WEBVTT

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♪

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[ RADIO HOST ]:
GOOD EVENING, LOS ANGELES.

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IT\'S 7:07 ON KFI AM 640.

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THE NEXT HOUR OR SO
WE\'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT

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A WOMAN IN THE NEWS.

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AND I MEAN THAT LITERALLY.
HER NAME IS BREE WALKER.

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MANY OF YOU WATCH HER
ON CHANNEL 2 NEWS.

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SHE\'S A VERY BEAUTIFUL AND
VERY PREGNANT NEWS ANCHOR.

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AND BREE WALKER

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ALSO HAS A DISFIGURING DISEASE.

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IT\'S CALLED SYNDACTYLISM.

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AND, UH, WELL, THE DISEASE IS
VERY POSSIBLY GOING TO PASSED

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ALONG TO THE CHILD
THAT SHE\'S ABOUT TO HAVE.

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AND OUR DISCUSSION
WILL BE THIS EVENING,

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IS IT FAIR TO PASS ALONG

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A GENETICALLY
DISFIGURING DISEASE,

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THIS DISFIGUREMENT OF
THE HANDS, TO YOUR CHILD?

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[ NARRATOR ]: WHEN THIS
RADIO TALK SHOW AIRED,

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BREE WALKER WAS ALREADY
EIGHT MONTHS PREGNANT.

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NO ONE ASKED HER TO PARTICIPATE.

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[ RADIO HOST ]: LET\'S GO TO THE
PHONES... VALERIE, YOU\'RE ON.

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I THINK IT\'S A HORRIBLY
CRUEL THING TO HAVE A BABY

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KNOWING IT\'S GOING
TO BE DEFORMED.

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I DON\'T THINK I COULD DO IT,

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WITH GOOD CONSCIENCE, BRING
A KID INTO THE WORLD,

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KNOWING THAT I WAS GOING TO...

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IT WOULD BE ONE STRIKE AGAINST
THEM, COMING OUT OF THE BOX.

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[ CALLER ]: THE ONLY PERSON
WHO CAN POSSIBLY IMAGINE

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WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO
HAVE SYNDACTYLISM IS BREE.

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[ RADIO HOST ]:
IT\'S NOT JUST BREE.

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WE\'RE ALL INVOLVED IN THIS.

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[ NARRATOR ]:
EVERYONE HAS AN OPINION.

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FINALLY, BREE WALKER EXPLAINS

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HOW SHE SEES THE CONTROVERSY.

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THE MESSAGE SEEMED TO BE THAT BY
OUR CHOOSING TO HAVE CHILDREN,

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WE WERE IMPOSING UPON
SOCIETY AN INCOVENIENCE,

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SOMETHING INTOLERABLE
TO LOOK AT,

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SOMETHING INTOLERABLE
TO DEAL WITH,

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UH, THAT WE WERE DRAINING
A SOCIETY OF ITS RESOURCES

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IF OUR CHILDREN WOULD GROW UP
AND PERHAPS NEED ANY SOCIETY...

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UH, ANY OF SOCIETY\'S HELP.

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UM, WE FEEL THAT THAT IS
A VERY INTOLERANT ATTITUDE.

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[ NARRATOR ]: BREE WALKER\'S CASE
MAY SEEM LIKE AN ISOLATED ONE.

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BUT WITH NEW DEVELOPMENTS
IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY,

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WOMEN WILL FACE INCREASING
SOCIAL PRESSURE TO CONTROL

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THE QUALITY OF THE
CHILDREN THEY PRODUCE.

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IN OUR QUEST FOR PERFECT BABIES,

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WE PLACE OUR FAITH IN THE
PROMISE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY.

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PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS.

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DOCTORS USE TECHNOLOGY LIKE
AMNIOCENTESIS TO DETERMINE

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THE GENETIC MAKE-UP OF THE FETUS
GROWING INSIDE A WOMAN\'S WOMB.

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BUT DOCTORS ARE NOW TALKING
ABOUT SOMETHING CALLED

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PRE-IMPLANTATION DIAGNOSIS,
DIAGNOSING A HUMAN EMBRYO

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BEFORE PREGNANCY BEGINS.

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ACCESS TO THE EMBRYO IS MADE
POSSIBLE THROUGH THE USE

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OF A CONTROVERSIAL PROCEDURE

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CALLED IVF...
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION.

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[ VIDEO ]: NECESSARY TO
DETERMINE WHETHER THE SAMPLE...

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[ NARRATOR ]:
AT THE PARIS CONFERENCE

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ON REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY,

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SALESMEN COMPETE TO SELL
THE LATEST IN IVF

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AND ITS TECHNOLOGICAL
OFFSPRING...

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PRE-IMPLANTATION DIAGNOSIS
OF THE EMBRYO.

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IL Y A PIRE.

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TU SAIS, TU AS
VU LE POSTER

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DE RICHARD
NOACHE LA...

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IVF PIONEER JACQUES TESTART
WAS THE FIRST IN HIS FIELD

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TO QUESTION WHERE THE NEW
TECHNOLOGY IS TAKING US.

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TOURNAGE CJ,
TOUTE GROSSESSE,

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48%, FACILE.

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OUI, ON PEUT
FAIRE CA.

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MAIS COMMENT
TU VEUX QUE...

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[ NARRATOR ]: CAN WE DO IT?

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DOES IT WORK?

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THAT\'S WHAT DOCTORS
WANT TO KNOW.

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BUT ARE THESE THE ONLY
QUESTIONS SOCIETY SHOULD ASK

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ABOUT PRE-IMPLANTATION
DIAGNOSIS,

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A TECHNOLOGY THAT
COULD ONE DAY BE USED

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TO ALTER HUMAN LIFE?

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[ VIDEO ]: A 17-GAUGE ASPIRATING
NEEDLE IS PASSED THROUGH...

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[ NARRATOR ]: THIS LONDON,
ONTARIO, HOSPITAL

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LEADS CANADA IN
EMBRYO DIAGNOSIS.

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THE PROGRAM IS CALLED EPICS...

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EARLY PRE-IMPLANTATION
CELL SCREENING.

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RESEARCH ON HUMAN EMBRYOS
IS ALREADY UNDER WAY.

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AS PART OF OUR
ETHICS PROTOCOL

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THAT\'S BEEN
SUBMITTED

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TO THE UNIVERSITY
OF WESTERN ONTARIO,

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WE HAVE PROPOSED
TO USE ABNORMAL,

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NON-VIABLE HUMAN EMBRYOS
THAT HAVE BEEN DONATED,

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AND SO THE PATIENTS WOULD
HAVE TO GIVE A PERMISSION

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TO DONATE THESE
EMBRYOS FOR RESEARCH.

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THEY WOULD INITIALLY COME
FROM THE IVF PROGRAM.

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THAT\'S REALLY THE
ONLY SOURCE AT THE MOMENT

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OF IN VITRO HUMAN EMBRYOS.

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YOU\'RE RELAXING
JUST BEAUTIFULLY.

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JUST
BEAUTIFULLY.

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EPICS WOULDN\'T EXIST
WITHOUT THIS IVF CLINIC.

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IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IS THE
ONLY WAY TO PRODUCE EMBRYOS

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OUTSIDE A WOMAN\'S BODY.

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HERE, MULTIPLE EGGS ARE BEING
TAKEN FROM A WOMAN\'S OVARIES.

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THEY WILL THEN BE
FERTILIZED IN THE LAB.

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HER EMBRYOS MAY BECOME THE TEST
SITE FOR GENETIC RESEARCH.

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IN THE VERY NEAR FUTURE,
THE ONLY EMBRYOS

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THAT WILL BE TRANSFERRED
INTO A WOMAN\'S WOMB

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ARE THE ONES DOCTORS JUDGE
TO BE THE GENETIC BEST.

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UH, WE\'LL BE REMOVING TWO CELLS
FROM THAT EMBRYONIC STAGE,

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AND THOSE CELLS WOULD
THEN NORMALLY BE USED

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FOR GENETIC, UH, SCREENING TO
DETERMINE WHETHER THIS EMBRYO

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CONTAINS A PARTICULAR GENE.

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[ NARRATOR ]: RIGHT NOW,
THE GENES THEY\'RE AFTER

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ARE LINKED TO DISEASES

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LIKE TAY-SACHS
AND MENTAL RETARDATION.

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EMBRYO BIOPSY
BEGINS THE PROCESS.

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WHAT DOCTORS WANT
TO DIAGNOSE LIES DEEP

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WITHIN THE NUCLEUS
OF EACH CELL.

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IT\'S CALLED DNA.

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LOCATED ALONG 46 CHROMOSOMES,
THE DNA MOLECULE CONTAINS

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THE GENETIC INFORMATION
OF THE CELL.

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THIS IS WHAT THE RESEARCHERS
ARE REALLY AFTER...

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SUBMICROSCOPIC SEGMENTS
OF DNA CALLED GENES.

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TO READ GENETIC INFORMATION, DNA
IS AMPLIFIED MILLIONS OF TIMES,

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AND A NEW GEOGRAPHY BEGINS:

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MAPPING HUMAN GENES.

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WELL, YOU KNOW, I THINK
WE\'VE DONE OUR VERY BEST.

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WITH REGARD TO THE
MANIPULATION OF THE EMBRYO

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FOR PRE-IMPLANTATION DIAGNOSIS,
WHAT HAVE WE DONE?

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BEFORE YOU WENT TO THE HUMAN,

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WE ACHIEVED TERM PREGNANCIES
IN MICE AND IN THEIR OFFSPRING

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AND IN THEIR GRANDCHILDREN.

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SO WE SAW SEVERAL GENERATIONS.

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THE SAME HAS BEEN
DONE FOR THE RABBIT.

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THE SAME HAS BEEN
DONE FOR CATTLE.

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THE SAME HAS BEEN DONE
FOR SEVERAL PRIMATE SPECIES.

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[ NARRATOR ]: GENETIC
MANIPULATION OF ANIMALS

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FORESHADOWS JUST HOW FAR
THIS TECHNOLOGY CAN GO.

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HEAD OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY,

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DR. BOB CHURCH IS AN EXPERT
IN GENETIC RESEARCH.

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ONCE YOU HAVE THE ABILITY
TO CULTURE AN EMBRYO,

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BECAUSE IT\'S IN
THE ZONA PELLUCIDA,

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THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
MANIPULATION BECOME RATHER

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INTRIGUING AND
DAUNTING IN SOME WAYS.

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AND THEY INCLUDE THE ABILITY
TO TAKE TWO EMBRYOS

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AND PUT THEM TOGETHER
SO THAT THEY COMBINE

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AND COOPERATE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A CHIMERA...

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THAT\'S AN ANIMAL THAT HAS
FOUR PARENTS INSTEAD OF TWO...

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OR THE OPPORTUNITIES
FOR A NUCLEAR TRANSFER,

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WHICH IS THE CLOSEST THING
TO CLONING THAT ARE AVAILABLE,

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OR, LASTLY, TO INTRODUCE OTHER
FOREIGN GENETIC INFORMATION,

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AND PRODUCE GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED ANIMALS.

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[ NARRATOR ]: MANUFACTURING
IDENTICAL COPIES

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OF THE SAME ANIMAL.

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RECONSTRUCTING
THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT.

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THERE ARE FEW LIMITS TO WHAT CAN
BE DONE IN ANIMAL RESEARCH.

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WE NOW HAVE THE ABILITY TO GO
IN AND DELIBERATELY ALTER

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THE MOUSE\'S OWN DNA
IN A VERY SPECIFIC WAY.

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SO WE CAN ACTUALLY, AS
IT WERE, SUBTRACT DNA.

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WE CAN GO IN AND MAKE
WHAT WE CALL A MUTATION,

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WHICH IS A CHANGE IN ONE
OF THE MOUSE\'S OWN GENES.

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SO, FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU HAD
A MOUSE, UH, THAT CARRIED...

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UH, THAT WAS BLACK AND HAD A
GENE FOR THE MELANIN PIGMENT,

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YOU COULD IN THEORY GO IN AND
MAKE A MOUSE THAT WAS WHITE,

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BY JUST DELETING OUT
THE PIGMENT GENE.

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[ NARRATOR ]: ONCE WE\'RE ON
THE TECHNOLOGICAL TREADMILL,

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IT\'S HARD TO GET OFF.

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IN JUST ONE TURN OF
THE WHEEL, WE COULD MOVE

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FROM GENETIC DIAGNOSIS
TO ENGINEERING HUMAN LIFE.

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FROM AN EMBRYO EVALUATION
POINT OF VIEW,

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UH, IF WE WERE TO COUPLE IT WITH
ANY IN VITRO, UH, TECHNOLOGIES,

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THE, UH, A SINGLE
BLASTOMERE CAN BE REMOVED

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FROM A PRE-IMPLANTATION EMBRYO
IN THE CULTURE DISH,

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AND ON THE BASIS OF THAT
YOU\'D BE ABLE TO DETERMINE

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WHAT THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT
OF THE EMBRYO IS,

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WHETHER OR NOT IT HAS
A PREDISPOSITION FOR DIABETES,

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WHETHER OR NOT IT HAS
OTHER HIDDEN LETHALS,

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WHETHER OR NOT IT\'S GOING TO BE
6 FOOT TALL OR 4 FOOT TALL,

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A WHOLE BUNCH OF THOSE KINDS
OF GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS.

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SO THE QUESTIONS THAT WILL
BE ADDRESSED IN THE FUTURE ARE:

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WILL IT BE APPROPRIATE TO
CORRECT THE GENETIC INFORMATION

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ON THAT EMBRYO OR SHOULD
THE COUPLE TRY AGAIN?

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OR IS THERE AN OPPORTUNITY
TO ALLOW THAT PARTICULAR COUPLE

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TO COMBINE SOME GENE THERAPY

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WITH SOME OTHER NORMAL
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES.

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AND, UH, YOU KNOW, AS OUR
GLOBAL POPULATION INCREASES,

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I WOULD NOT BE SURPRISED
IF THERE WOULD BE MORE COUNTRIES

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OTHER THAN CHINA
WHERE YOU HAVE TO HAVE

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A LICENCE TO CARRY A CHILD
AND BECOME PREGNANT.

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AND, UH, YOU KNOW,
THAT\'S NOT TOMORROW.

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THAT\'S A LONG WAY DOWN
THE LINE, SOMETIME.

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I THINK ON ONE LEVEL,
THE GENIE IS OUT OF THE BOTTLE,

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BECAUSE QUITE CLEARLY, ONE HAS
TO ADMIT THAT POTENTIALLY,

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THIS COULD BE
A DANGEROUS TECHNOLOGY.

00:12:59.542 --> 00:13:02.583
BUT I SEE IT IN THE CONTEXT
OF ALL TECHNOLOGIES.

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I MEAN, ALL MODERN SCIENTIFIC
TECHNOLOGIES ARE DANGEROUS.

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I MEAN, RUNNING A STEEL FOUNDRY

00:13:07.999 --> 00:13:11.333
HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS
FOR THE ATMOSPHERE.

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UH, THE ISSUE OF ELECTRONICS

00:13:14.417 --> 00:13:16.998
HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS
FOR WEAPONRY.

00:13:16.999 --> 00:13:19.082
AND THESE ARE JUST
AS EVERY BIT AS THREATENING

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AS THE ISSUE OF EMBRYO RESEARCH
AND GENETIC MANIPULATION.

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[ FILM NARRATION ]: NEVER BEFORE
HAS MAN ENTERED A NEW ERA

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SO ELABORATELY EQUIPPED AS HE
IS IN ENTERING THE ATOMIC AGE.

00:13:34.542 --> 00:13:35.708
NEVER HAVE WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE

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BEEN MORE NECESSARY,
FOR WE\'RE DEALING WITH A FORCE

00:13:38.999 --> 00:13:42.998
SO GREAT THAT IT CAN CHANGE NOT
ONLY THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER,

00:13:42.999 --> 00:13:46.999
BUT THE VERY NATURE
OF LIFE ITSELF.

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[ NARRATOR ]: ONE SCIENTIST
MAKES THE OBVIOUS COMPARISON.

00:13:51.999 --> 00:13:55.500
\"NOW THAT WE\'VE HARNESSED THE
POWER OF THE ATOM,\" HE SAYS,

00:13:55.501 --> 00:13:57.124
\"WE MUST TURN OUR ATTENTION\"

00:13:57.125 --> 00:14:00.167
\"TO HARNESSING THE
POWER OF THE GENE.\"

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IT SEEMS TO ME THAT ONE
OF THE GREAT THINGS

00:14:06.918 --> 00:14:09.833
FOR WHICH THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
SHOULD BE CONGRATULATED

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IS THAT THEY BIT THE BULLET.

00:14:10.876 --> 00:14:14.958
THEY RECOGNIZED THAT THERE
WAS A HUGE AMOUNT OF GOOD

00:14:14.959 --> 00:14:18.998
FOR HUMANKIND IN THIS RESEARCH
AND THEY VOTED OVERWHELMINGLY

00:14:18.999 --> 00:14:20.998
IN ITS FAVOUR, TRUSTING
THE SCIENTISTS,

00:14:20.999 --> 00:14:22.124
BUT SAYING AT THE SAME TIME

00:14:22.125 --> 00:14:25.583
WE NEED TO PUT IN PLACE
STATUTORY REGULATION.

00:14:25.584 --> 00:14:30.459
AND THAT SEEMS TO ME WHAT
A GOOD DEMOCRACY SHOULD DO.

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IN A COLLECTIVE SOCIETY,
IF WE USE CHINA AS AN EXAMPLE,

00:15:17.751 --> 00:15:20.875
UH, THE GOVERNMENT, WITH
THE APPARENT APPROVAL

00:15:20.876 --> 00:15:24.249
OF THE POPULATION, HAS SAID
THAT WE HAVE A POPULATION

00:15:24.250 --> 00:15:28.082
WHICH WE CAN SUPPORT
AT THE PRESENT TIME.

00:15:28.083 --> 00:15:30.750
WE DO NOT WANT
TO HAVE A POPULATION

00:15:30.751 --> 00:15:33.625
THAT WE CANNOT SUPPORT
WITH OUR RESOURCES.

00:15:33.626 --> 00:15:36.998
SO THERE MAY BE
A JOINT VENTURE...

00:15:36.999 --> 00:15:40.249
A DECISION BETWEEN THE
POPULATION AS A WHOLE

00:15:40.250 --> 00:15:42.166
AND THE INDIVIDUAL COUPLE.

00:15:42.167 --> 00:15:44.998
AND IT MAY BE THAT
YOU HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY

00:15:44.999 --> 00:15:46.166
TO HAVE TWO CHILDREN.

00:15:46.167 --> 00:15:47.998
WELL, THEN I GUESS
YOU\'D HAVE TO SAY,

00:15:47.999 --> 00:15:50.166
WELL, WITH AN OPPORTUNITY
TO HAVE TWO CHILDREN,

00:15:50.167 --> 00:15:54.998
AM I GOING TO MAKE THE VERY BEST
OF THAT TO HAVE GENETICALLY,

00:15:54.999 --> 00:16:00.333
UH, MOST ADVANTAGEOUS
OFFSPRING, OR NOT;

00:16:00.334 --> 00:16:03.459
PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY CORRECT.

00:17:32.709 --> 00:17:35.583
[ NARRATOR ]: TO ENCOURAGE
BREEDING AMONG THE FIT,

00:17:35.584 --> 00:17:38.082
AND DISCOURAGE IT AMONG
THOSE CONSIDERED

00:17:38.083 --> 00:17:40.208
TO BE UNFIT.

00:17:40.209 --> 00:17:43.333
IMPORTED FROM ENGLAND
AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY,

00:17:43.334 --> 00:17:46.249
EUGENIC BELIEFS FIND
ENTHUSIASTIC SUPPORT

00:17:46.250 --> 00:17:48.583
IN NORTH AMERICA.

00:17:48.584 --> 00:17:49.501
ACROSS THE UNITED STATES,

00:17:49.502 --> 00:17:54.375
COUNTY FAIRS PROMOTE THE NEW
SCIENCE OF BETTER BREEDING.

00:17:57.167 --> 00:17:59.708
[ ANNOUNCER ]: THE SAY
THIS CAN\'T BE DONE.

00:17:59.709 --> 00:18:02.541
BUT WE\'RE GOING TO PROVE
TO YOU THAT IT CAN.

00:18:02.542 --> 00:18:05.083
WATCH, HERE THEY COME NOW.

00:18:07.083 --> 00:18:08.458
HERE THEY COME NOW.

00:18:08.459 --> 00:18:10.875
[ NARRATOR ]: AT FAMILY
FITNESS COMPETITIONS,

00:18:10.876 --> 00:18:15.999
CONTESTANTS LINE UP TO WIN
A PLACE AMONG THE GENETIC BEST.

00:18:17.459 --> 00:18:20.998
USING SCIENCE TO SOLVE
SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

00:18:20.999 --> 00:18:25.082
BY THE 1930s, BRITAIN\'S
EUGENICS SOCIETY ATTRACTS

00:18:25.083 --> 00:18:27.501
SUPPORTERS FROM
ALL WALKS OF LIFE.

00:18:29.918 --> 00:18:34.750
WHAT IS THE BEARING OF THE LAWS
OF HEREDITY UPON HUMAN AFFAIRS?

00:18:34.751 --> 00:18:38.791
EUGENICS PROVIDES THE ANSWER,
SO FAR AS THIS IS KNOWN.

00:18:38.792 --> 00:18:42.041
EUGENICS SEEKS TO APPLY
THE KNOWN LAWS OF HEREDITY

00:18:42.042 --> 00:18:44.750
SO AS TO PREVENT THE
DEGENERATION OF THE RACE

00:18:44.751 --> 00:18:47.666
AND IMPROVE ITS
INBORN QUALITIES.

00:18:47.667 --> 00:18:49.998
HERE IS A MAN
WHO, ALTHOUGH NORMAL,

00:18:49.999 --> 00:18:52.750
COMES FROM A MENTALLY
DEFECTIVE FAMILY.

00:18:52.751 --> 00:18:54.750
HERE IS HIS WIFE,

00:18:54.751 --> 00:18:56.041
WHO IS ALSO NORMAL.

00:18:56.042 --> 00:18:57.166
THEY\'VE HAD 17 CHILDREN.

00:18:57.167 --> 00:19:01.124
LET US EXAMINE THE PEDIGREE
OF THESE CHILDREN.

00:19:01.125 --> 00:19:02.917
FIVE OF THEM DIED IN INFANCY.

00:19:02.918 --> 00:19:05.998
THREE ARE STILL TOO YOUNG
FOR AN OPINION TO BE FORMED

00:19:05.999 --> 00:19:08.750
OF THEIR MENTAL STATE...
A BOY AND TWO GIRLS.

00:19:08.751 --> 00:19:11.958
ONLY TWO OF THE REMAINING
CHILDREN ARE NORMAL.

00:19:11.959 --> 00:19:13.791
THE REMAINING SEVEN CHILDREN

00:19:13.792 --> 00:19:16.792
ARE ALL MENTAL DEFECTIVES.

00:19:29.459 --> 00:19:33.166
ONCE THEY HAVE BEEN BORN,
DEFECTIVES ARE HAPPIER

00:19:33.167 --> 00:19:34.998
AND MORE USEFUL
IN THESE INSTITUTIONS

00:19:34.999 --> 00:19:37.917
THAN WHEN AT A LARGE.

00:19:37.918 --> 00:19:39.999
IT WOULD HAVE BEEN
BETTER BY FAR,

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:42.998
FOR THEM AND FOR THE
REST OF THE COMMUNITY,

00:19:42.999 --> 00:19:45.292
IF THEY HAD NEVER BEEN BORN.

00:19:45.999 --> 00:19:49.998
[ NARRATOR ]: EUGENIC
BELIEF BECOMES SO WIDESPREAD

00:19:49.999 --> 00:19:52.708
THAT AMERICAN AND CANADIAN
GOVERNMENTS ENACT

00:19:52.709 --> 00:19:55.125
FORCED STERILIZATION LAWS.

00:19:56.459 --> 00:20:01.998
IN 1928, ALBERTA PASSES
THE SEXUAL STERILIZATION ACT.

00:20:01.999 --> 00:20:04.998
THE BRITISH COLUMBIA LAW
AUTHORIZES THE STERILIZATION

00:20:04.999 --> 00:20:09.374
OF ANY INSTITUTIONALIZED
PERSON WHO MIGHT BEAR

00:20:09.375 --> 00:20:12.541
A MENTALLY DEFICIENT CHILD.

00:20:12.542 --> 00:20:16.750
THE B.C. ACT PASSES IN 1933,

00:20:16.751 --> 00:20:18.374
THE SAME YEAR
NAZI GERMANY BEGINS

00:20:18.375 --> 00:20:19.666
ITS RACIAL HYGIENE PROGRAM,

00:20:19.667 --> 00:20:22.998
A PROGRAM THAT LEADS
TO THE EXTERMINATION

00:20:22.999 --> 00:20:26.918
OF MILLIONS OF HUMAN BEINGS.

00:20:36.542 --> 00:20:43.082
IN THE PRESENT CONTEXT, UH,
EUGENICS IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT.

00:20:43.083 --> 00:20:46.998
IN FACT, SOME PEOPLE CLAIM
THAT IT ISN\'T EUGENICS AT ALL,

00:20:46.999 --> 00:20:50.998
BECAUSE THEY CLAIM IT\'S ONLY
EUGENICS IF IT\'S COMPULSORY.

00:20:50.999 --> 00:20:55.041
AND IN THE PRESENT CONTEXT
IT\'S NOT COMPULSORY

00:20:55.042 --> 00:20:58.958
IN THE SENSE THAT NOBODY
IS FORCED TO ENGAGE

00:20:58.959 --> 00:21:05.124
IN PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, UH,
OR TO ACT ON IT BY ABORTING

00:21:05.125 --> 00:21:10.541
CERTAIN FETUSES THAT ARE
THOUGHT TO BE, UH...

00:21:10.542 --> 00:21:14.750
SUCH THAT THEY SHOULDN\'T BE
ALIVE, UH, IN THE WORLD.

00:21:14.751 --> 00:21:21.998
UH, BUT IT\'S, IT\'S, UH, IT\'S
REALLY A MUCH MORE COMPLICATED

00:21:21.999 --> 00:21:23.998
QUESTION BECAUSE, FOR ONE THING,

00:21:23.999 --> 00:21:26.458
THE QUESTION IS
WHO SETS THE AGENDA?

00:21:26.459 --> 00:21:28.875
I MEAN, WHO MAKES THE DECISIONS

00:21:28.876 --> 00:21:30.999
ABOUT WHAT TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP?

00:21:31.000 --> 00:21:38.998
TO A CERTAIN EXTENT, THESE
DECISIONS ARE MADE NOT BY PEOPLE

00:21:38.999 --> 00:21:44.166
THEMSELVES WHO ARE CONCERNED
ABOUT CERTAIN DISEASES,

00:21:44.167 --> 00:21:46.998
BUT BY WHAT TECHNOLOGIES
BECOME AVAILABLE,

00:21:46.999 --> 00:21:52.833
WHAT THINGS WE CAN TEST FOR,
AND THEN THE MOMENT WE CAN TEST

00:21:52.834 --> 00:21:54.998
FOR SOMETHING, IT IS OUT THERE

00:21:54.999 --> 00:21:57.291
AND BECOMES SOMETHING
TO BE AVOIDED.

00:21:57.292 --> 00:22:00.124
BUT, YOU SEE, YOU TAKE PERHAPS
THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE

00:22:00.125 --> 00:22:02.998
THAT I\'VE BEEN INVOLVED
WITH, WHICH IS THE SEXING

00:22:02.999 --> 00:22:05.249
OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO,
THAT IS TO SAY

00:22:05.250 --> 00:22:08.708
THAT WE WOULD REPLACE
EMBRYOS OF A SPECIFIC SEX.

00:22:08.709 --> 00:22:10.998
NOW, AT ONE LEVEL THAT SOUNDS
TERRIBLY THREATENING.

00:22:10.999 --> 00:22:13.999
BUT IF YOU PUT IT IN THE CONTEXT
OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:17.998
IN BRITAIN, A TOTAL
OF 8,000 BABIES HAVE BEEN BORN

00:22:17.999 --> 00:22:20.208
SINCE LOUISE BROWN,
SINCE THE FIRST BABY.

00:22:20.209 --> 00:22:23.708
SUPPOSING ALL THOSE BABIES HAD
BEEN BOYS, IT ACTUALLY WOULDN\'T

00:22:23.709 --> 00:22:26.999
HAVE MADE ANY FUNDAMENTAL
DIFFERENCE TO OUR SOCIETY.

00:23:09.999 --> 00:23:13.750
I WAS BORN IN 1951
WITH SPINA BIFIDA.

00:23:13.751 --> 00:23:17.917
UH, SPINA BIFIDA
IS A BIRTH CONDITION

00:23:17.918 --> 00:23:22.458
THAT, UH, AFFECTS
THE MATURATION OF THE SPINE

00:23:22.459 --> 00:23:24.998
IN ABOUT THE FIRST
MONTH OF GESTATION.

00:23:24.999 --> 00:23:28.750
THE FETUS\' SPINE DOESN\'T CLOSE,
DOESN\'T DEVELOP NORMALLY.

00:23:28.751 --> 00:23:32.374
SPINA BIFIDA MEANS DOUBLES,
OR DIVIDED SPINE, BI.

00:23:32.375 --> 00:23:37.082
AND, UH, THE EFFECT FOR ME WAS
THAT I HAVE WEAKNESS IN MY LOWER

00:23:37.083 --> 00:23:40.875
LEGS AND I HAVE WHAT\'S CALLED
A NEUROGENIC BLADDER,

00:23:40.876 --> 00:23:42.249
WHICH MEANS I CAN\'T PEE.

00:23:42.250 --> 00:23:44.998
I HAVE TO USE A CATHETER
TO EMPTY MY BLADDER.

00:23:44.999 --> 00:23:51.999
AND, UH, WHEN I WAS BORN IN 1951
THERE WERE NO PRENATAL TESTS

00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:55.583
AVAILABLE TO MOTHERS,
TO FAMILIES.

00:23:55.584 --> 00:24:00.500
AND I\'VE TALKED TO MY MOTHER
ABOUT IT, AND SHE HAS ASSURED ME

00:24:00.501 --> 00:24:03.041
THAT IF PRENATAL TESTING
HAD BEEN AVAILABLE,

00:24:03.042 --> 00:24:04.998
SHE WOULD NOT HAVE ABORTED ME.

00:24:04.999 --> 00:24:05.751
[ NARRATOR ]: THE WOMEN IN

00:24:05.752 --> 00:24:08.249
KEEP A CLOSE EYE

00:24:08.250 --> 00:24:13.166
ON DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
NEW GENETIC TECHNOLOGY.

00:24:13.167 --> 00:24:14.998
ALL OF THEM ARE DISABLED.

00:24:14.999 --> 00:24:18.416
I HAVE A RARE
NEUROLOGICAL

00:24:18.417 --> 00:24:21.998
DISORDER CALLED
WERDNIG-HOFFMANN\'S DISEASE.

00:24:21.999 --> 00:24:28.625
AND ORIGINALLY THEY SAID THAT,
UH, MY LIFE EXPECTANCY WAS 2.

00:24:28.626 --> 00:24:30.666
AND THEN THEY SAID 2 TO 5.

00:24:30.667 --> 00:24:31.626
AND I\'M 43.

00:24:31.627 --> 00:24:37.708
AND WITH TECHNOLOGY
AND WITH ATTENDANT CARE

00:24:37.709 --> 00:24:42.291
AND WITH THE MASTER\'S DEGREE,
I AM AN ART THERAPIST.

00:24:42.292 --> 00:24:46.333
I\'M A WRITER; I\'M HOPEFULLY
SOON PUBLISHING A BOOK.

00:24:46.334 --> 00:24:49.541
I HAVE SOLD ARTWORK.

00:24:49.542 --> 00:24:51.833
I\'VE DONE A LOT OF
THINGS WITH MY LIFE,

00:24:51.834 --> 00:24:55.583
AND I HAVE BEEN TOLD BY,
UM, SEVERAL NEUROLOGISTS

00:24:55.584 --> 00:24:59.958
THAT THIS PARTICULAR
DISEASE SEEMS TO CARRY

00:24:59.959 --> 00:25:03.458
A HIGH IQ WITH IT
WHICH WAS KIND OF ODD.

00:25:03.459 --> 00:25:04.998
AT FIRST I THOUGHT
THEY WERE KIDDING.

00:25:04.999 --> 00:25:09.082
BUT, UM, SEVERAL DOCTORS IN
DIFFERENT STATES HAVE SAID THAT.

00:25:09.083 --> 00:25:12.583
AND IN THE SAME BREATH
THEY ARE TELLING ME

00:25:12.584 --> 00:25:15.666
THAT, UM, THEY\'D
LIKE ME TO PARTICIPATE

00:25:15.667 --> 00:25:18.998
IN SOME EXPERIMENTS
THAT THEY\'RE DOING TO...

00:25:18.999 --> 00:25:21.416
ALL I HAVE TO DO
IS TO GIVE SOME BLOOD,

00:25:21.417 --> 00:25:23.998
BECAUSE THEY\'RE TRYING
TO ISOLATE THE GENE

00:25:23.999 --> 00:25:27.208
SO THAT THEY CAN
GENETICALLY SCREEN OUT,

00:25:27.209 --> 00:25:30.458
SO THAT NO ONE ELSE
WILL BE BORN LIKE ME.

00:25:30.459 --> 00:25:32.708
AND I DON\'T UNDERSTAND THAT.

00:25:32.709 --> 00:25:36.541
UM, I\'M VERY HAPPY WITH MY LIFE.

00:25:36.542 --> 00:25:39.833
AND IT ANGERS ME.

00:25:39.834 --> 00:25:41.998
SO I REFUSED MANY TIMES.

00:25:41.999 --> 00:25:48.041
AND I GUESS I\'M SEEN AS SELFISH,
BUT, UM, I CANNOT,

00:25:48.042 --> 00:25:49.416
WITH ALL CONSCIENCE,

00:25:49.417 --> 00:25:54.208
CONTRIBUTE TO THE ELIMINATION
OF PEOPLE LIKE MYSELF.

00:25:54.209 --> 00:25:58.208
SO IT RAISES A LOT
OF QUESTIONS FOR ME.

00:25:58.209 --> 00:26:01.998
I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE
WOMEN HAVE CHOICE,

00:26:01.999 --> 00:26:05.249
BUT I DON\'T THINK
THAT THEY\'RE GETTING CHOICE,

00:26:05.250 --> 00:26:10.333
BECAUSE WE\'RE NOT BEING
ASKED TO COUNSEL WOMEN

00:26:10.334 --> 00:26:15.917
OR COUPLES OR FAMILIES ABOUT
HOW TO MAKE THOSE DECISIONS.

00:26:15.918 --> 00:26:18.291
AND WE, THOSE OF
US WITH DISABILITIES,

00:26:18.292 --> 00:26:22.416
I THINK THEY\'RE THE ONLY ONES
THAT HAVE THAT INFORMATION.

00:26:22.417 --> 00:26:27.500
I THINK ELIMINATING DISABILITY
IS AN IRRATIONAL GOAL.

00:26:27.501 --> 00:26:30.998
THERE\'S ONLY A SMALL
PERCENTAGE OF DISABILITIES

00:26:30.999 --> 00:26:35.416
THAT RESULT FROM BIRTH
CONDITIONS, AND I THINK...

00:26:35.417 --> 00:26:39.041
I MEAN, A STATISTIC THAT I
REMEMBER FROM THE HARRIS POLL

00:26:39.042 --> 00:26:46.583
IS THAT ONLY 13% OF DISABILITIES
OCCUR BEFORE ADOLESCENCE,

00:26:46.584 --> 00:26:49.041
SO EVEN A SMALLER
PERCENTAGE OCCUR FROM BIRTH.

00:26:49.042 --> 00:26:52.625
UM, THE VAST MAJORITY OF
DISABILITIES ARE A RESULT

00:26:52.626 --> 00:26:56.666
OF ACCIDENTS,
OF DISEASE AND ILLNESS

00:26:56.667 --> 00:26:59.999
THAT OCCURS LATER,
MUCH LATER IN LIFE.

00:27:00.876 --> 00:27:03.998
[ NARRATOR ]: IN THE 1980s,
A GROUP OF DISABLED PEOPLE

00:27:03.999 --> 00:27:06.998
IN GERMANY GOT THEIR HANDS
ON AN OLD FARMHOUSE.

00:27:06.999 --> 00:27:10.876
THEY RENOVATED IT
AND TURNED IT INTO A CAFE.

00:27:11.000 --> 00:27:14.999
THIS CAFE REPRESENTS THE HEART
OF THE AUTONOMY MOVEMENT,

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:18.917
A WAY FOR THE DISABLED
TO MOVE OUT OF CLOSED WORKSHOPS

00:27:18.918 --> 00:27:20.998
AND INTO THE COMMUNITY.

00:27:20.999 --> 00:27:23.167
[ SPEAKING
GERMAN ]

00:27:40.542 --> 00:27:41.958
SOME ARE STUDENTS.

00:27:41.959 --> 00:27:45.042
OTHERS WORK HERE FULL TIME.

00:27:46.250 --> 00:27:49.249
DISABLED DURING MINOR
SURGERY AS A CHILD,

00:27:49.250 --> 00:27:55.000
UDO SIERK IS A HISTORIAN AND ONE
OF THE CAFE\'S FOUNDING MEMBERS.

00:27:56.999 --> 00:27:59.125
[ SPEAKING GERMAN ]

00:29:06.834 --> 00:29:12.625
THESE NEW PRENATAL
TECHNOLOGIES, UH,

00:29:12.626 --> 00:29:20.041
AND THE TECHNOLOGIES, THE NEW
TECHNOLOGIES OF CONCEPTION

00:29:20.042 --> 00:29:26.333
ALSO CARRY WITH THEM
A CERTAIN WAY OF LOOKING

00:29:26.334 --> 00:29:29.041
AT CHILDREN AS COMMODITIES

00:29:29.042 --> 00:29:33.500
WHERE THE PRENATAL
TECHNOLOGIES THEN BECOME

00:29:33.501 --> 00:29:36.500
MECHANISMS OF QUALITY CONTROL,

00:29:36.501 --> 00:29:39.666
UH, WHICH REALLY
RATHER TRANSFORMS,

00:29:39.667 --> 00:29:42.708
CHANGES OUR WAY OF
LOOKING AT PROCREATION,

00:29:42.709 --> 00:29:46.918
LOOKING AT CHILDREN,
LOOKING AT HUMAN BEINGS.

00:29:51.999 --> 00:29:53.791
BUT IN ADDITION TO THAT,

00:29:53.792 --> 00:29:55.998
THERE\'S VERY SOMETHING
IRONIC ABOUT THAT,

00:29:55.999 --> 00:30:03.208
UM, AT A TIME LIKE RIGHT NOW
WHERE, UM, INFANT MORTALITY,

00:30:03.209 --> 00:30:07.958
DISEASES AMONG
NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN,

00:30:07.959 --> 00:30:09.875
IF ANYTHING ARE INCREASING

00:30:09.876 --> 00:30:14.166
AND INCREASING FOR THE OBVIOUS
REASONS OF SOCIAL DECAY:

00:30:14.167 --> 00:30:19.998
UH, POVERTY, UH,
WOMEN BEING MALNOURISHED

00:30:19.999 --> 00:30:22.291
BOTH BEFORE AND
DURING PREGNANCY,

00:30:22.292 --> 00:30:25.999
GETTING NO PRENATAL,
UH, CARE AND SO ON.

00:30:26.000 --> 00:30:29.333
I MEAN, IN THIS COUNTRY,
INDEED IN THIS VERY CITY,

00:30:29.334 --> 00:30:33.998
THERE\'S A THREE TIMES AS HIGH

00:30:33.999 --> 00:30:37.583
INFANT MORTALITY OF BLACK
INFANTS AS OF WHITE INFANTS.

00:30:37.584 --> 00:30:40.666
AND THIS HAS NOTHING TO DO
WITH THEIR GENETICS,

00:30:40.667 --> 00:30:45.416
WITH THINGS THAT THESE PRENATAL
TECHNOLOGIES ADDRESS.

00:30:45.417 --> 00:30:47.041
THIS HAS TO DO WITH THE ECONOMIC

00:30:47.042 --> 00:30:50.958
AND SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
OF THE WOMEN\'S LIVES.

00:30:50.959 --> 00:30:55.249
AND AT A TIME OF THIS KIND
OF INCREASING SOCIAL DECAY,

00:30:55.250 --> 00:30:59.082
TO BE FOCUSING THAT MUCH
ON QUALITY CONTROL

00:30:59.083 --> 00:31:03.999
FOR RELATIVELY RARE DISEASES
AND SPENDING MONEY ON THIS

00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:07.041
AND FOCUSING OUR
ATTENTION ON THIS,

00:31:07.042 --> 00:31:13.750
SEEMS EXTREMELY
INAPPROPRIATE AND DANGEROUS.

00:31:13.751 --> 00:31:15.792
[ SPEAKING FRENCH ]

00:32:00.542 --> 00:32:04.998
WHEN I FIRST STARTED
DOING SCIENCE,

00:32:04.999 --> 00:32:08.998
I WAS COMPLETELY
HOOKED ON THE SORT OF

00:32:08.999 --> 00:32:12.998
MYTH OF SCIENCE
AS BEING OBJECTIVE,

00:32:12.999 --> 00:32:16.166
AND OF COURSE ISSUES
OF GENDER AND CLASS AND RACE

00:32:16.167 --> 00:32:18.999
AND THINGS LIKE THAT
NOT GETTING INTO IT AT ALL,

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:20.666
THAT WHOEVER THE SCIENTIST IS,

00:32:20.667 --> 00:32:23.583
THEY\'RE GOING TO COME OUT
WITH THE SAME ANSWERS.

00:32:23.584 --> 00:32:26.041
AND IT TOOK ME A CONSIDERABLE
LENGTH OF TIME

00:32:26.042 --> 00:32:28.999
TO REALIZE THAT
THAT SIMPLY ISN\'T TRUE.

00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:32.333
AND I THINK IT WASN\'T
JUST ME BY MYSELF.

00:32:32.334 --> 00:32:34.416
IT WAS THE FACT OF
THE WOMEN\'S MOVEMENT.

00:32:34.417 --> 00:32:36.416
IT WAS THE FACT
OF THE VIETNAM WAR.

00:32:36.417 --> 00:32:41.500
IT WAS A WHOLE SERIES OF OTHER
PEOPLE AND FORCES THAT MADE IT

00:32:41.501 --> 00:32:46.124
QUITE CLEAR THAT SCIENCE WAS
BEING DONE IN THE INTEREST

00:32:46.125 --> 00:32:50.208
OF CERTAIN KINDS OF PEOPLE,
OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAD POWER,

00:32:50.209 --> 00:32:54.124
AND THAT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ARE QUITE INSEPARABLE,

00:32:54.125 --> 00:32:57.666
THAT IT ISN\'T JUST ASKING
QUESTIONS IN THE ABSTRACT

00:32:57.667 --> 00:33:00.875
BUT THAT IT IS ASKING
QUESTIONS THAT ARE USEFUL,

00:33:00.876 --> 00:33:05.998
THAT ARE USEFUL IN TERMS
OF MAKING TECHNOLOGY, UM,

00:33:05.999 --> 00:33:08.124
AND USEFUL TO
THE PEOPLE IN CONTROL.

00:33:08.125 --> 00:33:14.666
UH, SO THAT I BECAME AWARE OF
THE FACT THAT AS A WOMAN, UM,

00:33:14.667 --> 00:33:18.998
I HAD BEEN SOCIALIZED
TO THINK OF MYSELF

00:33:18.999 --> 00:33:21.998
AS A MAN WHILE
I WAS DOING SCIENCE,

00:33:21.999 --> 00:33:25.666
AND THAT ONCE I BEGAN
TO REALIZE THAT I WASN\'T A MAN,

00:33:25.667 --> 00:33:27.875
THAT I IN FACT WAS A WOMAN, UM,

00:33:27.876 --> 00:33:31.291
AND BEGAN TO ASK, WELL, WHAT
KINDS OF DIFFERENT QUESTIONS

00:33:31.292 --> 00:33:32.292
WOULD I WANT TO ASK

00:33:32.293 --> 00:33:34.999
AND HOW WOULD I WANT
TO ASK THEM DIFFERENTLY...

00:33:35.000 --> 00:33:39.791
IT TOOK THAT KIND OF
REORIENTATION TO UNDERSTAND

00:33:39.792 --> 00:33:46.917
THAT WOMEN AND NATURE IN FACT
WERE BEING TAKEN APART

00:33:46.918 --> 00:33:48.666
BY SCIENCE INTO LITTLE BITS,

00:33:48.667 --> 00:33:53.082
AND THAT IT GAVE US
A VERY PARTICULAR VIEW OF...

00:33:53.083 --> 00:33:55.998
BIOLOGY GAVE US A VERY
PARTICULAR VIEW OF ORGANISMS

00:33:55.999 --> 00:33:59.541
AS MACHINES THAT COULD BE
UNDERSTOOD BEST

00:33:59.542 --> 00:34:02.458
BY TAKING THEM APART
INTO LITTLE BITS.

00:34:02.459 --> 00:34:04.208
AND THE GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES ARE

00:34:04.209 --> 00:34:07.458
JUST SORT OF ONE
EXTREME EXAMPLE OF THAT,

00:34:07.459 --> 00:34:12.374
LOOKING AT GENES AS
THE ANSWER TO QUESTIONS

00:34:12.375 --> 00:34:15.333
ABOUT HOW ORGANISMS,
WHOLE ORGANISMS,

00:34:15.334 --> 00:34:19.125
IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
AND SO ON, WORK.

00:34:22.751 --> 00:34:24.249
[ NARRATOR ]: THE MEDIA PROMOTE

00:34:24.250 --> 00:34:26.208
THE SCIENTIFIC VIEW @ WHAT

00:34:26.209 --> 00:34:28.709
IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN.

00:34:35.999 --> 00:34:37.998
[ TV ANNOUNCER ]:
WILL HE BE A MUSICIAN,

00:34:37.999 --> 00:34:39.998
AN ATHLETE, SHORT OR TALL?

00:34:39.999 --> 00:34:43.166
IN MANY WAYS, HIS FUTURE
IS ALREADY MAPPED OUT.

00:34:43.167 --> 00:34:45.583
THE DIRECTIONS ARE IN HIS GENES.

00:34:45.584 --> 00:34:47.998
EACH HUMAN INHERITS
WHAT\'S CALLED A GENOME...

00:34:47.999 --> 00:34:52.625
23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES WHICH
CONTAIN ABOUT 100,000 GENES,

00:34:52.626 --> 00:34:56.208
SECTIONS OF DNA THAT ARE
THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING

00:34:56.209 --> 00:34:57.000
A HUMAN BEING.

00:34:57.001 --> 00:35:01.999
[ NARRATOR ]: SO FAR,
ONLY 2,000 HAVE BEEN LOCATED.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:03.791
THE REST WILL BE MAPPED

00:35:03.792 --> 00:35:05.625
BY THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT,

00:35:05.626 --> 00:35:08.666
A MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR
GLOBAL INTIATIVE.

00:35:08.667 --> 00:35:12.458
AMONG THE RESEARCH CENTRES
INVOLVED IS LOS ALAMOS,

00:35:12.459 --> 00:35:16.083
TEST SITE FOR
THE FIRST NUCLEAR BOMB.

00:35:25.792 --> 00:35:32.583
WELL, THE GENOME PROJECT OF
COURSE FITS INTO A LOT OF THINGS

00:35:32.584 --> 00:35:35.625
THAT ARE GOING ON
IN SOCIETY RIGHT NOW.

00:35:35.626 --> 00:35:41.999
FOR ONE THING, IT, UH,
LOOKING AT A PERSON\'S GENES

00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:46.998
AS THE ANSWER TO THEIR
HEALTH PROBLEMS

00:35:46.999 --> 00:35:51.124
OR THEIR SOCIAL PROBLEMS,
THEIR MENTAL PROBLEMS,

00:35:51.125 --> 00:35:55.998
TOTALLY INDIVIDUALIZES
WHAT\'S GOING ON.

00:35:55.999 --> 00:35:59.166
AND THAT IS ALWAYS
A VERY CONVENIENT THING

00:35:59.167 --> 00:36:01.333
TO DO IN A CONSERVATIVE TIME.

00:36:01.334 --> 00:36:03.249
AND WE ARE IN
A CONSERVATIVE TIME.

00:36:03.250 --> 00:36:07.833
TO SAY THAT, UH, YOU HAVE...
YOU\'RE GETTING CANCER

00:36:07.834 --> 00:36:09.917
OR YOU\'RE GETTING
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

00:36:09.918 --> 00:36:13.791
NOT BECAUSE OF THINGS
THAT ARE GOING ON AROUND YOU,

00:36:13.792 --> 00:36:15.875
NOT BECAUSE OF THINGS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT

00:36:15.876 --> 00:36:19.374
OR BECAUSE OF THE STRESSES
AND STRAINS IN YOUR LIFE,

00:36:19.375 --> 00:36:22.000
BUT BECAUSE IT\'S IN YOUR GENES.

00:36:28.626 --> 00:36:33.541
[ COMPUTER ]:
T, C, C, M, H, N, A,

00:36:33.542 --> 00:36:34.998
A, G...

00:36:34.999 --> 00:36:37.998
[ NARRATOR ]:
GENETICISTS CALL IT

00:36:37.999 --> 00:36:38.999
THE BOOK OF LIFE,

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:41.998
NUMBERS AND LETTERS
THAT PINPOINT THE LOCATION

00:36:41.999 --> 00:36:44.000
OF GENES.

00:36:45.042 --> 00:36:47.998
FINDING OUT WHAT A GENE
DOES IS ANOTHER MATTER.

00:36:47.999 --> 00:36:51.998
TO IDENTIFY A PERSON\'S
GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS,

00:36:51.999 --> 00:36:53.917
SCIENTISTS ARE
DEVELOPING TECHNIQUES

00:36:53.918 --> 00:36:56.708
THAT WILL HAVE BROAD
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS.

00:36:56.709 --> 00:37:02.583
[ COMPUTER ]:
T, G, G, G, C, T, C.

00:37:02.584 --> 00:37:05.998
INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENTS AND
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

00:37:05.999 --> 00:37:09.249
ARE PUTTING A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT
OF MONEY INTO THIS RESEARCH.

00:37:09.250 --> 00:37:12.416
AND THEY HAVE TO GET
A RETURN ON THEIR INVESTMENT.

00:37:12.417 --> 00:37:16.708
JUST TO GIVE YOU ONE EXAMPLE
IN THE AREA OF HUMAN GENETICS,

00:37:16.709 --> 00:37:18.998
THERE HAVE BEEN
ESTIMATES THAT BY 1995

00:37:18.999 --> 00:37:21.791
WE WILL ALREADY HAVE A MARKET
IN THE UNITED STATES

00:37:21.792 --> 00:37:26.998
OF ABOUT $6 BILLION U.S. FOR
GENE MARKERS AND GENE PROBES.

00:37:26.999 --> 00:37:31.998
NOW, IF YOU LOOK AT THE STATUS
OF RESEARCH IN THIS AREA,

00:37:31.999 --> 00:37:35.833
OF DEVELOPING SUCH PROBES,
IT\'S CLEAR THAT IN MANY AREAS,

00:37:35.834 --> 00:37:38.998
THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS
OF THESE TECHNIQUES

00:37:38.999 --> 00:37:40.208
IS ACTUALLY VERY THIN.

00:37:40.209 --> 00:37:42.833
THEY\'RE STANDING
ON VERY SHAKY LEGS.

00:37:42.834 --> 00:37:45.583
NONETHELESS, I\'M
WORRIED ABOUT THE FACT

00:37:45.584 --> 00:37:49.791
THAT IT WILL BE USED
FOR GENETIC SCREENING

00:37:49.792 --> 00:37:52.998
AND PERHAPS EVEN ON A
LARGE-SCALE POPULATION BASIS

00:37:52.999 --> 00:37:55.416
LONG BEFORE THERE\'S ANY KIND OF

00:37:55.417 --> 00:37:56.999
A GOOD SCIENTIFIC
FOUNDATION FOR THAT.

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:00.666
I\'M SUGGESTING THAT WE SHOULD BE
VERY CAREFUL ABOUT MAKING SURE

00:38:00.667 --> 00:38:05.166
THAT WE UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT
OF HAVING ALL THIS INFORMATION,

00:38:05.167 --> 00:38:09.500
AND THAT WE DO MAKE SURE
THAT DECISIONS ARE MADE BY

00:38:09.501 --> 00:38:13.416
THE PEOPLE INVOLVED AND ARE NOT
MADE BY INSURANCE COMPANIES,

00:38:13.417 --> 00:38:16.998
EMPLOYERS AND OTHER PEOPLE
WHO HAVE A VESTED INTEREST

00:38:16.999 --> 00:38:18.999
IN THE HEALTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL.

00:38:19.000 --> 00:38:21.541
[ NARRATOR ]:
IT\'S ALREADY HAPPENING.

00:38:21.542 --> 00:38:24.124
IN 1990, AN INSURANCE COMPANY

00:38:24.125 --> 00:38:25.416
REFUSES TO COVER A 2-YEAR-OLD

00:38:25.417 --> 00:38:30.959
DIAGNOSED WITH THE GENE FOR
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE.

00:38:33.792 --> 00:38:36.998
A WOMAN CARRYING A BABY
WITH THE CYSTIC FIBROSIS GENE

00:38:36.999 --> 00:38:41.375
IS TOLD THAT HER HEALTH
INSURANCE WON\'T COVER HER CHILD.

00:38:42.834 --> 00:38:44.625
IT\'S MUCH EASIER
TO DEVELOP TESTS,

00:38:44.626 --> 00:38:47.998
AND THERE ARE MUCH
GREATER PROFITS IN TESTING,

00:38:47.999 --> 00:38:49.791
SCREENING LARGE POPULATIONS,

00:38:49.792 --> 00:38:55.333
THAN IN TREATING THE FEW
PEOPLE WHO NEED THERAPEUTICS.

00:38:55.334 --> 00:38:56.750
SO TESTING IS BIG BUSINESS.

00:38:56.751 --> 00:38:59.625
[ NARRATOR ]: THE BUSINESS
IS CALLED BIOTECHNOLOGY.

00:38:59.626 --> 00:39:03.666
HUNDREDS OF COMPANIES WORLDWIDE
DEVELOP GENETICALLY ENGINEERED

00:39:03.667 --> 00:39:06.208
PLANTS, ANIMALS AND DRUGS;

00:39:06.209 --> 00:39:09.458
TRANSFERRING GENES
FROM HUMANS TO ANIMALS;

00:39:09.459 --> 00:39:13.333
PATENTING NEW LIFE FORMS;

00:39:13.334 --> 00:39:15.999
PATENTING HUMAN GENES.

00:39:17.626 --> 00:39:21.999
VIRTUALLY ANY LIFE FORM COULD
BECOME THE PRIVATE PROPERTY

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:23.998
OF THE COMPANY THAT CREATES IT.

00:39:23.999 --> 00:39:26.998
AT THE MOMENT, THERE ARE
VERY FEW RESTRICTIONS

00:39:26.999 --> 00:39:30.999
ON THE COMMERCIAL INTERESTS
THAT DRIVE THE INDUSTRY.

00:39:31.918 --> 00:39:37.999
CANADA IS A WORLD LEADER IN
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY.

00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:40.416
IN THE EVER-INCREASING EMPHASIS

00:39:40.417 --> 00:39:46.666
TO PRODUCE EFFICIENT
LEAN MEAT OR MORE BETTER MILK,

00:39:46.667 --> 00:39:48.291
ANIMAL BREEDERS AROUND THE WORLD

00:39:48.292 --> 00:39:50.541
ARE LOOKING AT THIS
VERY TOP OF THE PYRAMID.

00:39:50.542 --> 00:39:54.124
AND THOSE ARE THOSE FEW ANIMALS
THAT ARE THE GENETIC BEST.

00:39:54.125 --> 00:39:58.500
AND THE DEMAND IS WORLDWIDE
FOR THOSE VERY BEST ANIMALS.

00:39:58.501 --> 00:40:00.999
[ MOOING ]

00:40:01.999 --> 00:40:08.458
TODAY, THIS IS REALLY
AN ENGINEERING, UM, METHOD.

00:40:08.459 --> 00:40:10.041
IT\'S REALLY ABOUT CONSTRUCTING

00:40:10.042 --> 00:40:12.875
SOMETHING THAT DOESN\'T
EXIST IN NATURE.

00:40:12.876 --> 00:40:14.291
AND IT\'S ABOUT
CONSTRUCTING SOMETHING

00:40:14.292 --> 00:40:19.541
THAT DOESN\'T HAVE
ANY VALUE OF ITSELF.

00:40:19.542 --> 00:40:21.625
THE WHOLE QUESTION OF THE VALUE

00:40:21.626 --> 00:40:24.998
OF LIVING ORGANISMS ON
THEIR OWN IS NEVER PUT.

00:40:24.999 --> 00:40:29.750
IT\'S ONLY THE OBJECTIVE OF
SERVING THE NEEDS OF INDUSTRY

00:40:29.751 --> 00:40:31.998
THAT IS AT THE
VERY TOP PRIORITY.

00:40:31.999 --> 00:40:35.208
[ NARRATOR ]: BIOTECH
SCIENTISTS INJECTED THE EMBRYOS

00:40:35.209 --> 00:40:38.917
OF THESE PIGS WITH THE GENE
FOR HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE.

00:40:38.918 --> 00:40:41.998
THEY WOUND UP WITH
BIGGER, LEANER ANIMALS

00:40:41.999 --> 00:40:45.750
THAT DEVELOPED GASTRIC
ULCERS AND ARTHRITIS.

00:40:45.751 --> 00:40:50.998
WHAT WE DON\'T OFTEN CONSIDER
IS THAT THE MORE HEAVILY

00:40:50.999 --> 00:40:54.833
WE SELECT FOR
A PARTICULAR TRAIT, UH,

00:40:54.834 --> 00:40:57.998
WE ARE ALSO AT THE SAME TIME

00:40:57.999 --> 00:41:00.541
COUNTER-SELECTING
FOR OTHER TRAITS.

00:41:00.542 --> 00:41:06.958
AND WE DON\'T REALLY HAVE
A WAY OF MEASURING THAT,

00:41:06.959 --> 00:41:09.708
ESPECIALLY WHEN IT BECOMES, UM,

00:41:09.709 --> 00:41:14.998
OF THE NATURE OF TRAITS
LIKE DISEASE RESISTANCE,

00:41:14.999 --> 00:41:17.998
MOTHERING ABILITY,
FORAGING ABILITY.

00:41:17.999 --> 00:41:21.917
UM, WE DON\'T OFTEN HAVE A WAY
OF EVEN MEASURING THOSE TRAITS,

00:41:21.918 --> 00:41:24.791
BECAUSE WE DON\'T LOOK AT THOSE
TRAITS IN AN ECONOMIC SENSE.

00:41:24.792 --> 00:41:26.999
AND SO WE HAVEN\'T DEVELOPED
THE TOOLS TO DO THAT.

00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:32.666
UH, AND SO WE DON\'T KNOW WHAT
WE\'RE LOSING IN THAT SENSE.

00:41:32.667 --> 00:41:36.500
THE ANIMALS WON\'T SURVIVE
WITH THAT KIND OF SYSTEN.

00:41:36.501 --> 00:41:37.750
THEY AREN\'T MACHINES

00:41:37.751 --> 00:41:40.958
TO PRODUCE MILK
AND MEAT OR PRODUCTS.

00:41:40.959 --> 00:41:42.791
UH, THAT THEY
ARE LIVING ENTITIES

00:41:42.792 --> 00:41:44.166
THAT WE HAVE TO RESPECT

00:41:44.167 --> 00:41:47.501
AND NURTURE AND WORK WITH.

00:41:48.459 --> 00:41:51.917
[ NARRATOR ]: 20 YEARS AGO,
YOU\'D FIND OVER 60 BREEDS

00:41:51.918 --> 00:41:54.666
OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
ON CANADIAN FARMS.

00:41:54.667 --> 00:41:58.501
NOW YOU\'D FIND ONLY 10 TO 12.

00:42:05.209 --> 00:42:07.998
AT JOYWIND FARM, JY CHIPERSAK

00:42:07.999 --> 00:42:11.792
PROTECTS DOMESTIC
ANIMALS FROM EXTINCTION.

00:42:20.375 --> 00:42:21.750
WHEN WE GET INTO THE WHOLE

00:42:21.751 --> 00:42:23.333
APPLICATION OF
THESE TECHNOLOGIES...

00:42:23.334 --> 00:42:26.249
ESPECIALLY THE ONES THAT WE
DON\'T REALLY UNDERSTAND YET...

00:42:26.250 --> 00:42:28.750
WE DON\'T, UH, REALLY UNDERSTAND

00:42:28.751 --> 00:42:31.333
HOW CERTAIN GENES
MASK OTHER GENES.

00:42:31.334 --> 00:42:34.333
WE DON\'T KNOW HOW
TO DO THE GENE SPLICING

00:42:34.334 --> 00:42:38.124
THAT WE TALK ABOUT
IN ANY, UH, SPECIFIC SENSE.

00:42:38.125 --> 00:42:41.958
I MEAN, MOST OF WHAT WE\'VE DONE
HAS BEEN PRETTY RANDOM,

00:42:41.959 --> 00:42:43.166
WHEN WE\'VE DONE, UM,

00:42:43.167 --> 00:42:45.833
THE INTERCHANGE OF DNA
AND TRANSGENICS.

00:42:45.834 --> 00:42:52.166
AND IF WE START THEN USING THAT
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLY IT TO MAN

00:42:52.167 --> 00:42:55.291
IN THAT RANDOM SENSE,
WE DON\'T KNOW WHAT WE\'RE DOING.

00:42:55.292 --> 00:42:58.709
AND WE THEREFORE DON\'T
KNOW WHAT THE RESULTS ARE.

00:42:59.167 --> 00:43:05.166
ANOTHER REALLY DANGEROUS
ELEMENT ABOUT THIS TECHNOLOGY

00:43:05.167 --> 00:43:10.917
IS REALLY THE BEGINNING
OF TRYING TO DO GENETIC

00:43:10.918 --> 00:43:15.998
ENGINEERING ON EMBRYOS,
WHICH BY DEFINITION MEANS

00:43:15.999 --> 00:43:19.875
WHAT IS CALLED GERM-LINE
GENETIC ENGINEERING.

00:43:19.876 --> 00:43:24.998
AND WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT
BY CHANGING THOSE EMBRYOS,

00:43:24.999 --> 00:43:27.998
WE\'RE NOT JUST
CHANGING THE INDIVIDUAL

00:43:27.999 --> 00:43:30.416
THAT THAT EMBRYO
IS GOING TO BECOME,

00:43:30.417 --> 00:43:36.166
BUT WE ARE ALSO CHANGING
THE FUTURE REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

00:43:36.167 --> 00:43:40.998
OF THE INDIVIDUAL THAT THIS
EMBRYO IS GOING TO BECOME,

00:43:40.999 --> 00:43:44.750
SO THAT WE ARE AFFECTING
FUTURE GENERATIONS.

00:43:44.751 --> 00:43:47.374
I GOTTA MAKE SURE
THAT I DON\'T HAVE

00:43:47.375 --> 00:43:48.998
TOO MUCH SUCTION.

00:43:48.999 --> 00:43:52.374
OTHERWISE IT WILL
RIP IT OUT.

00:43:52.375 --> 00:43:53.666
[ NARRATOR ]: THE EMBRYO...

00:43:53.667 --> 00:43:57.958
SITE WHERE GERM-LINE
THERAPY IN HUMANS COULD BEGIN.

00:43:57.959 --> 00:44:00.541
RIGHT NOW WE\'RE ONLY
DIAGNOSING THE EMBRYO.

00:44:00.542 --> 00:44:02.998
BUT IT MAY NOT BE LONG
BEFORE SCIENTISTS START

00:44:02.999 --> 00:44:05.998
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING
GENETIC MATERIAL,

00:44:05.999 --> 00:44:08.791
JUST LIKE THEY DO
IN THE BARNYARD.

00:44:08.792 --> 00:44:09.998
I THINK WE SHOULD BASICALLY

00:44:09.999 --> 00:44:13.249
SIMPLY SAY THAT GERM-LINE
MANIPULATION OF ANY SORT

00:44:13.250 --> 00:44:16.291
IS NOT ACCEPTABLE,
BECAUSE I THINK THAT IT IS

00:44:16.292 --> 00:44:21.208
VERY HARD TO PUT WHERE YOU
WOULD DRAW THE ETHICAL LINES.

00:44:21.209 --> 00:44:24.208
AND WHAT I\'M SAYING IS THAT I
THINK WHERE PEOPLE WOULD SAY,

00:44:24.209 --> 00:44:27.999
\"WELL, IT WOULD BE OK BECAUSE
WE CAN CURE GENETIC DISEASES,\"

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:29.708
I WOULD SAY THAT I DON\'T THINK

00:44:29.709 --> 00:44:31.998
WE CAN CURE GENETIC
DISEASES THAT WAY;

00:44:31.999 --> 00:44:33.500
THAT THERE ARE
ALTERNATIVE ROUTES

00:44:33.501 --> 00:44:36.708
ONCE YOU KNOW
WHAT A GENETIC DISEASE IS.

00:44:36.709 --> 00:44:39.958
AND THAT GIVEN THAT,
THAT IT\'S NOT NECESSARY

00:44:39.959 --> 00:44:43.999
FOR CURING DISEASE, THEN
WE SHOULD STOP IT NOW.

00:45:36.792 --> 00:45:38.124
[ PAULA BRADISH ]:
ONE OF THE REASONS

00:45:38.125 --> 00:45:40.041
WHY THERE HAS BEEN
SUCH A BROAD DEBATE

00:45:40.042 --> 00:45:44.082
IN GERMANY WITHIN THE LAST FIVE
OR SIX YEARS CERTAINLY HAS TO DO

00:45:44.083 --> 00:45:50.166
WITH THE FACT THAT THERE WAS
THIS AWFUL HISTORY OF USING

00:45:50.167 --> 00:45:54.374
SCIENCE AND USING SOCIAL POLICY
AND GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

00:45:54.375 --> 00:45:59.249
TO REALIZE EUGENIC IDEALS, OR
AT LEAST TO TRY AND REALIZE IT.

00:45:59.250 --> 00:46:01.998
AND I THINK THE OTHER REASON
BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT

00:46:01.999 --> 00:46:04.999
OF THIS BROAD DEBATE
IN GERMANY IS VERY SIMPLY

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:08.666
THE WORK SPECIFICALLY OF
WOMEN\'S GROUPS AND OF FEMINISTS,

00:46:08.667 --> 00:46:11.208
FOR EXAMPLE, THE FACT
THAT FEMINISTS WORKING

00:46:11.209 --> 00:46:13.666
IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES IN
GERMANY HAVE BEEN MEETING

00:46:13.667 --> 00:46:16.999
SINCE 1977 ONCE A YEAR
AND TOOK UP A DISCUSSION

00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:20.998
ABOUT GENETIC ENGINEERING
AND REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

00:46:20.999 --> 00:46:24.998
ABOUT 12 YEARS AND
FROM THERE SPREAD OUT

00:46:24.999 --> 00:46:26.500
INTO THE REST OF
THE WOMEN\'S MOVEMENTS

00:46:26.501 --> 00:46:29.249
INTO OTHER WOMEN\'S GROUPS
IN THE CHURCHES, IN THE UNIONS

00:46:29.250 --> 00:46:33.583
AND ELSEWHERE AND
CONTRIBUTED VERY GREATLY

00:46:33.584 --> 00:46:34.998
TO EDUCATING THE PUBLIC

00:46:34.999 --> 00:46:38.626
AND MAKING PEOPLE THINK
ABOUT THESE ISSUES.

00:46:39.542 --> 00:46:41.583
WHEN I WENT TO GERMANY
A FEW YEARS AGO,

00:46:41.584 --> 00:46:44.082
I MET WITH AN ORGANIZATION
CALLED THE CRIPPLE GROUP.

00:46:44.083 --> 00:46:49.208
UH, WHAT I LEARNED FROM MEETING
WITH THEM IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH

00:46:49.209 --> 00:46:54.458
WE IN THIS COUNTRY DENY THAT
EUGENICS OPERATE IN OUR LIVES,

00:46:54.459 --> 00:46:58.917
IN THE REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES, IN THE STRUGGLE

00:46:58.918 --> 00:47:01.124
IN THE DISABILITY
RIGHTS MOVEMENT

00:47:01.125 --> 00:47:03.625
TO GET, UM, OUR VOICES HEARD.

00:47:03.626 --> 00:47:07.458
UM, THEY SHOWED A FILM

00:47:07.459 --> 00:47:11.917
ON THE HISTORY OF THEIR OWN...
THE LAST 10 YEARS OF THEIR,

00:47:11.918 --> 00:47:15.166
UM, MOVEMENT AS
A DISABLED COMMUNITY.

00:47:15.167 --> 00:47:18.791
AND IN THAT FILM,
THERE WERE SEGMENTS OF

00:47:18.792 --> 00:47:20.374
NEWSREELS FROM NAZI GERMANY

00:47:20.375 --> 00:47:22.998
WHERE PICTURES OF
DISABLED PEOPLE

00:47:22.999 --> 00:47:24.333
WERE PORTRAYED,

00:47:24.334 --> 00:47:25.917
AND THE VOICE-OVER SAID

00:47:25.918 --> 00:47:27.124
THESE ARE WORTHLESS LIVES.

00:47:27.125 --> 00:47:30.998
THESE SO-CALLED
HUMANS ARE DRAINING

00:47:30.999 --> 00:47:33.998
THE RESOURCES FROM
HEALTHY YOUNG CHILDREN.

00:47:33.999 --> 00:47:37.999
AND THEN THEY WOULD CUT AWAY
TO SOME BLOND CHILDREN PLAYING.

00:47:49.626 --> 00:47:52.958
AND IT WAS
HORRIFYING TO SEE THAT,

00:47:52.959 --> 00:47:55.998
BUT ALSO WHAT IT REMINDED
ME OF WAS THE MEDICAL SCHOOL

00:47:55.999 --> 00:47:57.998
PHOTOGRAPHS THAT I\'VE
SEEN OVER AND OVER AGAIN

00:47:57.999 --> 00:48:04.998
OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES, UM,
OFTEN SHOWN WITH NO CLOTHES ON

00:48:04.999 --> 00:48:07.333
IN A HOSPITAL SETTING,
LOOKING HUMILIATED.

00:48:07.334 --> 00:48:11.833
AND THESE PHOTOGRAPHS
ARE SHOWN TO MEDICAL STUDENTS

00:48:11.834 --> 00:48:15.541
AS IF THAT\'S WHAT
THE QUALITY OF THEIR LIFE IS.

00:48:15.542 --> 00:48:17.833
THAT THEY ARE
NAKED IN THE HOSPITAL.

00:48:17.834 --> 00:48:19.124
THEY HAVE NO LIVES.

00:48:19.125 --> 00:48:20.333
THEY HAVE NO CLOTHES ON.

00:48:20.334 --> 00:48:22.833
THE PHOTOGRAPHS ARE
IN BLACK AND WHITE.

00:48:22.834 --> 00:48:23.998
THEY HAVE NO COLOUR.

00:48:23.999 --> 00:48:25.958
THEY HAVE NOTHING
IN THEIR LIVES.

00:48:25.959 --> 00:48:28.541
AND THAT\'S WHAT MEDICAL
STUDENTS LEARN ABOUT

00:48:28.542 --> 00:48:30.998
THE QUALITY OF LIFE
FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES.

00:48:30.999 --> 00:48:37.041
WITH THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES
AND THE NEW FOCUS ON GENETICS,

00:48:37.042 --> 00:48:40.291
UM, EUGENICS IS CREEPING BACK IN

00:48:40.292 --> 00:48:45.541
WITHOUT USING THE OLD-FASHIONED
EUGENIC LANGUAGE,

00:48:45.542 --> 00:48:52.998
BY TALKING ABOUT MANIPULATING
GENES, MANIPULATING EMBRYOS,

00:48:52.999 --> 00:48:58.500
OR PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS,
ALL OF WHICH REALLY IS BASED ON

00:48:58.501 --> 00:49:01.750
THE ASSUMPTION THAT
WE HAVE A SOCIAL MECHANISM

00:49:01.751 --> 00:49:09.416
FOR DECIDING WHO SHOULD
AND WHO SHOULD NOT BE ALIVE,

00:49:09.417 --> 00:49:12.166
BE WITH US IN THIS WORLD.

00:49:12.167 --> 00:49:16.083
AND WE DON\'T HAVE SOCIAL
MECHANISMS FOR THAT.

00:49:17.959 --> 00:49:21.333
[ RADIO HOST ]: IS IT FAIR
TO BRING A CHILD INTO THE WORLD

00:49:21.334 --> 00:49:25.041
THAT YOU\'RE PRETTY SURE
HAS A VERY GOOD CHANCE

00:49:25.042 --> 00:49:28.166
OF HAVING A DISFIGURING DISEASE?

00:49:28.167 --> 00:49:29.708
IS IT FAIR TO THAT CHILD?

00:49:29.709 --> 00:49:31.249
I WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU TONIGHT.

00:49:31.250 --> 00:49:32.917
[ CALLER ]: YES,
I KNOW THIS WAS

00:49:32.918 --> 00:49:34.500
PROPOSED, BUT I
DON\'T KNOW IF

00:49:34.501 --> 00:49:35.917
IF IT BECAME
ENACTED.

00:49:35.918 --> 00:49:37.541
THERE WAS SUPPOSED
TO BE A LAW

00:49:37.542 --> 00:49:39.249
THAT IF A CHILD
WAS BORN DEFORMED,

00:49:39.250 --> 00:49:41.082
THEY CAN SUE THE
PARENTS FOR NOT,

00:49:41.083 --> 00:49:43.458
FOR NOT, UH,
ABORTING THEM.

00:49:43.459 --> 00:49:44.750
OH, REALLY?

00:49:44.751 --> 00:49:45.709
WE\'LL GO BACK TO THE PHONES.

00:49:45.710 --> 00:49:48.998
WE\'LL GO TO PENNY WHO\'S A
FIRST-TIME CALLER FROM UPLAND.

00:49:48.999 --> 00:49:50.917
PENNY, YOU\'RE ON KFI.

00:49:50.918 --> 00:49:51.998
HI.

00:49:51.999 --> 00:49:53.166
WELL, IF WE
EVENTUALLY

00:49:53.167 --> 00:49:55.998
SELECTIVELY BREED,
BREED ALL OF THESE

00:49:55.999 --> 00:50:01.875
ANOMALIES OUT,
WHERE\'S OUR CARING,

00:50:01.876 --> 00:50:04.833
OUR LOVE
FOR THINGS

00:50:04.834 --> 00:50:06.166
THAT AREN\'T
PERFECT?

00:50:06.167 --> 00:50:07.125
WELL, I THINK WE ALL HAVE

00:50:07.126 --> 00:50:10.541
ENOUGH IMPERFECTIONS THAT WE
DON\'T NEED TO PERPETUATE...

00:50:10.542 --> 00:50:12.833
BUT WE DON\'T WANT
TO LOOK AT THEM.

00:50:12.834 --> 00:50:13.998
WELL, BUT WE HAVE THEM.

00:50:13.999 --> 00:50:15.998
BUT THAT\'S WHY WE
DON\'T WANT THEM.

00:50:15.999 --> 00:50:17.791
IT\'S BECAUSE
THEY\'RE THERE

00:50:17.792 --> 00:50:18.999
AND THEY\'RE
LOOKED AT.

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:20.998
SO WE TRY AND
BREED THEM OUT.

00:50:20.999 --> 00:50:23.999
SO WHAT DO YOU
THINK, LOS ANGELES?

00:50:36.999 --> 00:50:39.166
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00:50:39.167 --> 00:50:44.083
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