies.

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:19.999
We are learning more about the environment that
exist but we were also beginning to understand

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.999
how we can adapt Nano
technology to clean up

00:36:25.000 --> 00:36:29.999
some of the pretty dreadful containments
we introduced there all ready.

00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:34.999
I\'m one of the optimists. I think
that Nano technology is going to play

00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:39.999
a much bigger role in improving
the environment and damaging it.

00:36:40.000 --> 00:36:44.999
Dr. Richard Owen who holds the chair
in environmental risk assessment

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.999
at the University of Westminster constantly
tours the derelict industrial side

00:36:50.000 --> 00:36:54.999
on the out skirts of London.

00:36:55.000 --> 00:36:59.999
Dr. Owen also sees the potential for engineered
particles to dramatically change our world

00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:04.999
but will it be for the better? We
are beginning to understand more

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.999
about Nano particles
behave in the environment,

00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:14.999
but they\'re very complex that behavior is complex.
Technology innovation like Nano technologies

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:19.999
doesn\'t happen in the vacuum, it happens
because it interacts with us as human beings

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:24.999
and the key things is that we understand
that, that we recognize that,

00:37:25.000 --> 00:37:29.999
that we all have our false and the
technologies can sometimes go wrong.

00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:34.999
They needn\'t go wrong if we develop them responsibly
and that\'s the sheer challenge for us now

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:39.999
with this probably the most exciting
technology of the 21st century.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:44.999
But Dr. Owens believes that there are no
quick answers when it comes to the safety

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.999
of Nano technology. Some of
them most recent calculation

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:54.999
have been the just the safety testing for those
Nano particles that are manufactured in the…

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:59.999
in the U.S alone, there is one which is on the
market now could be between 30 and 50 years

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.999
and up to a billion dollars to complete.
It\'s hard to generalize

00:38:05.000 --> 00:38:09.999
to how long it is going to take for us
to figure out where the Nano materials

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:14.999
as a risk to the environment and health.
But it gonna take decades,

00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:19.999
guaranteed.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.999
Like old technology revolutions

00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:29.999
Nano science now has its own momentum

00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:34.999
back in Ontario Professor O. Carroll\'s
team are proud to be part of it.

00:38:35.000 --> 00:38:39.999
Hey, Raiza, what\'s the ORP? 50. 50. Well,
it should be come in any time now,

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:44.999
it should right through, you haven\'t see any
yet in and I was here come through here,

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:49.999
but it will be there very soon. But it\'s a black
I say the next 40 minutes, umm… but it indicates

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:54.999
so we got good experience of the
zone for mediation of the size.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:59.999
As far as Professor O. Carroll is concerned
that Nano particles are the future

00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:04.999
for cleaning up contaminated sites like this.
We are anticipated a wide spread acceptance

00:39:05.000 --> 00:39:09.999
of this technology because, we are able to inject
the Nano particles where the contaminants are umm…

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.999
and a lot of other radiation technology, you have
to dig up an entire site which is… is very costly,

00:39:15.000 --> 00:39:19.999
they have to something with the contaminated soil so,
here is an institute technique we are on the ground

00:39:20.000 --> 00:39:24.999
we can inject to more they can degrade,
we don\'t have to destruct the whole site.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:29.999
[music]

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.999
In Guanajuato, Mexico the city is gearing up
for one of its biggest events of the year,

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:39.999
the festival of flowers.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:44.999
Well, most of the city has come out
to enjoy the party. Jessie Ferule

00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:49.999
the Nano tech researcher from Rice
University is getting down to business.

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:54.999
It\'s time to test the water samples
to see if the column of Nano rust

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.999
sucked out all the Arsenic from
the contaminated ground water.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:04.999
In this test the Arsenic

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:09.999
and the water is converted into
Arsine gas and that gas reacts

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:14.999
with the test drips on the top of these
boils. And so these test drips change color

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:19.999
depending on the amount of
concentration in the water.

00:40:20.000 --> 00:40:24.999
So, it\'s kind of like a
ph test drip on steroids.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:29.999
How is it going? Oh, hey, umm… pretty good. I
just… I just got done with the reaction period

00:40:30.000 --> 00:40:34.999
for the Arsenic and I\'m just checking out the
results. Oh, great, great. For professor Vicki Colvin

00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.999
and Rafael Zoratti the local water manager,
this is the moment they have been waiting for.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:44.999
Has the Nano rust remove the Arsenic
from the city\'s drinking water?

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.999
As the before we do the after,

00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:54.999
after our Nano magnetite oh,

00:40:55.000 --> 00:40:59.999
great, yeah, it\'s all gone. Yeah, great.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:04.999
This is zero. Yeah this is zero, so right now
there is no Arsenic coming out of the color

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:09.999
it\'s been complete and now it\'s better and automatic inside. It\'s
called an experiment but fabulous is it really good outcomes

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:14.999
so now we just have to keep watching it.
I think that

00:41:15.000 --> 00:41:19.999
at this moment and time we are pose… this
is our technology developed, this would be

00:41:20.000 --> 00:41:24.999
our generations contribution to the world
to take it up that next step and so yes,

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.999
I think my kids are gonna live a better life because of the
kinds of Nano technology that we have where we can put it in

00:41:30.000 --> 00:41:34.999
and solve the problems
that all of us are facing.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.999
Nano technology is already transforming
the world of science and engineering.

00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:44.999
The big question now is
how is this revolution

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:49.999
going to shape the world in which
we live and how do we best manage

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.999
the inherent risks? One of the elements
of our work is trying to imagine

00:41:55.000 --> 00:41:59.999
if you had an Nano park lane in front of you
what would it look like if or dangerous,

00:42:00.000 --> 00:42:04.999
would it be blue? Would be long?

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:09.999
Uh… What would be the characteristics
of a dangerous Nano material?

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:14.999
We don\'t even know that yet. I would be surprised if there
wouldn\'t be some unintended consequence that\'s gonna get past

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.999
our experimental uh… network.

00:42:20.000 --> 00:42:24.999
Uh… We can anticipate everything
but we can reduce uh…

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:29.999
the uncertainty and we
can reduce the impact.

00:42:30.000 --> 00:42:34.999
Well the people that lived
and worked in this building

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:39.999
behind me have long gone but they… they have
been a very different society, 80 years ago,

00:42:40.000 --> 00:42:44.999
only 80 years ago so that the one that we\'re
living now. And that society has been shaped by

00:42:45.000 --> 00:42:49.999
successive ways of technology and
invasion, nuclear technology,

00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:54.999
molecular biology, information
technology and now Nano technology.

00:42:55.000 --> 00:42:59.999
And my grand children will live in a very different
world again, shaped again by invasion and technology

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:04.999
and it\'s human beings that\'s what
makes us our creativity and appetite

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:09.999
to move on and be innovative but we also that we
have to responsible within an exciting technology

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:14.999
like nano technology we don\'t want to be left with a
legacy for our grand children to have the pickup.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:19.999
So, a lot of the questions that we have about new
technologies are not just technical risk questions,

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:24.999
they are philosophical questions what kind
of technology do we want? Is it safe?

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:29.999
Should people have a same shaping
technology? Do… do we live better lives?

00:43:30.000 --> 00:43:34.999
Does have all incentives consequences?
Does it create inequalities?

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:39.999
We accept these technologies we move on. What we
should probably do is be a little bit more reflexive.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:44.999
Think it a little bit more about those technologies
and about the world in which they deployed

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:49.999
and how we live with those
technologies in that world.

00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:55.000
[music]