WEBVTT

00:00:05.240 --> 00:00:09.988
Life today move so fast it\'s
hard to make sense of it

00:00:09.989 --> 00:00:17.989
all the world seems Full of contradictions.

00:00:19.900 --> 00:00:26.659
We need to know what holds our world together
rediscover this sacred elements our life

00:00:26.660 --> 00:00:34.660
depends on I started my search with water.

00:00:35.105 --> 00:00:39.899
Looking for guidance on the
banks of the River Ganges.

00:00:41.920 --> 00:00:47.790
The people here believe this
water is a gift from the gods

00:01:04.390 --> 00:01:06.629
Right

00:01:47.770 --> 00:01:49.563
Temples

00:01:49.564 --> 00:01:50.629
line the banks

00:01:50.630 --> 00:01:52.639
of the Ganges in Varanasi

00:01:52.640 --> 00:02:00.640
India\'s holiest city I came here to meet the
head of one of the city\'s largest templates.

00:02:02.764 --> 00:02:05.149
His name is veer Badrul Mishra.

00:02:05.150 --> 00:02:11.658
He\'s a renowned spiritual leader
and I was a bit nervous and Keith.

00:02:11.659 --> 00:02:15.409
Sir glad to meet you and God bless

00:02:15.410 --> 00:02:19.744
skill that long but he quickly
made me welcome thank you.

00:02:19.745 --> 00:02:26.299
He\'s a man who spends two worlds
Sweets from the Temple of my care they

00:02:26.300 --> 00:02:32.909
can last for 15 oh grain as well as a
holy man he\'s a doctor of hydrology.

00:02:32.910 --> 00:02:37.143
And this is my first time
to see the Ganges River.

00:02:37.144 --> 00:02:44.779
So this is for Hindus around the world he
told me the river Ganga as they call it is

00:02:44.780 --> 00:02:52.780
a god and that he would use has
been brought from heavens.

00:02:55.460 --> 00:03:01.069
We consider though as infinite.

00:03:01.070 --> 00:03:09.070
The Divine the allies One the goddess.
The mother.

00:03:10.144 --> 00:03:15.949
She\'s supposed to life of 400
million people living in a

00:03:15.950 --> 00:03:20.809
very I don\'t think there is
any other legal system in

00:03:20.810 --> 00:03:23.613
the world which has

00:03:23.614 --> 00:03:31.488
such a big responsibility
for a 100 million lives.

00:03:31.489 --> 00:03:39.489
No wonder it\'s considered divine
Ghana is that Which goes flows

00:03:42.020 --> 00:03:46.819
forever that is the literal
meaning of gunga and that is what

00:03:46.820 --> 00:03:51.739
life is for us the life
should have flow it should be

00:03:51.740 --> 00:03:57.949
filling all the time is
Hans correctly say that

00:03:57.950 --> 00:04:05.950
water is life and

00:04:16.840 --> 00:04:21.904
water is life you can see it Here.

00:04:21.905 --> 00:04:29.040
Millions of pilgrims come to very lossy
every year to celebrate the power of water

00:04:48.100 --> 00:04:53.538
the relationship between people
and their world is never

00:04:53.539 --> 00:04:59.014
simple shear numbers mean that the
people who worship the Ganges.

00:04:59.015 --> 00:05:01.740
Also contaminated

00:05:12.670 --> 00:05:17.479
Every year the festival
of nug Natalia Leila

00:05:17.480 --> 00:05:23.974
dramatises the conflict reenacting a
story from the Hindu sacred scriptures.

00:05:23.975 --> 00:05:27.168
The festival is organized by Dr. Mitra\'s

00:05:27.169 --> 00:05:35.169
temple as the story

00:05:36.439 --> 00:05:42.379
tells it that God Lord Krishna has
discovered that the river has been poisoned.

00:05:42.380 --> 00:05:45.510
He jumps into the water

00:05:46.650 --> 00:05:53.274
Krishna discovers the serpent God
collea hidden under a water living.

00:05:53.275 --> 00:05:57.679
He wrestles with Columbia and wins.

00:05:59.610 --> 00:06:01.839
Then he rides the snake

00:06:01.840 --> 00:06:09.840
whole Min triumph as Dr. Mishra
told me gods and humans alike.

00:06:11.709 --> 00:06:14.019
Know that water is sacred.

00:06:14.020 --> 00:06:18.609
When we honor water we honor
ourselves and the rest of

00:06:18.610 --> 00:06:24.054
life the world He sees is a single entity.

00:06:24.055 --> 00:06:30.559
Mountains rivers Blondes human beings.

00:06:30.560 --> 00:06:36.694
Other forms of life they
are also elements of

00:06:36.695 --> 00:06:44.370
one matrix and they are not separate
they have interrelationship.

00:07:04.300 --> 00:07:09.798
Where all elements of one
matrix and water is it

00:07:09.799 --> 00:07:17.799
It without water the world\'s
a desert and so are we.

00:07:24.160 --> 00:07:28.248
That\'s the Hoover dam on
the Colorado River and its

00:07:28.249 --> 00:07:32.208
reservoir lake me a water
system that supports

00:07:32.209 --> 00:07:40.069
18 million people out

00:07:40.070 --> 00:07:45.119
of this piece of engineering
came another Las Vegas.

00:07:45.730 --> 00:07:50.328
An entire city exists
in a desert because of

00:07:50.329 --> 00:07:58.329
Lake Mead It makes you realize the
whole world is built on water.

00:08:21.160 --> 00:08:25.719
So what do you think this kind of
exciting for you want to live.

00:08:25.720 --> 00:08:30.438
I brought my grandson tomorrow along to
help me see the water at the heart of

00:08:30.439 --> 00:08:38.439
this technological fantasy writer
That looks just like the Eiffel Tower

00:08:39.529 --> 00:08:43.878
except of course it\'s a miniature There\'s

00:08:43.879 --> 00:08:50.208
a desert passage that\'s as close to reality
as you can get there where here in desert.

00:08:50.209 --> 00:08:58.209
Look it looks like it\'s bubbling is something
that it happened over there it goes

00:09:27.700 --> 00:09:30.618
The fountain was a good preparation for

00:09:30.619 --> 00:09:37.139
the show we went to see a
performance by the Cirque du Soleil

00:09:44.680 --> 00:09:52.229
it\'s a kind of water ballet celebrating
the element and our relationship with it

00:09:54.550 --> 00:09:58.009
it reminded me a little of the festival and

00:09:58.010 --> 00:09:59.729
the Ganges

00:10:13.660 --> 00:10:15.259
Strange

00:10:15.260 --> 00:10:16.039
images

00:10:16.040 --> 00:10:19.248
that somehow evoked the
beauty and mystery of

00:10:19.249 --> 00:10:25.830
what what is this substance we
depend on every day of our lives

00:10:26.110 --> 00:10:32.029
that\'s what we came to Las Vegas to
learn the science behind the magic of

00:10:32.030 --> 00:10:40.030
what next morning We\'ll

00:10:41.449 --> 00:10:44.599
end I went out on Lake Mead
with Richard say Kelly.

00:10:44.600 --> 00:10:47.149
A chemist from the University of California

00:10:47.150 --> 00:10:49.789
at Berkeley. Who\'s studying water.

00:10:49.790 --> 00:10:55.414
He talked to us about how much we take
the stuff for granted. My mother.

00:10:55.415 --> 00:10:58.968
Still can\'t understand why
I want to spend my life

00:10:58.969 --> 00:11:02.538
studying water while other people
are curing cancer and discovering

00:11:02.539 --> 00:11:05.718
new drugs and inventing new
kinds of computers and

00:11:05.719 --> 00:11:09.379
her son is studying water and
I think that just reflects

00:11:09.380 --> 00:11:12.288
this idea that water is so familiar to

00:11:12.289 --> 00:11:15.318
everybody they can\'t believe that
there\'s something about it we

00:11:15.319 --> 00:11:22.548
don\'t know the truth is
he told us we don\'t know

00:11:22.549 --> 00:11:26.119
the basics Here we are looking at

00:11:26.120 --> 00:11:32.190
about 45 trillion liters of something
that\'s crucial to life on earth.

00:11:32.470 --> 00:11:39.979
Yet it\'s still pretty much a mystery
to us how does water which covers

00:11:39.980 --> 00:11:47.523
70% of our planet interact with biological
systems geology of the earth the atmosphere.

00:11:47.524 --> 00:11:52.684
How water influences the
nature of life on Earth.

00:11:52.685 --> 00:11:55.863
That\'s the big picture in my opinion

00:11:55.864 --> 00:11:59.958
which we are not able to understand
completely because we don\'t

00:11:59.959 --> 00:12:04.968
understand the pure substance
and that\'s what we\'re focusing

00:12:04.969 --> 00:12:12.364
on Richard say Kelly is studying
the basic structure of water.

00:12:12.365 --> 00:12:18.529
Trying to understand its drains power
I think the greatest mystery of

00:12:18.530 --> 00:12:25.684
water is the nature of it For instance
itself it has 15 different forms of solid.

00:12:25.685 --> 00:12:29.073
There may be two different
types of liquid water.

00:12:29.074 --> 00:12:32.898
This is amazing behavior that
no other substance known

00:12:32.899 --> 00:12:40.578
exhibits the water molecule
shapes the world we know H2O.

00:12:40.579 --> 00:12:45.679
To small atoms of hydrogen attached
to one large atom of oxygen.

00:12:45.680 --> 00:12:50.193
It\'s like a tiny powerful
magnet attracting and holding

00:12:50.194 --> 00:12:56.043
other water molecules in a powerful
grip called the hydrogen bond.

00:12:56.044 --> 00:13:00.708
Each water molecule in a liquid
or a solid is interacting with

00:13:00.709 --> 00:13:05.598
four other water molecules And
interacting rather strongly so

00:13:05.599 --> 00:13:09.889
this creates networks of
hydrogen bonds and it\'s

00:13:09.890 --> 00:13:15.378
that particular Cork for strong bonds
that give rise to the properties of

00:13:15.379 --> 00:13:20.208
water all the properties

00:13:20.209 --> 00:13:26.189
of water that make it so unusual follow
directly from this strong hydrogen bonding.

00:13:26.320 --> 00:13:29.370
Quite interesting.

00:13:31.570 --> 00:13:36.303
The bond is strong but
unbelievably fleeting.

00:13:36.304 --> 00:13:38.763
A molecule changes partners.

00:13:38.764 --> 00:13:46.764
Many billion times a second This is
what holds the world together it

00:13:48.560 --> 00:13:54.739
means the planet\'s water stays liquid on
its surface absorbing heat moderating

00:13:54.740 --> 00:14:02.740
global temperatures the dance of the water
molecule keeps the planet in one piece.

00:14:03.935 --> 00:14:10.639
Understanding nature as the ultimate goal
of science and water is a very big part of

00:14:10.640 --> 00:14:13.819
nature and if we can understand
all of its properties and

00:14:13.820 --> 00:14:18.149
all of its interactions we will
have done something very beautiful.

00:14:21.010 --> 00:14:28.469
Water is life Dr. Mishra told
me Richard say Kelly agrees

00:14:28.900 --> 00:14:31.789
This is how Genesis tells

00:14:31.790 --> 00:14:38.778
the story in the beginning God
created the heavens and the earth.

00:14:38.779 --> 00:14:42.888
The earth was without form
and void and darkness was

00:14:42.889 --> 00:14:46.789
upon the face of the deep
and the spirit of God was

00:14:46.790 --> 00:14:48.259
moving over the face of

00:14:48.260 --> 00:14:56.260
the waters and God said let the waters
bring forth swarms of living creatures.

00:15:05.260 --> 00:15:12.810
Myth and science converge
It is the womb of life

00:15:22.360 --> 00:15:25.699
a place like this may have been

00:15:25.700 --> 00:15:32.914
life\'s nursery 4 billion years ago volcanic
vents on the ocean floor tapped into

00:15:32.915 --> 00:15:39.048
Earth\'s inner fire colonies

00:15:39.049 --> 00:15:43.849
of extraordinary lifeforms
surround the hydrothermal vents.

00:15:43.850 --> 00:15:48.138
There are bacteria here
that thrive in boiling

00:15:48.139 --> 00:15:53.929
water Believe life developed

00:15:53.930 --> 00:15:59.253
in this crucial mix of water and
heat protected in the deep ocean.

00:15:59.254 --> 00:16:02.310
From the deadly rays of the sun.

00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:15.720
Though I went to South Africa to explore
another hypothesis with Tullis Onstott

00:16:18.965 --> 00:16:22.068
a Princeton GO microbiologist who\'s doing

00:16:22.069 --> 00:16:27.679
remarkable work he\'s looking for the
origins of life at the bottom of

00:16:27.680 --> 00:16:35.680
a goldmine East Dry Farm tape is one of

00:16:36.800 --> 00:16:42.798
the deepest mines in the world 10
thousand miners descended the depth every

00:16:42.799 --> 00:16:44.250
day

00:16:52.120 --> 00:16:53.899
I joined tell

00:16:53.900 --> 00:17:00.149
us and his research team at Chef number
five which is three kilometers deep.

00:17:00.400 --> 00:17:05.493
When the cage goes down
full at shift time they\'re

00:17:05.494 --> 00:17:10.830
absolutely javelin like
sardines tennis two miles down

00:17:22.990 --> 00:17:26.658
I was terrified. Reading because I didn\'t

00:17:26.659 --> 00:17:30.960
know about myself I didn\'t
know myself well enough

00:17:32.980 --> 00:17:36.498
you can certainly feel the heat
coming out now what\'ll it be at

00:17:36.499 --> 00:17:39.648
the bottom of the shaft and tried to

00:17:39.649 --> 00:17:42.559
keep it at 32 for that that
is the rock temperature

00:17:42.560 --> 00:17:46.620
at different story it\'s about
50 degrees centigrade.

00:17:47.380 --> 00:17:53.399
I was scared at the thought of
being confined in a tiny space

00:17:57.760 --> 00:18:01.759
And kilometers down and
it\'s a journey back in

00:18:01.760 --> 00:18:07.398
time told us homes defined life forms
like those that first appeared

00:18:07.399 --> 00:18:09.078
on earth billions of years

00:18:09.079 --> 00:18:17.079
ago I get to the bottom and I\'m astounded
at the size of the caverns down

00:18:17.359 --> 00:18:21.799
there I mean it\'s a very impressive
place in terms of the scale and

00:18:21.800 --> 00:18:26.868
the sheer technology you realize that the
noise coming in is the noise of the fans

00:18:26.869 --> 00:18:30.739
that have to exchange a huge amount
of air to keep everyone down there

00:18:30.740 --> 00:18:36.528
alive for here because the drilling team at

00:18:36.529 --> 00:18:38.028
the rock face has run into

00:18:38.029 --> 00:18:46.029
water We always are looking for liquid
water water does appear to be the key.

00:18:53.080 --> 00:18:57.018
They penetrate with a drill bit
we move in as quickly as we

00:18:57.019 --> 00:19:01.188
can and obtain samples which are
free of drilling contamination.

00:19:01.189 --> 00:19:03.409
So when did you find out
about this place tell

00:19:03.410 --> 00:19:08.599
us we\'re called by the mining company when
they drill and hit the center section.

00:19:08.600 --> 00:19:14.779
Boy looks hot and it
fails on A temperature\'s

00:19:14.780 --> 00:19:18.109
a 100 degrees Centigrade and
it may in fact be populated by

00:19:18.110 --> 00:19:22.039
hyperthermophiles that are able
to maintain their integrity.

00:19:22.040 --> 00:19:24.918
Their tenacious enough to do
that with growth rates that are

00:19:24.919 --> 00:19:29.310
phenomenally slower than anything that\'s
encountered in deep-sea environments.

00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:34.774
Some of these organisms told
us told me grow so slowly.

00:19:34.775 --> 00:19:36.663
They may only reproduce.

00:19:36.664 --> 00:19:40.068
Once in a 100 years it\'s going to tell

00:19:40.069 --> 00:19:47.209
me 913

00:19:47.210 --> 00:19:51.069
Oh wow so it\'s alkaline.

00:19:51.070 --> 00:19:57.479
Water or alkaline Here is not
quite as say line and seawater.

00:19:58.150 --> 00:20:03.708
So what\'s doing doing here tell us go
as spill during this fissure water in

00:20:03.709 --> 00:20:06.319
a sterile anaerobic canister

00:20:06.320 --> 00:20:10.789
and when we returned to the surface
will filter those water samples.

00:20:10.790 --> 00:20:14.209
So that any bacteria that contain DNA and

00:20:14.210 --> 00:20:18.828
lipids it\'s preserved on the
filter we then freeze that down

00:20:18.829 --> 00:20:22.278
and that information will tell us
the phylogenetic relationships of

00:20:22.279 --> 00:20:27.438
these organisms to their sisters or
cousins that exist on the surface of

00:20:27.439 --> 00:20:31.923
planet Tetanus told me

00:20:31.924 --> 00:20:37.144
almost nothing is known about these
mysterious microbes from the deep.

00:20:37.145 --> 00:20:41.149
When you have microbial communities
at such enormous steps are

00:20:41.150 --> 00:20:44.598
they essentially autonomous down
there there are indigenous to

00:20:44.599 --> 00:20:46.699
that strategy and they can exist for

00:20:46.700 --> 00:20:49.488
millions and millions of
years the ice ages comb guys

00:20:49.489 --> 00:20:54.604
anxious go the meteorites impact and kill
dinosaurs you know the mammals takeover.

00:20:54.605 --> 00:20:57.558
But these guys never see any of that
action at all they\'re just happily

00:20:57.559 --> 00:21:00.529
doing their business down
there very very slowly

00:21:00.530 --> 00:21:06.259
Harley evolving at all microbiologists

00:21:06.260 --> 00:21:10.339
Duan Moser prepares the samples
in the field lab for shipping

00:21:10.340 --> 00:21:12.419
back to the States

00:21:19.030 --> 00:21:26.999
He may be handling organisms that are close
kin to sum of Earth\'s earliest inhabitants.

00:21:31.240 --> 00:21:34.459
Some of these organisms

00:21:34.460 --> 00:21:39.828
resemble the type of organisms had had
been found on the surface of the planet.

00:21:39.829 --> 00:21:42.319
Suddenly these organisms actually resemble

00:21:42.320 --> 00:21:50.299
deep-sea hydrothermal vent organisms and
most of them are totally new to science it\'s

00:21:50.300 --> 00:21:56.808
a whole new world but as telling us
explained it comes from the distance There

00:21:56.809 --> 00:21:59.928
are a larger number of DNA
signatures that we find

00:21:59.929 --> 00:22:03.603
that don\'t closely correlate with anything
that\'s ever been found on the surface.

00:22:03.604 --> 00:22:05.943
So here we\'re standing essentially with

00:22:05.944 --> 00:22:09.918
new branches to the tree of life
some of them that are quite distinct

00:22:09.919 --> 00:22:11.538
from anything that\'s ever been discovered

00:22:11.539 --> 00:22:13.079
before

00:22:20.410 --> 00:22:22.788
tells his calculates.

00:22:22.789 --> 00:22:30.789
There\'s more biomass below ground than
there is on the surface it\'s amazing.

00:22:30.935 --> 00:22:34.710
Where on earth does life

00:22:51.160 --> 00:22:58.279
When life climbed out of the ocean water
was still the crucial element I went to

00:22:58.280 --> 00:23:05.149
Australia to learn this part
of the story Shark Bay.

00:23:05.150 --> 00:23:07.143
On Australia\'s west coast.

00:23:07.144 --> 00:23:11.419
Is one of the strangest
places I\'ve ever visited.

00:23:11.420 --> 00:23:17.538
These rocks were actually built by
the bacteria that made life on land

00:23:17.539 --> 00:23:24.679
possible I met Malcolm Walter

00:23:24.680 --> 00:23:28.954
here he directs the Australian
Centre for Astrobiology.

00:23:28.955 --> 00:23:34.953
At Macquarie University in New South
Wales chalk bag is a special place

00:23:34.954 --> 00:23:38.629
because it\'s a sort of a
bacterial haven\'t it\'s

00:23:38.630 --> 00:23:42.918
a mecca for for many sorts of sawdust
particularly geologists and mocker biologists.

00:23:42.919 --> 00:23:45.828
Because we could come here and really
visualize the way the Earth used to

00:23:45.829 --> 00:23:51.559
work this is a Rou window on
the world as it used to be

00:23:51.560 --> 00:23:53.778
three to 4 billion years ago

00:23:53.779 --> 00:24:00.498
4 billion years ago Malcom Walter
told me this wasn\'t the blue planet.

00:24:00.499 --> 00:24:05.688
It was brown The atmosphere
was pink with carbon.

00:24:05.689 --> 00:24:07.909
The wonder Brown with

00:24:07.910 --> 00:24:15.910
iron sunlight was lethal flooding the
earth with deadly ultraviolet rays.

00:24:17.950 --> 00:24:22.789
Then. Bacteria evolved they
could capture sunlight

00:24:22.790 --> 00:24:27.964
and use it as a source of energy
they started photosynthesis.

00:24:27.965 --> 00:24:32.404
They\'re called cyanobacteria
and they transform

00:24:32.405 --> 00:24:40.405
the Earth the cyanobacteria

00:24:41.675 --> 00:24:48.049
were the first photosynthetic Bacteria
that released oxygen from water.

00:24:48.050 --> 00:24:54.078
So they took their energy from sunlight and
in doing so they started a process that broke

00:24:54.079 --> 00:24:57.259
the water molecules releasing
the oxygen and that

00:24:57.260 --> 00:25:01.923
was a process that fundamentally
changed the chemistry of the earth.

00:25:01.924 --> 00:25:05.629
The world went from being what we call an

00:25:05.630 --> 00:25:09.109
anaerobic world or an oxygen-free
world into one that was

00:25:09.110 --> 00:25:15.783
saturated with oxygen like our present
world building up over the millennia.

00:25:15.784 --> 00:25:21.168
Oxygen turned the sky blue and rested
the Iron in the water so it fell to

00:25:21.169 --> 00:25:27.753
the bottom Oxygen formed an ozone layer
that block the sun\'s ultraviolet rays.

00:25:27.754 --> 00:25:35.754
So life could move safely onto lead as
part of the process cyanobacteria built

00:25:37.849 --> 00:25:41.614
these boulders Malcolm Walter
explained there called

00:25:41.615 --> 00:25:43.999
stromatolites sfumato audio is

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:49.170
a geological word for this sort of rock
it just means layered rock in Latin.

00:25:49.510 --> 00:25:53.149
So there are successive layers
growing on top of each after

00:25:53.150 --> 00:25:56.329
that and the reason for
that is that the sand gets

00:25:56.330 --> 00:25:58.699
washed onto the top of
the microbes and I did

00:25:58.700 --> 00:26:02.419
lot to move their photosynthetic
sand block salon.

00:26:02.420 --> 00:26:07.264
So they have to move up Grow up through the
sand and in doing that they make a new layer.

00:26:07.265 --> 00:26:10.189
More sound comes on more microbes layer by

00:26:10.190 --> 00:26:13.309
layer they build up the instructions
and I get higher and higher so

00:26:13.310 --> 00:26:15.948
they\'re reaching up to the sun
before reaching up to the sun

00:26:15.949 --> 00:26:19.159
yeah that\'s that\'s what they need
for their source of energy for

00:26:19.160 --> 00:26:27.160
growth for a few billion years so
handled bacteria had been building

00:26:27.349 --> 00:26:31.519
boulders and making Matt\'s
layered communities of

00:26:31.520 --> 00:26:36.469
many different bacteria they were
right there beneath our feet.

00:26:36.470 --> 00:26:38.148
Most life on Earth.

00:26:38.149 --> 00:26:41.598
Look like this for two to 3 billion
year for the most of the time that

00:26:41.599 --> 00:26:45.118
life existed Exactly exactly You swam in

00:26:45.119 --> 00:26:48.798
lotion 2 billion years ago This is
exactly what you would have saint fan

00:26:48.799 --> 00:26:52.789
there\'s still very abundant they
particularly abundant hearing in Shark Bay.

00:26:52.790 --> 00:27:00.790
But these sorts of microbes occur around
the world this is life and this is what

00:27:01.340 --> 00:27:05.539
life did it made an
atmosphere for itself out

00:27:05.540 --> 00:27:10.919
of sunlight and water then
it spread across the planet

00:27:25.630 --> 00:27:32.850
It has made this same journey
born out of water into air.

00:27:36.130 --> 00:27:43.068
Like all other living things were mostly
water we carry our own notion within

00:27:43.069 --> 00:27:43.459
us

00:27:43.460 --> 00:27:45.689
All lifelong

00:28:03.880 --> 00:28:06.300
entrepreneur

00:28:15.420 --> 00:28:18.759
The baby takes his first breath.

00:28:18.760 --> 00:28:22.149
He enters his new element as it enters

00:28:22.150 --> 00:28:30.150
him just from now

00:28:31.209 --> 00:28:35.750
on he is air as well as water.

00:28:38.670 --> 00:28:43.268
He\'s sharing here with his
family and with the world

00:28:43.269 --> 00:28:49.899
beyond the atmosphere that

00:28:49.900 --> 00:28:55.853
passes through him Connects him to every
breathing thing that has lived on Earth.

00:28:55.854 --> 00:28:59.540
Since life first made the air we breathe.

00:29:07.860 --> 00:29:12.143
Moving around the earth air and water.

00:29:12.144 --> 00:29:17.784
Keep the planet fit for
life and life I discovered

00:29:17.785 --> 00:29:24.923
heats this cycle going flying
into the Amazon Basin.

00:29:24.924 --> 00:29:28.539
You see air water and forests mix and

00:29:28.540 --> 00:29:35.809
mingle it\'s hard to tell where
one ends And the next begins.

00:29:35.810 --> 00:29:39.018
Add tropical heat and you get

00:29:39.019 --> 00:29:42.539
one of the most dynamic places on Earth

00:29:53.350 --> 00:29:57.034
and enormous international research effort

00:29:57.035 --> 00:30:00.213
is underway in the Amazon rainforest.

00:30:00.214 --> 00:30:05.449
The large-scale biosphere atmosphere
project is led by Brazil.

00:30:05.450 --> 00:30:07.879
With participation from nasa and

00:30:07.880 --> 00:30:11.299
other international partners the place is

00:30:11.300 --> 00:30:15.184
teeming with scientists
studying the complex interplay

00:30:15.185 --> 00:30:16.669
Between the forest and

00:30:16.670 --> 00:30:24.670
this guy Michael Keller

00:30:26.150 --> 00:30:31.289
from the University of New Hampshire
is a leading scientist in the project.

00:30:32.530 --> 00:30:37.278
He began my education by
giving me an overview

00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:45.279
of what we were

00:30:47.060 --> 00:30:49.024
really above the canopy here my code.

00:30:49.025 --> 00:30:51.423
Above all of it how high are we have

00:30:51.424 --> 00:30:55.909
about 45 meters or that\'s about as
tall as a 13th storey building.

00:30:55.910 --> 00:31:01.759
Man that\'s high Why

00:31:01.760 --> 00:31:05.688
is there such an American interest in the
Amazon what\'s special about the Amazon

00:31:05.689 --> 00:31:13.689
Amazon\'s the largest extent of tropical
forests on Earth and as a result it\'s

00:31:14.524 --> 00:31:18.378
unimportant heat engine for the
atmosphere there\'s huge amounts of

00:31:18.379 --> 00:31:22.609
water cycling through this forest
and we want to understand how

00:31:22.610 --> 00:31:26.628
the atmosphere works I think just like
everybody else on our planet does not are

00:31:26.629 --> 00:31:31.984
the implications of what goes on here
relevant to say people in Canada or Europe.

00:31:31.985 --> 00:31:34.608
They\'re relevant to people everywhere.

00:31:34.609 --> 00:31:38.658
The more we study our world the
more we understand that it\'s all

00:31:38.659 --> 00:31:44.974
interrelated And we can understand the
weather and Canada and in Europe.

00:31:44.975 --> 00:31:50.580
Without understanding the cycling of energy
and water right here in the Amazon forest.

00:31:54.070 --> 00:32:00.438
Each morning Michael Keller explained
as the sun rises over the rainforest.

00:32:00.439 --> 00:32:08.439
A transformation begins that
keeps the planet alive trees

00:32:10.024 --> 00:32:14.898
have leaves leaves have little
stomata in them that\'s demat are

00:32:14.899 --> 00:32:19.638
basically little holes that that
carbon dioxide at forms all of us

00:32:19.639 --> 00:32:24.229
and other organic matter
Is soaked up through

00:32:24.230 --> 00:32:29.449
and then turned into sugars and more
complex compounds when that happens

00:32:29.450 --> 00:32:32.989
water is leaking out so
here this interface is

00:32:32.990 --> 00:32:37.499
where that big atmospheric
heat engine is happening

00:32:38.890 --> 00:32:46.039
the energy of the sun is being
used essentially to boil water and

00:32:46.040 --> 00:32:49.368
evaporated out of the leaves
and then it\'s going up into

00:32:49.369 --> 00:32:54.210
the atmosphere and vapor and
being condensed into clouds

00:33:07.270 --> 00:33:12.918
It\'s an amazing idea the
forest is actually raining

00:33:12.919 --> 00:33:19.020
upwards thrusting water into the
air in incredible quantities.

00:33:20.230 --> 00:33:22.969
A tree this size.

00:33:22.970 --> 00:33:29.283
Could probably pump up 700 tons of
water over the course of a year.

00:33:29.284 --> 00:33:31.188
Bringing it up from the soil.

00:33:31.189 --> 00:33:33.779
Out into the canopy

00:33:45.620 --> 00:33:48.784
Grading up from the canopy.

00:33:48.785 --> 00:33:50.733
The water flows West.

00:33:50.734 --> 00:33:53.193
In rivers across the sky.

00:33:53.194 --> 00:34:00.570
It falls and rises many times before
hitting the high barrier of the end use

00:34:10.540 --> 00:34:16.399
air water and life I learned more

00:34:16.400 --> 00:34:22.428
about their vital interaction on a
sweltering beach Beside the Amazon River.

00:34:22.429 --> 00:34:28.999
Though is going to go a spot to
search would take what 0.3 was there

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:34.849
with one of Brazil\'s foremost meteorologists
Maria assume South silver dias.

00:34:34.850 --> 00:34:39.390
She sends instruments
aloft to study clouds.

00:34:42.310 --> 00:34:46.608
So what is this balloon
going to show well there\'s

00:34:46.609 --> 00:34:49.969
one will larger balloon
and flow carrier rate a

00:34:49.970 --> 00:34:56.089
song and the radius song will
transmit to our receiver.

00:34:56.090 --> 00:35:03.693
By radial data temperature
moisture Pressure

00:35:03.694 --> 00:35:11.694
and we know Almohad nearly
led this song has a GPS.

00:35:12.529 --> 00:35:16.039
It will locate the satellite
and give us the position of

00:35:16.040 --> 00:35:20.299
the sun and from that solution even
if the song get it inside the cloud

00:35:20.300 --> 00:35:24.618
even if it gets very far away we
always know what it is and from

00:35:24.619 --> 00:35:28.969
the position we get the wins or it\'s

00:35:28.970 --> 00:35:35.419
fast birds must be wondering what\'s going

00:35:35.420 --> 00:35:43.420
on Tracking clouds over the
rainforest Maria has discovered.

00:35:45.230 --> 00:35:48.379
They\'re more like clouds over the ocean.

00:35:48.380 --> 00:35:50.118
They\'re volatile.

00:35:50.119 --> 00:35:52.639
Building fast raining out.

00:35:52.640 --> 00:35:59.073
Building again the forest she
says is like a green ocean.

00:35:59.074 --> 00:36:04.439
When the water here heats up
it affects the whole world.

00:36:05.650 --> 00:36:11.778
During the summer the wet season player
has all these clouds and rainfall.

00:36:11.779 --> 00:36:16.218
Basically what you\'re doing
is heating the atmosphere and

00:36:16.219 --> 00:36:21.738
this gate is like When you throw
a stone in the water and you get

00:36:21.739 --> 00:36:26.764
all these waves that go far away the tropical
heat source with all these train it\'s like

00:36:26.765 --> 00:36:33.124
throwing a stone in the atmosphere and
it sends waves that go around the bone.

00:36:33.125 --> 00:36:40.938
So this is something that impacts
not only the region but larger.

00:36:40.939 --> 00:36:43.379
Much larger domain

00:36:55.210 --> 00:36:56.629
clouds

00:36:56.630 --> 00:37:02.579
have no respect for human boundaries
not to mention it The regulation.

00:37:03.970 --> 00:37:11.040
What I send off here in the Amazon
could end up anywhere on earth.

00:37:16.950 --> 00:37:19.399
In terms

00:37:30.070 --> 00:37:32.249
of

00:37:34.030 --> 00:37:36.979
Jasper National Park.

00:37:36.980 --> 00:37:39.858
A beautiful wilderness along the spine of

00:37:39.859 --> 00:37:44.748
the Canadian Rockies I

00:37:44.749 --> 00:37:50.850
flew in to meet ecologists David Schindler
from the University of Alberta.

00:37:50.890 --> 00:37:57.154
He\'s studying what the atmosphere has
brought here over the past half century.

00:37:57.155 --> 00:38:01.669
So how could you find that
oh well we chose to go to

00:38:01.670 --> 00:38:06.364
the highest point Snowdome
just behind this ridge.

00:38:06.365 --> 00:38:14.365
Or we\'d get the best record beliefs
melt and man to go back chiseling back

00:38:15.994 --> 00:38:19.728
in annual layers back to about

00:38:19.729 --> 00:38:27.729
1940 The work began

00:38:28.899 --> 00:38:31.599
when fish in a pristine Mountain Lake.

00:38:31.600 --> 00:38:38.169
Were found to have high levels of industrial
toxins David Schindler and scientists from

00:38:38.170 --> 00:38:42.729
Environment Canada wanted to find
out how the contamination got

00:38:42.730 --> 00:38:47.619
their mountain lakes are fed by glaciers.

00:38:47.620 --> 00:38:52.148
Over several years researchers have
climbed the glaciers to sample

00:38:52.149 --> 00:38:59.694
the ice David Schindler told me they
found pesticides industrial poisons.

00:38:59.695 --> 00:39:02.364
Even radioactive isotopes.

00:39:02.365 --> 00:39:05.949
They\'re studying how they were deposited.

00:39:05.950 --> 00:39:13.083
From Fake standpoint it\'s just a
nice mystery story to dry and solve.

00:39:13.084 --> 00:39:17.209
There\'s so many different
elements that affect

00:39:17.210 --> 00:39:21.588
the deposition of these things
there their volatility the air

00:39:21.589 --> 00:39:25.219
temperature whether it\'s precipitating
or not whether they\'re glaciers

00:39:25.220 --> 00:39:30.479
involved altogether it\'s just a
nice puzzle to dry it unravel

00:39:49.780 --> 00:39:56.399
The equipment is set up at the top
of a glacier or above a crevasse

00:40:01.120 --> 00:40:05.478
whereas stop hearing the
researchers descend the face to

00:40:05.479 --> 00:40:10.038
sample layers of ice it\'s all
laid down year after year

00:40:10.039 --> 00:40:14.479
so we have a glaciologist who
works with the group who

00:40:14.480 --> 00:40:19.473
goes down the face first and
marks the individual years.

00:40:19.474 --> 00:40:27.093
Men are sampling group just goes down and takes
a sample of the ice for each stratum they

00:40:27.094 --> 00:40:30.199
chisel away the face because
that\'s in contact with

00:40:30.200 --> 00:40:34.968
the atmosphere Could be
contaminated by today\'s atmosphere.

00:40:34.969 --> 00:40:39.588
So they go in several tens of
centimeters and then take samples of

00:40:39.589 --> 00:40:44.808
up to 40 liters of ice
which was deposited in

00:40:44.809 --> 00:40:52.518
that particular year and just tiring up here
in Paris or almost 3 thousand years okay

00:40:52.519 --> 00:40:56.223
guys haul it up you might
need to people when we

00:40:56.224 --> 00:41:00.978
studied the chemistry of the snow
and the ice and the glaciers.

00:41:00.979 --> 00:41:04.668
We find a real soup of contaminants in

00:41:04.669 --> 00:41:09.694
concentrations that at high
elevation are surprisingly high.

00:41:09.695 --> 00:41:13.458
Well most of these pesticides or PCBs and

00:41:13.459 --> 00:41:19.264
other Persistent organic pollutants
originate in more southerly regions.

00:41:19.265 --> 00:41:24.019
They\'re carried here in air
masses moving round the globe.

00:41:24.020 --> 00:41:30.379
The scientists believed they condense When
they meet a colder atmosphere or a glacier.

00:41:30.380 --> 00:41:35.129
It\'s a process they call cold condensation.

00:41:38.860 --> 00:41:43.669
As the glaciers melt the
contaminants flow out into

00:41:43.670 --> 00:41:48.839
the watershed and there they
move into the food chain

00:41:56.910 --> 00:42:04.910
That\'s how the fish in these clear cold waters
absorbed high levels of industrial toxins.

00:42:08.790 --> 00:42:12.309
So why does it end up in
such high concentrations

00:42:12.310 --> 00:42:15.069
in the fish but once it gets in the lake.

00:42:15.070 --> 00:42:20.048
It goes into small crustaceans
and they\'re eaten by small trout

00:42:20.049 --> 00:42:25.208
and the small trout by big lake
trout to at each step it\'s

00:42:25.209 --> 00:42:28.359
magnified at least ten times so that

00:42:28.360 --> 00:42:33.350
there\'s a pretty good burden men the big
lake trout by the time it gets there

00:42:36.870 --> 00:42:41.779
what does that tell us Our studies
show us I think it should

00:42:41.780 --> 00:42:46.128
tell all of us that actions
in one part of the planet via

00:42:46.129 --> 00:42:49.729
this interconnection with the
atmospheric is likely to have

00:42:49.730 --> 00:42:54.168
consequences for other region
so I think we all have to act

00:42:54.169 --> 00:43:00.528
together to control the contamination
of this mutual atmosphere that

00:43:00.529 --> 00:43:07.324
we share the atmosphere is a single entity.

00:43:07.325 --> 00:43:12.720
Moving around the world and through
every living thing on Earth

00:43:34.300 --> 00:43:36.573
It Varanasi.

00:43:36.574 --> 00:43:44.574
I saw people acknowledge waters supreme
creative power for debunked Hindus.

00:43:45.754 --> 00:43:48.799
Only dip in the river is the gateway to

00:43:48.800 --> 00:43:56.800
heaven Jiang De said

00:43:58.310 --> 00:44:00.649
Dr. Mishra and his music teacher.

00:44:00.650 --> 00:44:05.849
Saying hymns in praise of
mother gun does To life

00:44:17.230 --> 00:44:22.589
out on the river. I saw the
other side of the story

00:44:22.660 --> 00:44:29.358
alongside the temples stand the
sewage treatment systems that thumb.

00:44:29.359 --> 00:44:32.329
This stone masonry and new.

00:44:32.330 --> 00:44:40.330
This is the one of the main sewage bumps that
are only five such sewage bumps that are

00:44:40.670 --> 00:44:48.670
30 old flips Too few

00:44:49.055 --> 00:44:52.608
and much of the time not working he told me

00:44:52.609 --> 00:44:57.859
every day about 200 million
liters of raw sewage.

00:44:57.860 --> 00:44:59.899
Are dumped into the Ganges.

00:44:59.900 --> 00:45:07.900
In Varanasi alone that divine river is

00:45:09.649 --> 00:45:10.099
very

00:45:10.099 --> 00:45:10.639
dirty

00:45:10.640 --> 00:45:18.640
indeed as

00:45:20.540 --> 00:45:23.119
spiritual leader and as scientist.

00:45:23.120 --> 00:45:26.719
Dr. Mishra is deeply
disturbed by the state of

00:45:26.720 --> 00:45:33.304
mother gunga I prayed and
I should be able to be

00:45:33.305 --> 00:45:38.209
intimately connected with my mother and

00:45:38.210 --> 00:45:45.438
my whole life and that means that I
should be able to go to the touch.

00:45:45.439 --> 00:45:51.000
Take holy dip in headwaters
half my players.

00:45:51.190 --> 00:45:59.190
This is you are two converges for me at the
same time I am which can scientist I know

00:46:02.285 --> 00:46:10.285
what is happening to the river
water and at times Both

00:46:11.509 --> 00:46:16.099
the things test appeared before me that

00:46:16.100 --> 00:46:21.720
our sewage floating on the reverse
sometimes it breaks my heart.

00:46:23.590 --> 00:46:31.443
My respect to loving heart and
my scientifically entertained.

00:46:31.444 --> 00:46:37.594
Mind. Both within me and the interaction

00:46:37.595 --> 00:46:44.299
between them is a kind of pain suffering.

00:46:44.300 --> 00:46:51.963
Which I carry on the time
this is just the reality

00:46:51.964 --> 00:46:59.733
of Early individu high maybe it\'s
the world in which we all live.

00:46:59.734 --> 00:47:07.428
So what should we do brave
person has couldn\'t.

00:47:07.429 --> 00:47:15.429
Person. Patient fight mushroom struggling
to see that the situation improves.

00:47:17.980 --> 00:47:22.879
Dr. Mishra is fighting
hard the river water is

00:47:22.880 --> 00:47:28.309
sampled regularly by technicians
from the socket Valcon Foundation.

00:47:28.310 --> 00:47:31.113
It was set up by Dr. Mishra.

00:47:31.114 --> 00:47:38.273
To try to alleviate the pollution
of the Ganges In some places.

00:47:38.274 --> 00:47:46.274
They\'ve found the fecal coliform count that\'s
300 thousand times the acceptable level.

00:47:52.320 --> 00:47:56.889
Scientists that the Foundation
have big plans for cleaning up

00:47:56.890 --> 00:48:04.890
the Ganges proposing a natural sewage
treatment system using LGN ponds.

00:48:04.974 --> 00:48:08.933
While they continue to push
for government commitment.

00:48:08.934 --> 00:48:11.799
They\'ve been campaigning
to solve the problems at

00:48:11.800 --> 00:48:16.088
their source to reconnect
the worlds of faith and

00:48:16.089 --> 00:48:18.948
action If I go to

00:48:18.949 --> 00:48:22.638
a very traditional
gathering and start saying

00:48:22.639 --> 00:48:26.869
that well Ganga is dirty egg
analogy is fill the polluted.

00:48:26.870 --> 00:48:31.369
People whose header please Mandy
you stop this we are not able

00:48:31.370 --> 00:48:36.199
to hear these words but if I take

00:48:36.200 --> 00:48:38.808
the same people to one of

00:48:38.809 --> 00:48:46.068
the sewage outfalls and show them that the
whole cities being thrown on the body of

00:48:46.069 --> 00:48:49.698
her mother and said that
this is what we are doing

00:48:49.699 --> 00:48:54.378
collectively in this city the
response is entirely different

00:48:54.379 --> 00:48:58.129
everybody says that No this
must not happen we have to stop

00:48:58.130 --> 00:49:04.309
it The foundation is
taking practical steps to

00:49:04.310 --> 00:49:07.883
improve the lives of
communities along the river

00:49:07.884 --> 00:49:14.629
and we went to sorry Mahayana.

00:49:14.630 --> 00:49:20.999
That town a few kilometers downstream
of Varanasi and its sewage outfalls

00:49:36.250 --> 00:49:39.484
new wells built by the Foundation.

00:49:39.485 --> 00:49:45.948
Bringing safe drinking water to the
townspeople No contaminates the lottery is

00:49:45.949 --> 00:49:48.030
absolutely key

00:49:58.700 --> 00:50:00.044
Politics

00:50:00.045 --> 00:50:01.149
with

00:50:09.700 --> 00:50:15.469
the struggle goes on the
conflict we all are caught

00:50:15.470 --> 00:50:20.268
in the gap between what we do and what we

00:50:20.269 --> 00:50:28.269
know how do we find a way to reconcile
with the sources of life other

00:50:32.020 --> 00:50:39.529
than events to me imbalance on
v have to flying home you live

00:50:39.530 --> 00:50:47.530
in This modern world the signs
technology but religion faith.

00:50:47.749 --> 00:50:55.729
On half-covered together for
me in this this example.

00:50:55.730 --> 00:51:02.808
Then science and technology one bank of
the river and religion tradition and

00:51:02.809 --> 00:51:10.809
fit the other bank of the river boat the banks
need to be firm and then only the liver.

00:51:11.645 --> 00:51:14.430
Can maintain the flow

00:51:26.290 --> 00:51:30.360
Science and faith agree.

00:51:30.370 --> 00:51:37.140
Where part of the matrix that creates
and maintains the living world.

00:51:38.350 --> 00:51:44.928
Wherever we are air and water
move through us like a river of

00:51:44.929 --> 00:51:52.929
life what we do to end we do to ourselves

00:52:08.800 --> 00:52:12.078
Next time on the sacred balanced.

00:52:12.079 --> 00:52:14.854
We explore the fire of creation.

00:52:14.855 --> 00:52:19.938
The endless cycle of energy
that creates destroys and

00:52:19.939 --> 00:52:21.979
recreates all life on

00:52:21.980 --> 00:52:23.429
Earth

00:52:46.330 --> 00:52:48.639
Okay