A lively look at the latest developments in the scientific study of laughter.
The Hidden Face of Fear
- Description
- Reviews
- Citation
- Cataloging
- Transcript
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Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, New York has become the center of an epidemic of fear and anxiety that has spread throughout the Western world. Just as these emotions can spread contagiously throughout a society, they likewise spread within and can gain control of our minds.
THE HIDDEN FACE OF FEAR analyzes how our brains, on both a conscious and unconscious level, mentally process and physiologically respond to fear and anxiety, especially through a region of the brain called the amygdala, describes the social mechanisms of learning fear, coping strategies for dealing with fear, and explains how disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be treated.
The film features interviews with some of the world's leading experts on fear and memory, including neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux, Nobel Prize-winning neurobiologist Eric R. Kandel, neuropsychiatrist David Silbersweig, and other psychologists and neuroscientists at New York University's Center for the Neuroscience of Fear and Anxiety.
Through profiles of several New Yorkers being treated for PTSD and panic disorder, THE HIDDEN FACE OF FEAR reveals the traumatic impact of 9/ll and how the brain's fear circuitry might be modified through the combined efforts of psychologists and neuroscientists.
*** 'A fascinating glimpse into a challenging aspect of neuroscience studies. Recommended.' -P. Hall, Video Librarian
Citation
Main credits
Arvat, Massimo (film producer)
Lalou, Serge (film producer)
Cerasuolo, Enrico (film director)
Fergnachino, Sergio (film director)
Forester, Jodi (narrator)
Other credits
Music, Gregorio Caporale; director of photography, Ned Burgess; editing, Marco Duretti.
Distributor subjects
Biology; Closed Captioned; Health Issues; Medicine; Neuroscience and Neurology; Psychology; ScienceKeywords
WEBVTT
00:00:10.733 --> 00:00:13.733
[atmospheric music]
00:00:33.000 --> 00:00:34.666
(Zedeno)
SHORTLY AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH,
00:00:34.667 --> 00:00:36.632
EVERYONE THAT I SPOKE TO
WOULD SAY,
00:00:36.633 --> 00:00:39.232
\"YOU ARE BLESSED.
00:00:39.233 --> 00:00:42.499
\"GOD HAS A PURPOSE FOR YOU.
00:00:42.500 --> 00:00:43.866
\"WOW.
00:00:43.867 --> 00:00:47.199
IT\'S SO GREAT
THAT YOU SURVIVED.\"
00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:49.532
AND FOR A VERY LONG TIME,
00:00:49.533 --> 00:00:52.566
EVERY TIME SOMEONE SAID
ONE OF THOSE WORDS TO ME,
00:00:52.567 --> 00:00:54.699
I WOULD SAY TO MYSELF,
00:00:54.700 --> 00:00:56.599
\"I DON\'T THINK SO.
00:00:56.600 --> 00:01:00.532
\"THIS IS A TREMENDOUS BURDEN
THAT I\'M CARRYING WITH ME,
00:01:00.533 --> 00:01:02.366
\"THE BURDEN OF MEMORY,
00:01:02.367 --> 00:01:06.566
AND THERE\'S NOTHING BLESSED
ABOUT IT.\"
00:01:06.567 --> 00:01:12.066
(Burke) MOST OF MY FRIENDS WERE KILLED
ON SEPTEMBER 11TH.
00:01:12.067 --> 00:01:14.466
MY BROTHER,
WHO WAS MY BEST FRIEND,
00:01:14.467 --> 00:01:16.499
WAS KILLED.
00:01:16.500 --> 00:01:21.832
IT\'S MARCH OF 2008.
00:01:21.833 --> 00:01:27.632
I STILL STRUGGLE EVERY NIGHT
WITH THAT MOMENT IN TIME.
00:01:27.633 --> 00:01:30.132
(Lopez)
I JUST SAT DOWN,
00:01:30.133 --> 00:01:32.599
AND THEN SOMEBODY CAME RUNNING
INTO MY OFFICE,
00:01:32.600 --> 00:01:33.899
AND THEY SAID,
\"OH, MY GOD.
00:01:33.900 --> 00:01:36.332
DID YOU HEAR THAT A PLANE HIT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER?\"
00:01:36.333 --> 00:01:38.866
AND I WAS LIKE,
\"NO, I JUST GOT HERE.\"
00:01:38.867 --> 00:01:41.499
\"IT JUST HIT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER,
00:01:41.500 --> 00:01:43.066
A PLANE, A WHOLE PLANE.\"
00:01:43.067 --> 00:01:44.399
AND I WAS LIKE,
\"WOW.\"
00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:45.766
I MEAN I COULDN\'T BELIEVE IT.
00:01:45.767 --> 00:01:50.867
TO ME, IT SEEMED JUST LIKE
SOMETHING, YOU KNOW, ON TV.
00:01:59.433 --> 00:02:02.699
(LeDoux) EVERY ANIMAL IS BORN
WITH THE CAPACITY TO BE AFRAID,
00:02:02.700 --> 00:02:05.732
SO WE DON\'T HAVE TO LEARN
HOW TO BE AFRAID.
00:02:05.733 --> 00:02:09.666
WHAT WE LEARN IS WHAT
TO BE AFRAID OF IN OUR LIVES.
00:02:09.667 --> 00:02:12.766
FEAR SPREADS VERY EASILY
BETWEEN PEOPLE.
00:02:12.767 --> 00:02:14.399
IT\'S CONTAGIOUS.
00:02:14.400 --> 00:02:18.366
IT SPREADS TO THE PEOPLE
AROUND YOU DIRECTLY,
00:02:18.367 --> 00:02:21.666
TO THE PEOPLE WHO HEAR ABOUT IT,
AND ON AND ON.
00:02:21.667 --> 00:02:25.766
IT STARTS FROM ONE THOUGHT
THAT THEN SPREADS CONTAGIOUSLY.
00:02:25.767 --> 00:02:28.366
JUST AS FEAR CAN SPREAD
WITHIN A SOCIETY,
00:02:28.367 --> 00:02:31.766
SO CAN ANXIETY SPREAD
WITHIN THE SOCIETY OF YOUR MIND.
00:02:31.767 --> 00:02:33.866
[man on TV] LET ME JUST INTERRUPT YOU
FOR A MINUTE,
00:02:33.867 --> 00:02:35.532
BECAUSE WE HAVE
A NEW PIECE OF FOOTAGE
00:02:35.533 --> 00:02:38.866
THAT HAS COME IN THAT GIVES US
ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE...
00:02:38.867 --> 00:02:41.566
YET ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE
OF THE TRAGEDY,
00:02:41.567 --> 00:02:43.699
AS IT WAS LITERALLY UNFOLDING
THIS DAY,
00:02:43.700 --> 00:02:46.532
SHOWING THAT SECOND PLANE
FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE
00:02:46.533 --> 00:02:48.166
AS IT SLAMMED INTO THE...
00:02:48.167 --> 00:02:51.099
[jet engine roaring]
00:02:51.100 --> 00:02:54.100
[people screaming]
00:02:58.600 --> 00:03:00.699
(female narrator)
FEAR IS A POWERFUL MEANS
00:03:00.700 --> 00:03:02.899
OF GAINING CONTROL
OF PEOPLE\'S MINDS.
00:03:02.900 --> 00:03:07.000
IT\'S VERY EASY TO LEARN
BUT HARD TO FORGET.
00:03:08.500 --> 00:03:09.899
JOSEPH LEDOUX,
00:03:09.900 --> 00:03:12.032
WHO HAS MADE SOME OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
00:03:12.033 --> 00:03:14.366
ABOUT THE FEAR CIRCUITRY
IN THE BRAIN,
00:03:14.367 --> 00:03:17.332
WORKS A FEW MILES
FROM GROUND ZERO.
00:03:17.333 --> 00:03:19.432
EVEN THOUGH FEAR IS AN EMOTION,
00:03:19.433 --> 00:03:23.433
IT CAN ALSO BE STUDIED
AND UNDERSTOOD.
00:03:34.800 --> 00:03:37.466
LEDOUX LEADS A NETWORK
OF SCIENTISTS NAMED
00:03:37.467 --> 00:03:40.466
THE CENTER FOR THE NEUROSCIENCE
OF FEAR AND ANXIETY
00:03:40.467 --> 00:03:43.899
THAT COLLABORATES TO FIND
NEW WAYS TO STUDY, TREAT,
00:03:43.900 --> 00:03:46.566
OR EVEN PREVENT
FEAR AND ANXIETY DISORDERS.
00:03:46.567 --> 00:03:51.100
WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES
OF 9/11 ON THEIR STUDIES?
00:03:53.700 --> 00:03:56.499
(Cloitre) BEFORE 9/11, I\'VE BEEN WORKING
IN THE FIELD OF
00:03:56.500 --> 00:03:59.299
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
FOR 15 YEARS,
00:03:59.300 --> 00:04:01.099
AND I WATCHED IT
ON TELEVISION,
00:04:01.100 --> 00:04:02.866
LIKE MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK.
00:04:02.867 --> 00:04:06.166
ONE OF THE STRONGEST
CONTRIBUTIONS OF 9/11
00:04:06.167 --> 00:04:08.499
TO THE STUDY OF
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
00:04:08.500 --> 00:04:11.066
IS AROUND THE RECOGNITION
00:04:11.067 --> 00:04:13.932
THAT ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE
A PARTICIPANT TO
00:04:13.933 --> 00:04:16.932
OR DIRECT WITNESS
OF TRAUMATIC EVENTS
00:04:16.933 --> 00:04:20.999
OR THREATENING EVENTS
TO DEVELOP THE DISORDER.
00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:23.532
WE HAVE THE ABILITY
OF OUR HIGHER BRAIN
00:04:23.533 --> 00:04:25.732
TO CONTEXTUALIZE
WHAT WE\'RE SEEING,
00:04:25.733 --> 00:04:28.332
THAT IT\'S COMING FROM A TV
OR A MAGAZINE.
00:04:28.333 --> 00:04:31.632
BUT STILL, THOSE ARE
LATER PARTS OF THE BRAIN,
00:04:31.633 --> 00:04:33.032
AND IT TAKES WORK.
00:04:33.033 --> 00:04:34.832
IT TAKES WORK TO REMEMBER THAT,
00:04:34.833 --> 00:04:37.399
TO, YOU KNOW,
CREATE AN INTERPRETATION
00:04:37.400 --> 00:04:39.099
WHICH IS THAT
THIS IS ONLY AN IMAGE.
00:04:39.100 --> 00:04:43.766
WE WORKED WITH PROBABLY
OVER 6,000 SCHOOLCHILDREN.
00:04:43.767 --> 00:04:45.899
THESE WERE PICTURES
THAT CHILDREN DREW.
00:04:45.900 --> 00:04:48.666
WHAT\'S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE IMAGES
00:04:48.667 --> 00:04:51.466
THAT ARE REPEATEDLY SHOWN
ON THE COVER OF TIME MAGAZINE,
00:04:51.467 --> 00:04:56.032
AND THE IMAGES THAT ARE SHOWN
OF CHILDREN\'S ARTWORK?
00:04:56.033 --> 00:04:57.199
THERE\'S THE DIFFERENCE
00:04:57.200 --> 00:04:59.866
OF CONTEXTUALIZATION
AND MEANING-MAKING,
00:04:59.867 --> 00:05:02.299
THAT IN THE CASE
OF THE CHILDREN\'S WORK,
00:05:02.300 --> 00:05:06.099
WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING IS
A CHILD MAKING SENSE.
00:05:06.100 --> 00:05:07.666
I THINK WE UNDERSTAND
THAT IMMEDIATELY
00:05:07.667 --> 00:05:09.499
WHEN WE LOOK AT THE WORK
OF CHILDREN,
00:05:09.500 --> 00:05:11.900
THAT IT\'S THERAPEUTIC
FOR US TOO.
00:05:18.967 --> 00:05:23.566
(Phelps) WE TOOK THIS OPPORTUNITY
OF THIS TRAGEDY IN NEW YORK CITY
00:05:23.567 --> 00:05:26.066
TO STUDY MEMORY
FOR EMOTIONAL EVENTS
00:05:26.067 --> 00:05:28.166
IN A VERY LARGE SCALE.
00:05:28.167 --> 00:05:29.499
WE PUT TOGETHER A SURVEY
00:05:29.500 --> 00:05:32.132
THAT WE GAVE TO EVERYBODY
WITHIN A WEEK OF 9/11.
00:05:32.133 --> 00:05:34.432
PEOPLE IN GENERAL
WERE MORE AROUSED.
00:05:34.433 --> 00:05:36.199
THEY RATED THEIR MEMORIES
AS MORE VIVID.
00:05:36.200 --> 00:05:37.866
THEY SAID THEY HAD
A SENSE OF RE-LIVING
00:05:37.867 --> 00:05:39.632
WHEN THEY CAME UP
WITH THOSE MEMORIES.
00:05:39.633 --> 00:05:42.332
THEY SAID THEY RECOLLECTED
THE DETAILS OF THESE MEMORIES,
00:05:42.333 --> 00:05:44.466
THEY WERE HIGHLY CONFIDENT
ABOUT THESE MEMORIES,
00:05:44.467 --> 00:05:45.932
AND THEY WERE MORE NEGATIVE.
00:05:45.933 --> 00:05:49.099
WHAT WE ALSO FOUND WAS,
SOME SUBJECTS DIDN\'T DO THIS.
00:05:49.100 --> 00:05:50.899
AND THEN WE SAID,
\"WELL WHAT\'S THE DIFFERENCE
00:05:50.900 --> 00:05:52.132
BETWEEN THESE PEOPLE?\"
00:05:52.133 --> 00:05:54.266
AND THE MAIN FACTOR
THAT PREDICTED THIS
00:05:54.267 --> 00:05:57.232
IS HOW CLOSE THEY WERE
TO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER.
00:05:57.233 --> 00:06:00.232
SO THE PEOPLE THAT WERE REALLY
CLOSE TO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
00:06:00.233 --> 00:06:01.799
HAD THIS ENHANCED SENSE
OF MEMORY,
00:06:01.800 --> 00:06:04.232
WHEREAS PEOPLE
THAT WERE SORT OF IN MIDTOWN
00:06:04.233 --> 00:06:06.299
OR FARTHER UP NORTH
IN MANHATTAN,
00:06:06.300 --> 00:06:09.266
AREAS WHERE YOU WOULDN\'T
ACTUALLY SEE AND SMELL
00:06:09.267 --> 00:06:11.532
AND HEAR THE SITUATION
OR FEEL THREATENED,
00:06:11.533 --> 00:06:14.966
DIDN\'T HAVE THIS ENHANCED SENSE
OF MEMORY.
00:06:14.967 --> 00:06:16.299
AND THEN WE SAID,
00:06:16.300 --> 00:06:18.366
\"WELL, WHAT\'S HAPPENING
IN THE BRAIN TO THESE PEOPLE
00:06:18.367 --> 00:06:23.532
THAT SHOW US THIS VERY VIVID
MEMORIES FROM 9/11?\"
00:06:23.533 --> 00:06:25.866
(narrator) THE TIDAL WAVE OF FEAR
FIRST HIT THOSE
00:06:25.867 --> 00:06:27.566
WHO WERE AT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
00:06:27.567 --> 00:06:29.032
ON SEPTEMBER 11TH.
00:06:29.033 --> 00:06:31.300
ELIA WAS ONE OF THEM.
00:06:36.467 --> 00:06:38.166
(Zedeno) I DON\'T KNOW IF
I MENTIONED TO YOU
00:06:38.167 --> 00:06:42.999
THAT I BEGAN WORKING AT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER IN 1980.
00:06:43.000 --> 00:06:47.166
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
SAW TERRORISM FIRST
00:06:47.167 --> 00:06:50.166
ON FEBRUARY 26, 1993.
00:06:50.167 --> 00:06:52.499
SOME OF US
WERE INSIDE ELEVATORS.
00:06:52.500 --> 00:06:55.166
THAT\'S WHERE I WAS.
00:06:55.167 --> 00:06:56.299
I HAD MY ORDEAL
00:06:56.300 --> 00:07:01.032
ON FEBRUARY 26, 1993,
00:07:01.033 --> 00:07:03.166
AND I WAS ACTUALLY ONE
OF THE FIRST PEOPLE
00:07:03.167 --> 00:07:07.399
WHO MARCHED RIGHT BACK
INTO THE NORTH TOWER
00:07:07.400 --> 00:07:10.732
ONCE IT GOT CLEANED UP
AND EVERYTHING WAS OKAY.
00:07:10.733 --> 00:07:13.399
I REMEMBER THAT I EXPRESSED
TO A FRIEND OF MINE
00:07:13.400 --> 00:07:17.266
HOW WORRIED I WAS
THAT SOMETHING LIKE THIS
00:07:17.267 --> 00:07:20.366
WAS GOING TO HAPPEN AGAIN.
00:07:20.367 --> 00:07:24.666
AND HE SAID,
\"LIGHTING NEVER HITS TWICE.\"
00:07:24.667 --> 00:07:28.832
AND I SAID, \"YEAH.\"
00:07:28.833 --> 00:07:31.432
IT\'S ALL I WANTED TO HEAR.
00:07:31.433 --> 00:07:33.432
I NEEDED TO HEAR THAT
00:07:33.433 --> 00:07:34.999
SO THAT I COULD GO ON
WITH MY LIFE,
00:07:35.000 --> 00:07:36.032
BECAUSE AT THE TIME,
00:07:36.033 --> 00:07:38.899
I THOUGHT GOING ON
WITH MY LIFE
00:07:38.900 --> 00:07:42.632
MEANS FORGET ABOUT IT.
00:07:42.633 --> 00:07:46.666
JUST FORGET ABOUT IT.
00:07:46.667 --> 00:07:52.066
SO THAT ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001,
I WAS SITTING AT MY DESK
00:07:52.067 --> 00:07:56.432
ON THE 73RD FLOOR
OF THE NORTH TOWER,
00:07:56.433 --> 00:08:02.032
WHEN I HEAR AND FEEL
A TREMENDOUS IMPACT.
00:08:02.033 --> 00:08:05.632
THE BUILDING SHOOK.
00:08:05.633 --> 00:08:07.032
AND I REMEMBER
00:08:07.033 --> 00:08:09.466
THAT I SCREAMED OUT LOUD,
\"WHAT\'S HAPPENING?\"
00:08:09.467 --> 00:08:12.132
AND THAT MAN WHO SAID
LIGHTING NEVER HITS TWICE,
00:08:12.133 --> 00:08:15.099
HE YELLED BACK, SAYING,
\"GET OUT OF THE BUILDING!
00:08:15.100 --> 00:08:18.432
GET OUT OF THE BUILDING NOW!\"
00:08:18.433 --> 00:08:21.666
(Silbersweig) ELIA IS A VERY STRONG
AND SMART PERSON
00:08:21.667 --> 00:08:25.132
WHOSE LIFE WAS DRAMATICALLY
AFFECTED BY 9/11.
00:08:25.133 --> 00:08:29.132
SHE WAS EVEN IN THE FIRST
WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING
00:08:29.133 --> 00:08:30.599
IN THE 1990s,
00:08:30.600 --> 00:08:33.299
AND SO IN HER,
ONE IS ABLE TO SEE
00:08:33.300 --> 00:08:38.766
THE EFFECT TWICE, REALLY,
AND IN THE SAME PLACE,
00:08:38.767 --> 00:08:42.433
WITH ALL OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS.
00:08:43.967 --> 00:08:46.999
ANY GIVEN PERSON MAY COME
TO ANY EXPERIENCE
00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:48.966
WITH A CERTAIN
BIOLOGICAL LOADING,
00:08:48.967 --> 00:08:50.832
A CERTAIN SET
OF PAST EXPERIENCES
00:08:50.833 --> 00:08:53.166
THAT HAVE IMPACTED
UPON THEIR BRAIN AND THEIR MIND
00:08:53.167 --> 00:08:54.966
AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGY.
00:08:54.967 --> 00:08:56.932
PEOPLE WHO HAVE HAD
PREVIOUS DIFFICULTIES
00:08:56.933 --> 00:08:57.999
WITH FEAR AND ANXIETY
00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:00.166
CAN BE MORE VULNERABLE
00:09:00.167 --> 00:09:02.632
AND CAN HAVE AN EXACERBATION
UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES,
00:09:02.633 --> 00:09:05.232
AND THAT IF THE TRAUMA
IS GREAT ENOUGH
00:09:05.233 --> 00:09:07.199
AND A PERSON\'S EXPOSURE
IS GREAT ENOUGH,
00:09:07.200 --> 00:09:10.866
THEN THEY MAY DEVELOP
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
00:09:10.867 --> 00:09:15.367
OR A MORE TRANSIENT SYNDROME
THAT THEN HOPEFULLY GOES AWAY.
00:09:20.300 --> 00:09:25.499
(narrator) WHAT IS THE AFTERMATH OF 9/11
ON VULNERABLE MINDS?
00:09:25.500 --> 00:09:27.132
CHRIS LOST HIS BROTHER, TOM,
00:09:27.133 --> 00:09:30.199
AND HUNDREDS
OF EX-CO-WORKERS THAT DAY,
00:09:30.200 --> 00:09:31.632
AND SOON HE WOULD DISCOVER
00:09:31.633 --> 00:09:37.432
THAT HIS MIND COULD NOT FACE
THE RAW TRUTH OF THAT LOSS.
00:09:37.433 --> 00:09:39.666
(Burke) I COULDN\'T DO ANYTHING
FOR MY BROTHER.
00:09:39.667 --> 00:09:42.766
I COULDN\'T DO ANYTHING
FOR MY FRIENDS.
00:09:42.767 --> 00:09:45.732
BUT I COULDN\'T JUST STAND THERE.
00:09:45.733 --> 00:09:49.232
SO WHO NEEDED HELP?
00:09:49.233 --> 00:09:50.832
ALL THESE WIVES,
00:09:50.833 --> 00:09:53.499
THESE WIVES
OF ALL THESE FRIENDS I KNEW,
00:09:53.500 --> 00:09:57.366
ALL THESE KIDS OF MY FRIENDS,
MY FRIENDS\' KIDS,
00:09:57.367 --> 00:09:59.499
THIS IS WHERE I TURNED.
00:09:59.500 --> 00:10:03.332
AND I MADE PHONE CALLS;
I SAID, \"LOOK, I\'M HERE.\"
00:10:03.333 --> 00:10:07.266
SO AT MY BROTHER\'S
MEMORIAL SERVICE,
00:10:07.267 --> 00:10:10.499
I ANNOUNCED THE FOUNDING
OF TUESDAY\'S CHILDREN,
00:10:10.500 --> 00:10:13.999
TO COME TO THE AID OF THESE
FAMILIES AND TO THESE CHILDREN,
00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:15.366
TO STAND WITH THEM
00:10:15.367 --> 00:10:20.099
AND TO HELP THEM FIND
POSITIVES IN THEIR OWN LIVES,
00:10:20.100 --> 00:10:22.566
MOVING FORWARD.
00:10:22.567 --> 00:10:24.832
IN THE BUILDING
OF TUESDAY\'S CHILDREN,
00:10:24.833 --> 00:10:28.432
I DEALT WITH A LOT
OF MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS,
00:10:28.433 --> 00:10:33.432
EXPERTS IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS,
IN ANXIETY.
00:10:33.433 --> 00:10:36.866
AND IT DIDN\'T TAKE THEM LONG,
I THINK,
00:10:36.867 --> 00:10:42.332
IN SITTING WITH ME
IN REALIZING THAT, YOU KNOW,
00:10:42.333 --> 00:10:44.899
THE GUY TRYING
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM
00:10:44.900 --> 00:10:47.033
HAS A BIGGER PROBLEM
THAN ANYBODY.
00:10:49.833 --> 00:10:51.099
(LeDoux)
OKAY, ARLENE\'S,
00:10:51.100 --> 00:10:52.932
YOU READY FOR MUSIC
OF MIND AND BRAIN
00:10:52.933 --> 00:10:54.699
AND MENTAL DISORDER?
00:10:54.700 --> 00:10:57.999
[exotic rock music]
00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:00.132
WHY?
00:11:00.133 --> 00:11:02.099
WHY?
00:11:02.100 --> 00:11:05.299
WHY DO WE FEEL SO AFRAID?
00:11:05.300 --> 00:11:08.066
WHY?
00:11:08.067 --> 00:11:10.066
WHY?
00:11:10.067 --> 00:11:13.966
WHY DO WE FEEL SO AFRAID?
00:11:13.967 --> 00:11:17.866
DON\'T HAVE TO LOOK VERY FAR
00:11:17.867 --> 00:11:21.632
DON\'T GET STUCK IN A RUT
00:11:21.633 --> 00:11:25.366
DON\'T GO LOOKING TOO HARD
00:11:25.367 --> 00:11:28.667
IT\'S ALL IN A NUT
00:11:32.233 --> 00:11:35.133
IN YOUR BRAIN
00:11:37.233 --> 00:11:40.499
(narrator) WHERE DOES FEAR COME FROM,
BIOLOGICALLY?
00:11:40.500 --> 00:11:41.899
THERE\'S A NUT-SHAPED STRUCTURE
00:11:41.900 --> 00:11:43.666
IN THE DEEPEST PART
OF OUR BRAINS
00:11:43.667 --> 00:11:47.099
THAT RULES OUR EMOTIONAL
REACTION TO A REAL THREAT.
00:11:47.100 --> 00:11:48.999
IT IS CALLED THE AMYGDALA,
00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:51.299
AND LEDOUX HAS SHOWN
THAT IN HUMANS
00:11:51.300 --> 00:11:53.799
AS WELL AS IN ALL
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS,
00:11:53.800 --> 00:11:56.132
THE AMYGDALA IS
THE DEFENSIVE MECHANISM
00:11:56.133 --> 00:11:59.599
THAT MAKES US REACT
BEFORE THINKING.
00:11:59.600 --> 00:12:01.566
THE AMYGDALA DOES NOT FEEL FEAR.
00:12:01.567 --> 00:12:03.232
IT HAS NO FEELING.
00:12:03.233 --> 00:12:06.566
THE AMYGDALA IS A MACHINE
FOR DETECTING DANGER
00:12:06.567 --> 00:12:08.532
AND RESPONDING TO DANGER
00:12:08.533 --> 00:12:10.899
THAT GOES BACK
TO OUR EARLIEST LINEAGE
00:12:10.900 --> 00:12:12.532
AS A VERTEBRATE ORGANISM.
00:12:12.533 --> 00:12:16.066
THERE ARE TWO PATHWAYS
FOR TURNING ON THE AMYGDALA.
00:12:16.067 --> 00:12:18.332
ONE IS GOING
THROUGH THE NEOCORTEX,
00:12:18.333 --> 00:12:20.832
WHERE WE PERCEIVE
THE EXTERNAL STIMULUS,
00:12:20.833 --> 00:12:24.299
AND THAT INFORMATION
IS ACTIVATING THE AMYGDALA
00:12:24.300 --> 00:12:27.399
ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPLETE
PROCESSING OF THE STIMULUS.
00:12:27.400 --> 00:12:29.766
BUT THAT TAKES A LOT OF TIME.
00:12:29.767 --> 00:12:32.266
AND WHAT WE DISCOVERED
VERY EARLY IN OUR RESEARCH
00:12:32.267 --> 00:12:34.199
WAS THAT THERE WAS
A SECOND PATHWAY
00:12:34.200 --> 00:12:36.566
THAT COMES DIRECTLY
FROM THE THALAMUS.
00:12:36.567 --> 00:12:39.432
NOW, THE THALAMUS GOES
DIRECTLY TO THE AMYGDALA.
00:12:39.433 --> 00:12:42.099
YOU FREEZE; YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE
AND HEART RATE INCREASE;
00:12:42.100 --> 00:12:44.566
YOUR BREATHING RATE GOES UP;
STRESS HORMONES ARE RELEASED.
00:12:44.567 --> 00:12:46.932
ALL OF THAT OCCURS WITHIN
THE FIRST FEW MILLISECONDS
00:12:46.933 --> 00:12:49.899
OF THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE.
00:12:49.900 --> 00:12:54.099
THE DISCOVERY OF THE DUAL
PATHWAYS TO THE AMYGDALA
00:12:54.100 --> 00:12:59.566
WAS IMPORTANT IN THE 1980s,
WHEN WE MADE THIS OBSERVATION,
00:12:59.567 --> 00:13:01.366
BECAUSE IT WAS SORT OF
00:13:01.367 --> 00:13:04.599
THE FIRST
NEUROLOGICAL DEMONSTRATION
00:13:04.600 --> 00:13:07.166
OF AN UNCONSCIOUS
INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM
00:13:07.167 --> 00:13:08.832
IN THE BRAIN.
00:13:08.833 --> 00:13:11.332
(narrator)
LEDOUX\'S DISCOVERY
00:13:11.333 --> 00:13:13.699
OF THE DOUBLE FEAR CIRCUITRY
IN THE BRAIN
00:13:13.700 --> 00:13:16.399
WAS INSPIRED
BY THE REVOLUTIONARY METHODS
00:13:16.400 --> 00:13:20.166
OF ERIC KANDEL,
NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN 2000.
00:13:20.167 --> 00:13:22.199
AFTER THE 1950s,
00:13:22.200 --> 00:13:24.699
THE GOLDEN AGE
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS,
00:13:24.700 --> 00:13:26.732
KANDEL DECIDED
TO STUDY THE BRAIN
00:13:26.733 --> 00:13:30.199
USING A BIOLOGICAL APPROACH.
00:13:30.200 --> 00:13:32.232
(Kandel) AT HARVARD,
I BEGAN TO READ FREUD,
00:13:32.233 --> 00:13:36.232
AND I BECAME INTERESTED
IN THE UNCONSCIOUS, YOU KNOW.
00:13:36.233 --> 00:13:39.199
MY IDEA WAS THAT TO REALLY
UNDERSTAND HUMAN BEHAVIOR,
00:13:39.200 --> 00:13:40.799
TO UNDERSTAND ANXIETY STATES,
00:13:40.800 --> 00:13:43.732
ONE NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND
THE MIND.
00:13:43.733 --> 00:13:45.366
AND THEN IN MY SENIOR YEAR,
00:13:45.367 --> 00:13:46.966
I DECIDED
THAT EVEN A PSYCHOANALYST
00:13:46.967 --> 00:13:48.899
SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING
ABOUT THE BRAIN,
00:13:48.900 --> 00:13:52.499
SO I CAME HERE, TO COLUMBIA,
AND WORKED WITH HARRY GRUNDFEST.
00:13:52.500 --> 00:13:54.399
I THOUGHT I WANTED TO DO
SOMETHING IMPORTANT
00:13:54.400 --> 00:13:55.799
FOR PSYCHOANALYSIS,
SO I SAID,
00:13:55.800 --> 00:13:58.832
\"YOU KNOW, I\'D LIKE TO STUDY
WHERE THE ID, THE EGO,
00:13:58.833 --> 00:14:01.866
AND THE SUPEREGO ARE LOCATED.\"
00:14:01.867 --> 00:14:03.999
AND HE LOOKED AT ME
AS IF I WAS CRAZY,
00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.032
AND HE SAID,
\"LOOK, THIS IS RIDICULOUS.
00:14:06.033 --> 00:14:07.932
\"I MEAN WE HAVE NOT
THE FOGGIEST NOTION
00:14:07.933 --> 00:14:10.399
\"WHETHER OR NOT
THOSE STRUCTURES EXIST,
00:14:10.400 --> 00:14:12.699
AND IF THEY DO,
HOW TO STUDY THEM.\"
00:14:12.700 --> 00:14:14.832
THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE PROGRESS
IN THE BRAIN
00:14:14.833 --> 00:14:17.532
IS TO STUDY IT
ONE CELL AT A TIME.
00:14:17.533 --> 00:14:20.999
SO I LOOKED AROUND
FOR A SIMPLE ANIMAL,
00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:22.266
THAT COULD LEARN.
00:14:22.267 --> 00:14:24.299
RATHER THAN THE MOST COMPLEX
FORM OF LEARNING,
00:14:24.300 --> 00:14:26.666
I WOULD GO TO THE SIMPLEST FORM
OF LEARNING,
00:14:26.667 --> 00:14:28.299
IN THE SIMPLEST ANIMAL,
00:14:28.300 --> 00:14:30.166
WORK OUT THE BEHAVIOR,
00:14:30.167 --> 00:14:33.032
AND SEE HOW THE BEHAVIOR
IS MODIFIED BY LEARNING.
00:14:33.033 --> 00:14:38.132
AND I FOCUSED IN A MARINE SNAIL,
CALLED APLYSIA.
00:14:38.133 --> 00:14:40.899
AND THEN,
INFLUENCED BY JOE LEDOUX,
00:14:40.900 --> 00:14:44.632
I ALSO BEGAN TO STUDY
LEARNED FEAR IN THE MOUSE,
00:14:44.633 --> 00:14:48.332
LOOKING AT ANIMAL MODELS
OF MENTAL DISORDER.
00:14:48.333 --> 00:14:50.732
SO WE\'VE LOOKED AT LEARNED FEAR,
AND WE\'VE DEVELOPED
00:14:50.733 --> 00:14:53.732
A NUMBER OF ANIMAL MODELS
OF LEARNED FEAR.
00:14:53.733 --> 00:14:56.599
JOE LEDOUX HAD SHOWN
YOU CAN PRODUCE LEARNED FEAR
00:14:56.600 --> 00:14:58.866
IN THE MOUSE.
00:14:58.867 --> 00:15:00.466
WE WENT TO THE AMYGDALA.
00:15:00.467 --> 00:15:02.966
WE DISSECTED OUT SINGLE CELLS.
00:15:02.967 --> 00:15:06.732
WE IDENTIFIED GENES THAT ARE
ENRICHED IN THE AMYGDALA.
00:15:06.733 --> 00:15:10.266
AND WE SHOWED THAT SOME OF THOSE
SERVE AS INHIBITORY CONSTRAINTS.
00:15:10.267 --> 00:15:11.866
IF YOU REMOVE THEM,
00:15:11.867 --> 00:15:13.932
THE ANIMAL BECOMES
MUCH MORE FRIGHTENED
00:15:13.933 --> 00:15:16.933
THAN IT NORMALLY DOES.
00:15:22.167 --> 00:15:23.632
(Zedeno)
\"GET OUT OF THE BUILDING!
00:15:23.633 --> 00:15:26.632
GET OUT OF THE BUILDING NOW!\"
00:15:26.633 --> 00:15:28.732
AND I REACTED.
00:15:28.733 --> 00:15:31.266
AND I REMEMBER THAT I STARTED
TURNING AROUND IN CIRCLES.
00:15:31.267 --> 00:15:34.532
I DIDN\'T IMMEDIATELY RUN OUT.
00:15:34.533 --> 00:15:36.999
AND IN MY FRENZY
OF GOING AROUND IN CIRCLES
00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:41.166
I ENDED UP OUTSIDE OF MY OFFICE.
00:15:41.167 --> 00:15:46.599
AND I WAS SCREAMING, \"NOT AGAIN,
GOD, PLEASE, NOT AGAIN,\"
00:15:46.600 --> 00:15:51.099
WHEN SUDDENLY, WE HEARD A SOUND
AND WE ALL LOOKED UP.
00:15:51.100 --> 00:15:54.499
AND FROM THE WINDOWS,
WHAT WE SAW
00:15:54.500 --> 00:15:57.832
WERE THESE HUGE BALLS OF FIRE,
00:15:57.833 --> 00:16:02.132
THEN BLACK SMOKE
AND THINGS FLYING IN THE AIR,
00:16:02.133 --> 00:16:07.532
AND THEN A VOICE YELLED OUT,
\"GET AWAY FROM THE WINDOWS!\"
00:16:07.533 --> 00:16:09.732
IT WAS A STRANGE FEELING
AT THAT POINT,
00:16:09.733 --> 00:16:15.666
BECAUSE MY MIND SAID,
\"OH, YEAH, GOT TO GET AWAY.\"
00:16:15.667 --> 00:16:17.966
AND ALL OF US MUST HAVE THOUGHT
THE SAME THING,
00:16:17.967 --> 00:16:20.799
BECAUSE ALL OF US
JUST TURNED AROUND IN UNISON
00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:27.099
AND RAN AWAY FROM THOSE WINDOWS.
00:16:27.100 --> 00:16:28.899
ONE OF THE THINGS
WE KNOW RIGHT NOW
00:16:28.900 --> 00:16:32.832
IS THAT THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN
INVOLVED IN THINKING,
00:16:32.833 --> 00:16:35.532
PLANNING, DECISION MAKING
AND SO FORTH,
00:16:35.533 --> 00:16:37.599
IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX,
00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.866
IN THE NEWEST PART
OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX,
00:16:39.867 --> 00:16:42.032
THESE PARTS
OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
00:16:42.033 --> 00:16:45.299
HAVE NO DIRECT CONNECTIVITY
TO THE AMYGDALA.
00:16:45.300 --> 00:16:47.132
THIS MEANS THAT
IT\'S VERY DIFFICULT
00:16:47.133 --> 00:16:50.732
FOR A THOUGHT
TO CONTROL AN EMOTION.
00:16:50.733 --> 00:16:51.932
ON THE OTHER HAND,
00:16:51.933 --> 00:16:53.666
THE AMYGDALA HAS
MASSIVE CONNECTIONS
00:16:53.667 --> 00:16:55.432
THROUGHOUT THE NEOCORTEX,
00:16:55.433 --> 00:16:58.466
SO IT\'S VERY EASY FOR AN EMOTION
TO INFLUENCE A THOUGHT.
00:16:58.467 --> 00:17:02.232
ONCE WE ARE EMOTIONALLY AROUSED,
OUR THOUGHTS ARE HIJACKED
00:17:02.233 --> 00:17:04.766
OR MONOPOLIZED BY OUR EMOTIONS,
00:17:04.767 --> 00:17:07.799
AND IT\'S NOT SO EASY FOR
OUR THOUGHTS TO TURN IT AROUND
00:17:07.800 --> 00:17:10.999
AND TO CONTROL OUR EMOTIONS
IN THE SAME SITUATION.
00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:12.932
SO IT\'S VERY HARD FOR US TO SAY,
00:17:12.933 --> 00:17:14.032
\"OKAY, I\'M NOT GOING TO BE
00:17:14.033 --> 00:17:15.966
FEARFUL OR ANXIOUS
OR DEPRESSED.\"
00:17:15.967 --> 00:17:17.999
AND THAT\'S WHY PEOPLE
GO TO THERAPISTS,
00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:20.832
TO HELP THEM
TRY AND CIRCUMVENT THE PROBLEM
00:17:20.833 --> 00:17:23.132
THAT THE AMYGDALA
DOES NOT RECEIVE
00:17:23.133 --> 00:17:24.866
ANY CONNECTIVITY
FROM THE THINKING,
00:17:24.867 --> 00:17:28.366
PLANNING PARTS
OF THE NEOCORTEX.
00:17:28.367 --> 00:17:31.232
THE STORY OF CHRIS
IS VERY INTERESTING,
00:17:31.233 --> 00:17:33.799
BECAUSE WHEN I MET HIM,
I KNEW HE HAD PTSD.
00:17:33.800 --> 00:17:36.332
HE HAD ALL OF THE SYMPTOMS,
RIGHT IN FRONT OF ME.
00:17:36.333 --> 00:17:40.532
BUT HE HAD A LARGER HISTORY
THAN 9/11 TO CONTEND WITH,
00:17:40.533 --> 00:17:42.332
WHICH WASN\'T CLEAR
AT THE BEGINNING,
00:17:42.333 --> 00:17:47.899
WHICH I THINK UNDERMINED
HIS CAPACITY TO RECOVER.
00:17:47.900 --> 00:17:49.399
IT\'S GREAT TO BE
BACK IN THIS OFFICE.
00:17:49.400 --> 00:17:51.066
THIS... I... YOU KNOW,
00:17:51.067 --> 00:17:52.599
THIS IS WHERE
IT ALL STARTED.
00:17:52.600 --> 00:17:53.699
I KNOW.
I KNOW.
00:17:53.700 --> 00:17:54.932
SIX YEARS AGO.
THAT\'S RIGHT.
00:17:54.933 --> 00:17:56.132
I COME FROM A WORLD
00:17:56.133 --> 00:17:59.132
WHERE PEOPLE DON\'T TALK
TO PEOPLE LIKE YOU,
00:17:59.133 --> 00:18:03.032
WHERE THERE\'S A BIG TABOO
ABOUT PEOPLE LIKE YOU.
00:18:03.033 --> 00:18:05.099
YOU\'RE A TRAINED
PROFESSIONAL.
00:18:05.100 --> 00:18:07.199
THIS IS YOUR JOB, TO...
I GUESS,
00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:11.032
TO SPOT PEOPLE LIKE ME
AND TO SPOT THE SYMPTOMS.
00:18:11.033 --> 00:18:13.832
WHAT WAS SO AMAZING
ABOUT YOU
00:18:13.833 --> 00:18:17.899
WAS THAT I SAW
THE TWO SIDES OF YOU IN ACTION,
00:18:17.900 --> 00:18:21.966
SIMULTANEOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY,
LIKE, RIGHT, FOR FOUR YEARS,
00:18:21.967 --> 00:18:23.232
WHERE I COULD SEE
00:18:23.233 --> 00:18:25.432
YOU LIVED WITH NIGHTMARES,
00:18:25.433 --> 00:18:27.732
YOU LIVED
WITH SLEEPLESSNESS,
00:18:27.733 --> 00:18:29.632
YOU LIVED
WITH STARTLE RESPONSES,
00:18:29.633 --> 00:18:31.866
HYPERVIGILANCE
THAT WOULD MAKE ANYBODY CRAZY,
00:18:31.867 --> 00:18:35.699
AND YET SIMULTANEOUSLY
ORGANIZED HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE,
00:18:35.700 --> 00:18:39.199
HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE,
TO DO SOMETHING GOOD.
00:18:39.200 --> 00:18:41.632
AND THAT WAS
VERY POWERFUL FOR ME.
00:18:41.633 --> 00:18:44.999
I SAW THE ESSENTIAL YOU,
RIGHT,
00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:47.366
JUST A VERY GOOD PERSON.
00:18:47.367 --> 00:18:49.066
THANK GOD YOU DID.
00:18:49.067 --> 00:18:50.799
I MEAN, THERE WAS TIMES...
00:18:50.800 --> 00:18:54.799
IT WAS OFTEN DIFFICULT
TO WORK WITH YOU, FOR ME,
00:18:54.800 --> 00:18:57.266
BECAUSE I KNEW
YOU COULD SEE.
00:18:57.267 --> 00:19:00.866
I KNEW THAT THE MASK
WASN\'T WORKING WITH YOU.
00:19:00.867 --> 00:19:02.899
MY FEAR WAS...
00:19:02.900 --> 00:19:04.832
AND IT WAS THE FEAR
OF A LOT OF THESE FAMILIES TOO,
00:19:04.833 --> 00:19:06.632
IN TERMS OF DEALING
JUST WITH 9/11...
00:19:06.633 --> 00:19:11.532
THAT IF YOU LET THE TOOTHPASTE
OUT OF THE TUBE,
00:19:11.533 --> 00:19:13.799
IF YOU REALLY SIT DOWN
00:19:13.800 --> 00:19:16.599
AND BE OPEN AND HONEST
WITH PROFESSIONALS,
00:19:16.600 --> 00:19:17.932
LIKE DR. CLOITRE,
00:19:17.933 --> 00:19:22.299
WITH, YOU KNOW, PSYCHOLOGISTS,
00:19:22.300 --> 00:19:26.432
THAT THE MESS WOULD BE
TOO BIG TO HANDLE.
00:19:26.433 --> 00:19:31.166
(narrator)
WHAT MESS WAS CHRIS HIDING?
00:19:31.167 --> 00:19:35.499
AN ANCIENT, DEEP-SEATED FEAR,
STORED IN HIS EMOTIONAL BRAIN.
00:19:35.500 --> 00:19:38.866
9/11 BROUGHT IT BACK
TO THE SURFACE.
00:19:38.867 --> 00:19:40.632
(LeDoux)
LET\'S SAY THAT A PERSON HAS
00:19:40.633 --> 00:19:43.099
THESE KIND OF LITTLE FRAGMENTS
OF A MEMORY
00:19:43.100 --> 00:19:45.166
BUT NOT AN ENTIRE MEMORY
00:19:45.167 --> 00:19:48.866
AND A LATER STRESS,
SUCH AS 9/11,
00:19:48.867 --> 00:19:51.799
RE-ACTIVATES THOSE FRAGMENTS
00:19:51.800 --> 00:19:56.499
AND SOMEHOW MOTIVATES THE PERSON
TO PIECE THEM TOGETHER.
00:19:56.500 --> 00:19:59.732
IN ANY FEAR-AROUSING SITUATION,
00:19:59.733 --> 00:20:02.799
MANY SYSTEMS IN THE BRAIN
WILL BE FORMING MEMORIES.
00:20:02.800 --> 00:20:05.032
THE AMYGDALA IS REQUIRED
FOR THE FORMATION
00:20:05.033 --> 00:20:07.066
OF THE EMOTIONAL MEMORY.
00:20:07.067 --> 00:20:09.066
THIS IS AN UNCONSCIOUS MEMORY.
00:20:09.067 --> 00:20:11.632
THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS REQUIRED
FOR THE FORMATION
00:20:11.633 --> 00:20:14.432
OF THE MEMORY
ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SITUATION.
00:20:14.433 --> 00:20:15.999
IT\'S A KIND OF COGNITIVE MEMORY.
00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:19.466
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS
IN A VERY STRESSFUL SITUATION
00:20:19.467 --> 00:20:23.299
IS THAT CORTISOL IS RELEASED
FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND,
00:20:23.300 --> 00:20:26.099
AND THIS IS
THE SO-CALLED STRESS HORMONE,
00:20:26.100 --> 00:20:29.566
AND IT GOES BACK TO THE BRAIN
AND GOES TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS.
00:20:29.567 --> 00:20:32.232
NOW, IN THE SHORT TERM
IT\'S BENEFICIAL,
00:20:32.233 --> 00:20:36.432
BUT IF THE STRESS IS PROLONGED
OR REPEATED MANY TIMES,
00:20:36.433 --> 00:20:39.432
THEN THE ABILITY
OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS
00:20:39.433 --> 00:20:42.432
TO PROCESS
THE CORTISOL WEAKENS
00:20:42.433 --> 00:20:44.999
AND THE CELLS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS
00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:47.399
ACTUALLY BEGIN TO SUFFER
AND CAN DIE.
00:20:47.400 --> 00:20:49.732
SO DAMAGE TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS
WILL INTERFERE
00:20:49.733 --> 00:20:52.666
WITH THE COGNITIVE MEMORY
ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL SITUATION
00:20:52.667 --> 00:20:55.032
BUT NOT
WITH THE EMOTIONAL MEMORY.
00:20:55.033 --> 00:20:59.199
SO A CHILD WHO IS TRAUMATIZED
EARLY IN LIFE
00:20:59.200 --> 00:21:02.266
WILL FORM PERHAPS
AN INCOMPLETE MEMORY
00:21:02.267 --> 00:21:03.532
OF THAT EXPERIENCE
00:21:03.533 --> 00:21:06.633
AND NOT BE ABLE TO RECALL IT
THROUGH LATER LIFE.
00:21:07.633 --> 00:21:11.532
[sighs]
00:21:11.533 --> 00:21:13.399
(Burke)
DR. CLOITRE HAD REALIZED
00:21:13.400 --> 00:21:18.099
THAT 9/11 WAS NOT
THE ONLY TRAUMA IN MY LIFE,
00:21:18.100 --> 00:21:22.399
THAT MY LIFE WAS ACTUALLY
BOOKENDED BY TRAUMAS
00:21:22.400 --> 00:21:24.299
THAT HAD HAD A DEEP EFFECT
00:21:24.300 --> 00:21:28.266
ON THE ALMOST 50 YEARS
THAT I\'VE BEEN ON THIS PLANET.
00:21:28.267 --> 00:21:31.599
LISTEN, I WAS THE POSTER CHILD
FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS
00:21:31.600 --> 00:21:35.399
BEFORE THAT TERM
EVER ENTERED THE LEXICON.
00:21:35.400 --> 00:21:41.232
MY EARLIEST MEMORY IN LIFE
IS ONE OF ABUSE.
00:21:41.233 --> 00:21:47.066
MY FATHER PHYSICALLY
AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY ABUSED ME,
00:21:47.067 --> 00:21:48.666
TORTURED ME.
00:21:48.667 --> 00:21:50.666
WAS IT FEAR?
00:21:50.667 --> 00:21:52.499
I LIVED IN FEAR
FROM THE TIME I WAS BORN
00:21:52.500 --> 00:21:55.599
UNTIL, I GUESS, FOREVER.
00:21:55.600 --> 00:21:57.566
I\'M GOING TO BE 50 YEARS OLD,
00:21:57.567 --> 00:22:02.666
BUT FOR 47 YEARS,
I REFUSED TO GET ANY HELP.
00:22:02.667 --> 00:22:08.166
I REFUSED TO ACKNOWLEDGE
THAT I NEEDED THE HELP,
00:22:08.167 --> 00:22:11.799
BECAUSE IT GOES BACK
TO THE TOOTHPASTE.
00:22:11.800 --> 00:22:15.700
I NEEDED TO KEEP IT IN THE TUBE.
00:22:17.900 --> 00:22:21.132
(Zedeno) AND THEN I CAME TO THE END
OF THE STAIRWAYS,
00:22:21.133 --> 00:22:25.699
AND I REMEMBER
THE BIT OF HOPE AND JOY
00:22:25.700 --> 00:22:30.799
THAT CAME OVER ME WHEN I SAW
THAT I WAS AT THE END.
00:22:30.800 --> 00:22:32.832
BUT I WASN\'T OUTSIDE.
00:22:32.833 --> 00:22:35.832
I WAS AT THE MEZZANINE LEVEL
OF THE BUILDING.
00:22:35.833 --> 00:22:41.100
AND IT WAS AT THIS POINT
WHERE I HAD MY FIRST LOOK.
00:22:46.467 --> 00:22:49.332
AND I JUST KEPT STARING
AS I WAS WALKING,
00:22:49.333 --> 00:22:55.699
AND I FELT MYSELF SLOWING DOWN
AND SLOWING DOWN,
00:22:55.700 --> 00:22:57.332
AND THE MOMENT I STOPPED,
00:22:57.333 --> 00:23:03.399
I REALIZED THAT I WASN\'T STARING
AT DEBRIS.
00:23:03.400 --> 00:23:07.699
LINED UP ALL AROUND
THE PERIMETER OF THE BUILDING
00:23:07.700 --> 00:23:13.399
WERE HUMAN BODIES
IN THE MOST GROTESQUE...
00:23:13.400 --> 00:23:19.200
THE MOST GROTESQUE SHAPES,
COLORS.
00:23:24.067 --> 00:23:28.067
AND I REMEMBER THAT I FROZE.
00:23:30.900 --> 00:23:33.632
I JUST FROZE.
00:23:33.633 --> 00:23:37.166
IF YOU ARE MOVING AROUND A LOT,
YOU\'LL BE DETECTED,
00:23:37.167 --> 00:23:40.466
WHEREAS IF YOU ARE FROZEN SOLID,
YOU WON\'T BE DETECTED.
00:23:40.467 --> 00:23:44.332
IMAGINE THAT THERE\'S A HUNGRY
PREDATOR SCANNING THE HORIZON,
00:23:44.333 --> 00:23:45.832
LOOKING FOR YOU.
00:23:45.833 --> 00:23:47.966
HE IS UNLIKELY TO DETECT YOU
IF YOU\'RE NOT MOVING,
00:23:47.967 --> 00:23:49.332
BUT IF YOU START MOVING,
00:23:49.333 --> 00:23:51.532
HE CAN SEE THAT MOVEMENT
IN THE DISTANCE
00:23:51.533 --> 00:23:52.966
AND GO AFTER YOU.
00:23:52.967 --> 00:23:56.933
NOW SOME RATS
SIMPLY CANNOT STOP FREEZING.
00:23:59.167 --> 00:24:05.799
(Burke) THEY CALL IT THE FIGHT, FLIGHT,
OR FREEZE MECHANISM.
00:24:05.800 --> 00:24:07.699
IT COMES FROM THE LUMBAR REGION
IN OUR BRAIN,
00:24:07.700 --> 00:24:09.099
FROM THE PREHISTORIC TIMES.
00:24:09.100 --> 00:24:11.666
THIS IS HOW ANIMALS ACT
WHEN THEY\'RE ATTACKED.
00:24:11.667 --> 00:24:12.932
WHAT ARE THEIR CHOICES?
00:24:12.933 --> 00:24:16.366
THEY FIGHT IF THEY CAN,
00:24:16.367 --> 00:24:20.566
THEY RUN IF THEY CAN,
00:24:20.567 --> 00:24:23.332
OR THEY FREEZE.
00:24:23.333 --> 00:24:27.699
AS A FOUR-YEAR-OLD KID
00:24:27.700 --> 00:24:31.732
BEING BEATEN
WITH BELTS AND SHOES,
00:24:31.733 --> 00:24:35.999
BEING TOLD
THAT YOU ARE A PIECE OF SHIT,
00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:37.932
THAT YOU\'RE WORTHLESS,
00:24:37.933 --> 00:24:40.099
THAT YOU NEVER
SHOULD HAVE BEEN BORN,
00:24:40.100 --> 00:24:42.666
YOU FREEZE.
00:24:42.667 --> 00:24:44.699
YOU SHUT DOWN.
00:24:44.700 --> 00:24:47.132
AND THAT\'S WHAT HAPPENED TO ME.
00:24:47.133 --> 00:24:51.800
I SHUT DOWN EMOTIONALLY.
00:25:00.733 --> 00:25:03.166
(narrator) CHRIS REMAINED FROZEN
FOR DECADES.
00:25:03.167 --> 00:25:06.732
HIS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA MADE HIM
MORE VULNERABLE THAN OTHERS.
00:25:06.733 --> 00:25:08.166
CAN SCIENCE MEASURE
00:25:08.167 --> 00:25:13.899
THE DEGREE OF VULNERABILITY
TO FEAR IN INDIVIDUALS?
00:25:13.900 --> 00:25:16.566
WE WANTED TO SEE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
00:25:16.567 --> 00:25:19.699
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS
REPRESENTATION OF FEAR.
00:25:19.700 --> 00:25:23.766
PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD
EXPRESS EMOTION
00:25:23.767 --> 00:25:25.532
IN A LIMITED NUMBER OF WAYS,
00:25:25.533 --> 00:25:30.299
SEVEN OR EIGHT CANONICAL
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS.
00:25:30.300 --> 00:25:35.366
WE SHOWED PEOPLE EKMAN FACES
OF FEARFUL EXPRESSION
00:25:35.367 --> 00:25:37.066
AND WE SHOWED IT IN TWO WAYS.
00:25:37.067 --> 00:25:39.266
WE SHOWED IT VERY BRIEFLY,
00:25:39.267 --> 00:25:42.699
SO THAT THE SUBJECT
WOULD NOT BE ABLE
00:25:42.700 --> 00:25:47.299
TO RECOGNIZE CONSCIOUSLY
THAT IT WAS FEARFUL.
00:25:47.300 --> 00:25:49.932
WE THEN SHOWED THEM
THE SAME PICTURE SLOWLY,
00:25:49.933 --> 00:25:52.432
SO ANYONE COULD SEE
THIS WAS A FEARFUL FACE.
00:25:52.433 --> 00:25:56.599
MOREOVER, WE\'VE GIVEN
ALL OF THESE SUBJECTS A SCALE,
00:25:56.600 --> 00:26:00.432
A QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR BASELINE ANXIETY.
00:26:00.433 --> 00:26:02.299
AND OF COURSE,
IN ANY DISTRIBUTION,
00:26:02.300 --> 00:26:04.132
IF YOU WERE TO DO THIS
IN THIS ROOM,
00:26:04.133 --> 00:26:05.932
YOU FIND SOME PEOPLE
ARE VERY RELAXED
00:26:05.933 --> 00:26:08.099
AND SOME PEOPLE
ARE A LITTLE BIT ANXIOUS.
00:26:08.100 --> 00:26:10.899
AND WE FOUND
THAT IF WE NOW SAW
00:26:10.900 --> 00:26:17.266
HOW THIS ANXIETY SCALE RELATED
TO THE INTENSITY OF RESPONSE,
00:26:17.267 --> 00:26:20.366
WITH THE IMAGING
OF CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION,
00:26:20.367 --> 00:26:21.799
THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE.
00:26:21.800 --> 00:26:24.332
BUT IN UNCONSCIOUS PERCEPTION,
00:26:24.333 --> 00:26:26.699
THERE WAS
A SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIP.
00:26:26.700 --> 00:26:29.266
PEOPLE WHO WERE VERY ANXIOUS
HAD A BIG SIGNAL,
00:26:29.267 --> 00:26:31.266
WHERE THOSE
WHO WERE VERY RELAXED
00:26:31.267 --> 00:26:32.899
HAD VERY LITTLE SIGNAL.
00:26:32.900 --> 00:26:35.632
SO HERE\'S A MARKER
FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY ANXIOUS.
00:26:35.633 --> 00:26:38.466
ONE IS LOOKING FOR MARKERS,
BIOLOGICAL MARKERS,
00:26:38.467 --> 00:26:44.132
TO DIAGNOSE MENTAL ILLNESSES
AND TO TREAT THEM.
00:26:44.133 --> 00:26:45.932
(narrator)
FEAR IS UNIVERSAL,
00:26:45.933 --> 00:26:48.466
BUT IT HAS A HIDDEN SIDE
IN OUR SUBCONSCIOUS,
00:26:48.467 --> 00:26:50.199
WHICH IS WHAT MAKES IT UNIQUE,
00:26:50.200 --> 00:26:52.299
BIOLOGICALLY
AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY.
00:26:52.300 --> 00:26:54.532
THE STUDY
OF INDIVIDUAL CASE HISTORIES
00:26:54.533 --> 00:26:57.599
IS THE KEY
TO UNDERSTANDING FEAR.
00:26:57.600 --> 00:27:01.766
YOU LEFT A TRACE
00:27:01.767 --> 00:27:05.566
IN MY MEMORY
00:27:05.567 --> 00:27:09.232
A PERMANENT PLACE
00:27:09.233 --> 00:27:12.866
IN MY SYNAPTIC SEA
00:27:12.867 --> 00:27:16.599
THEY SAY THAT TIME
00:27:16.600 --> 00:27:20.266
HEALS ALL PAIN
00:27:20.267 --> 00:27:23.599
TIME CAN\'T ERASE
00:27:23.600 --> 00:27:26.899
YOUR PLACE IN MY BRAIN
00:27:26.900 --> 00:27:30.899
I THINK THAT OUR FUTURE
IN UNDERSTANDING WHAT PTSD IS,
00:27:30.900 --> 00:27:33.166
INCLUDING IN NEUROSCIENCE,
00:27:33.167 --> 00:27:36.599
IS GOING TO BE ABOUT PTSD
00:27:36.600 --> 00:27:39.432
AND ITS RELATION
TO SOCIAL BONDS.
00:27:39.433 --> 00:27:42.866
AND WE KNOW THINGS ABOUT...
00:27:42.867 --> 00:27:45.499
YOU KNOW,
FROM OUR NEUROSCIENCE STUDIES,
00:27:45.500 --> 00:27:49.532
THAT WHEN PEOPLE OBSERVE
OTHERS BEING HURT,
00:27:49.533 --> 00:27:52.399
THAT THEIR OWN AMYGDALA
LIGHTS UP.
00:27:52.400 --> 00:27:54.133
THAT\'S PRETTY INCREDIBLE.
00:27:57.167 --> 00:27:59.932
(Phelps) HUMANS ARE NOT RATS.
WE\'RE DEFINITELY NOT RATS.
00:27:59.933 --> 00:28:02.732
AS MUCH AS YOU CAN TAKE A RAT
AND YOU CAN TAKE A HUMAN
00:28:02.733 --> 00:28:05.199
AND YOU CAN SHOW THEM SOMETHING
AND GIVE THEM A SHOCK
00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:07.332
AND SHOW THAT THE BRAIN
IS SOMEWHAT SIMILAR
00:28:07.333 --> 00:28:09.699
IN WHAT IT\'S DOING
IN BOTH CASES,
00:28:09.700 --> 00:28:12.332
IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND
HOW HUMANS LEARN FEAR,
00:28:12.333 --> 00:28:16.132
WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THE COMPLEX
ENVIRONMENT WE WORK IN
00:28:16.133 --> 00:28:18.533
AND THE COMPLEX TYPE
OF COGNITION THAT WE HAVE.
00:28:22.267 --> 00:28:24.566
AND THE TRUTH IS,
MOST OF THE TIME,
00:28:24.567 --> 00:28:26.966
WHEN YOU LEARN SOMETHING
IS FEARFUL,
00:28:26.967 --> 00:28:29.799
YOU DIDN\'T LEARN BECAUSE
IT WAS PAIRED WITH A SHOCK.
00:28:29.800 --> 00:28:31.132
MOST OF THE TIME, YOU KNOW,
00:28:31.133 --> 00:28:32.699
YOU LEARN BECAUSE
YOUR MOTHER TOLD YOU,
00:28:32.700 --> 00:28:35.099
YOU KNOW,
\"YOU SHOULD BE AFRAID OF THIS,\"
00:28:35.100 --> 00:28:37.299
OR YOU SAW YOUR FRIEND GET HURT.
00:28:37.300 --> 00:28:39.299
SO THIS TYPE OF LEARNING
THROUGH LANGUAGE,
00:28:39.300 --> 00:28:41.299
THROUGH SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION,
00:28:41.300 --> 00:28:42.499
OR THROUGH WATCHING OTHERS
00:28:42.500 --> 00:28:44.566
ARE SOCIAL MEANS
OF FEAR LEARNING
00:28:44.567 --> 00:28:46.232
THAT ARE VERY POWERFUL
IN HUMANS.
00:28:46.233 --> 00:28:48.366
IN FACT, A LOT OF PHOBIAS
ARE THOUGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED
00:28:48.367 --> 00:28:52.767
NOT BY PAIN BUT BY LEARNING
FROM YOUR PARENTS.
00:28:54.433 --> 00:28:56.999
(narrator) THIS SOCIAL MEANS
OF FEAR LEARNING
00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:00.066
EXPLAINS HOW FEAR SPREAD
FROM GROUND ZERO,
00:29:00.067 --> 00:29:03.299
THROUGH IMAGES,
TO THE WORLD AT LARGE.
00:29:03.300 --> 00:29:05.899
RECOGNIZING FEAR
IN OTHER HUMAN BEINGS
00:29:05.900 --> 00:29:07.466
RAISED THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY
00:29:07.467 --> 00:29:10.199
IN THOSE NOT PERSONALLY INVOLVED
IN THE CATASTROPHE.
00:29:10.200 --> 00:29:13.199
THAT\'S THE CASE OF LOURDES.
00:29:13.200 --> 00:29:15.066
(Lopez)
ANXIETY, FOR ME,
00:29:15.067 --> 00:29:17.832
HAS ALWAYS BEEN
SOMETHING THAT JUST...
00:29:17.833 --> 00:29:19.732
I CAN\'T KIND OF
SHAKE OUT MY MIND.
00:29:19.733 --> 00:29:21.399
YOU KNOW,
IT\'S ALWAYS BOTHERING ME THERE.
00:29:21.400 --> 00:29:22.599
IT\'S A CONSTANT WORRY.
00:29:22.600 --> 00:29:23.999
(Silbersweig)
WERE YOU IN NEW YORK
00:29:24.000 --> 00:29:25.632
AROUND 9/11,
00:29:25.633 --> 00:29:27.799
WHEN THE WORLD TRADE CENTER
DISASTER HAPPENED?
00:29:27.800 --> 00:29:28.999
YES.
00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:30.932
AND THEN DID IT
AFFECT YOUR PANIC
00:29:30.933 --> 00:29:32.832
AND/OR ANXIETY
AFTER THAT?
00:29:32.833 --> 00:29:35.099
YEAH, I REALLY BELIEVE THAT,
00:29:35.100 --> 00:29:37.699
YOU KNOW, ESPECIALLY
WITH RIDING THE TRAINS,
00:29:37.700 --> 00:29:39.932
WHICH WAS ALWAYS
KIND OF AN ISSUE FOR ME,
00:29:39.933 --> 00:29:41.599
IT GOT A LOT WORSE
AFTER THAT,
00:29:41.600 --> 00:29:44.966
BECAUSE NOW I WAS REALLY
STEPPING OUT OF MY HOUSE
00:29:44.967 --> 00:29:46.266
EVERY MORNING, SAYING,
00:29:46.267 --> 00:29:47.899
\"SHOULD I TAKE THE LOCAL,
00:29:47.900 --> 00:29:50.932
\"OR SHOULD I TAKE
THE NUMBER 6 TRAIN?
00:29:50.933 --> 00:29:52.232
WHAT SHOULD I DO?\"
00:29:52.233 --> 00:29:54.300
BECAUSE ALL OF MY THOUGHTS NOW
WERE TERRORISM.
00:30:02.733 --> 00:30:05.266
THE LAST TIME
I GOT THE ANXIETY ATTACK
00:30:05.267 --> 00:30:06.632
OR THE PANIC ATTACK,
00:30:06.633 --> 00:30:11.732
I WAS RIDING THE SUBWAY,
AND I STARTED TO FEEL LIKE,
00:30:11.733 --> 00:30:13.932
YOU KNOW,
MY BREATHING WAS VERY SHALLOW,
00:30:13.933 --> 00:30:16.832
LIKE I COULDN\'T REALLY TAKE
A FULL BREATH.
00:30:16.833 --> 00:30:18.999
AND I STARTED TO FEEL VERY HOT.
00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:20.966
AND I STARTED TO FEEL SWEATY.
00:30:20.967 --> 00:30:23.366
AND I STARTED TO FEEL LIKE
I COULD PASS OUT,
00:30:23.367 --> 00:30:27.632
WHICH IS REALLY THE PART THAT
GETS ME VERY, VERY FRIGHTENED,
00:30:27.633 --> 00:30:30.232
BECAUSE NOW MY HEART
STARTS BEATING VERY QUICKLY,
00:30:30.233 --> 00:30:32.699
AND I FEEL LIKE,
\"OH, MY GOD.
00:30:32.700 --> 00:30:34.899
I HAVE TO GET OUT.
I HAVE TO RUN.\"
00:30:34.900 --> 00:30:36.966
AND THE HARDEST THING
ABOUT THAT
00:30:36.967 --> 00:30:40.766
IS THAT WHEN I KNOW
THAT I\'M RIDING IN THE TUNNEL,
00:30:40.767 --> 00:30:42.932
I\'M JUST PRAYING
THAT I CAN GET TO THE NEXT STOP
00:30:42.933 --> 00:30:46.332
AND GET OUT QUICKLY ENOUGH
BEFORE... I DON\'T KNOW...
00:30:46.333 --> 00:30:48.932
BEFORE, I GUESS,
I MAKE A FOOL OF MYSELF
00:30:48.933 --> 00:30:51.166
OR SCREAM OR FAINT
OR SOMETHING.
00:30:51.167 --> 00:30:56.032
I JUST DON\'T KNOW
WHAT\'S GOING TO HAPPEN.
00:30:56.033 --> 00:31:00.499
PANIC DISORDER CAN AFFECT
ABOUT 1.5% TO 3.5%
00:31:00.500 --> 00:31:02.432
OF THE POPULATION
OVER THEIR LIFETIME.
00:31:02.433 --> 00:31:06.332
LOURDES WAS QUITE TYPICAL
OF A PANIC DISORDER PATIENT
00:31:06.333 --> 00:31:08.499
WHERE THE THREAT
IN PANIC DISORDER
00:31:08.500 --> 00:31:10.499
COMES FROM INSIDE THE BODY,
00:31:10.500 --> 00:31:12.499
WHEREAS IN POSTTRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER,
00:31:12.500 --> 00:31:16.832
IT COMES
FROM AN EXTERNAL SOURCE.
00:31:16.833 --> 00:31:18.566
AS A PHYSICIAN-SCIENTIST,
00:31:18.567 --> 00:31:22.266
WHAT IS OF GREATEST IMPORT TO ME
AND WHAT DRIVES ME MOST
00:31:22.267 --> 00:31:26.466
IS THAT BY UNDERSTANDING
THE SO-CALLED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,
00:31:26.467 --> 00:31:28.499
BY UNDERSTANDING WHAT HAPPENS
IN THE BRAIN
00:31:28.500 --> 00:31:31.899
UNDER THESE VARIOUS CONDITIONS,
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL,
00:31:31.900 --> 00:31:33.632
WE CAN BEGIN TO PIECE TOGETHER
00:31:33.633 --> 00:31:36.266
AN UNDERSTANDING
OF ANXIETY DISORDERS,
00:31:36.267 --> 00:31:39.599
IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE,
AND A BIOLOGY OF THEM.
00:31:39.600 --> 00:31:43.932
(Kandel) THE NEW SCIENCE OF MIND
IS A RECENT CONVERGENCE
00:31:43.933 --> 00:31:46.766
INTO ONE COHERENT DISCIPLINE
00:31:46.767 --> 00:31:50.466
OF SEVERAL PREVIOUSLY
INDEPENDENT DISCIPLINES
00:31:50.467 --> 00:31:53.966
TO BECOME A VERY POWERFUL VIEW
OF MENTAL PROCESSES,
00:31:53.967 --> 00:31:56.432
AN APPROACH
TO MENTAL PROCESSES
00:31:56.433 --> 00:31:59.499
BASED UPON THE IDEA
THAT EVERY ASPECT
00:31:59.500 --> 00:32:01.532
OF MENTAL ACTIVITY
COMES FROM THE BRAIN,
00:32:01.533 --> 00:32:03.099
FROM THE SIMPLEST REFLEX ACT
00:32:03.100 --> 00:32:06.832
TO THE MOST
COMPLICATED CREATIVE THOUGHT.
00:32:06.833 --> 00:32:10.632
THESE ARE ALL DIFFERENT FORMS
OF MENTAL PROCESSES
00:32:10.633 --> 00:32:12.932
THAT CAN BE MODIFIED
BY LEARNING.
00:32:12.933 --> 00:32:17.099
LEARNING CAN DRAMATICALLY
ENHANCE THE STRENGTH
00:32:17.100 --> 00:32:20.099
OF COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN NEURAL CELLS.
00:32:20.100 --> 00:32:23.266
THAT IS CALLED
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY,
00:32:23.267 --> 00:32:26.199
AND WE SHOWED THAT IT EXISTS
IN TWO FORMS.
00:32:26.200 --> 00:32:28.766
WHEN THE ANIMAL
LEARNS SOMETHING ONCE,
00:32:28.767 --> 00:32:30.866
SO THAT THE MEMORY IS SHORT,
00:32:30.867 --> 00:32:33.199
CHANGES ARE FUNCTIONAL.
00:32:33.200 --> 00:32:35.866
THERE ARE NO ANATOMICAL CHANGES.
00:32:35.867 --> 00:32:39.032
IT\'S A CHANGE IN THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYNAPSE,
00:32:39.033 --> 00:32:40.766
THROUGH BIOCHEMISTRY.
00:32:40.767 --> 00:32:42.966
BUT IF YOU DO REPEATED TRAINING,
00:32:42.967 --> 00:32:46.166
YOU SEND A SIGNAL BACK
TO THE NUCLEUS FROM THE SYNAPSE
00:32:46.167 --> 00:32:49.466
THAT ALTERS
THE EXPRESSION OF GENES,
00:32:49.467 --> 00:32:52.532
AND THAT GIVES RISE TO PROTEINS
00:32:52.533 --> 00:32:55.032
THAT CAUSE THE GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.
00:32:55.033 --> 00:32:56.399
SO LONG-TERM MEMORY...
00:32:56.400 --> 00:33:01.366
FOR A PERIOD OF DAYS,
WEEKS OR LONGER...
00:33:01.367 --> 00:33:04.699
IS ASSOCIATED
WITH AN ANATOMICAL CHANGE.
00:33:04.700 --> 00:33:10.232
(narrator) KANDEL\'S STUDIES BUILT A BRIDGE
BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
00:33:10.233 --> 00:33:12.666
THE BRAIN AND ITS GENES
ARE GIVEN AT BIRTH,
00:33:12.667 --> 00:33:15.632
BUT THEY ALSO CHANGE
IN THE COURSE OF OUR LIVES.
00:33:15.633 --> 00:33:18.999
A TRAUMATIC MEMORY
ALTERS THE BRAIN ANATOMICALLY.
00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:22.332
WHAT\'S NEW IN SCIENCE
IS THAT PSYCHOTHERAPY,
00:33:22.333 --> 00:33:24.399
BY WORKING
ON TRAUMATIC MEMORIES,
00:33:24.400 --> 00:33:26.866
CAN ALSO MODIFY
THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
00:33:26.867 --> 00:33:29.532
THE MEANS REQUIRED
TO CONFIRM THOSE CHANGES
00:33:29.533 --> 00:33:33.699
WAS PROVIDED
BY BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES.
00:33:33.700 --> 00:33:39.599
(Silbersweig) BRAIN IMAGING HAS
REVOLUTIONIZED PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSCIENCE.
00:33:39.600 --> 00:33:43.266
BRAIN IMAGING
ALLOWS US TO IDENTIFY
00:33:43.267 --> 00:33:44.832
THOSE AREAS IN THE BRAIN
00:33:44.833 --> 00:33:47.566
THAT ARE INCREASINGLY
OR DECREASINGLY ACTIVE
00:33:47.567 --> 00:33:50.199
WHEN A PERSON HAS
A CERTAIN EMOTION,
00:33:50.200 --> 00:33:52.767
PERCEPTION, THOUGHT,
OR BEHAVIOR.
00:33:55.367 --> 00:33:58.866
(Cloitre) WE HAVE BEEN PROVIDING
PEOPLE WITH FMRls
00:33:58.867 --> 00:34:00.699
BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT,
00:34:00.700 --> 00:34:02.766
WITH THE GOAL IN MIND
TO ANSWER THE QUESTION:
00:34:02.767 --> 00:34:04.666
CAN PSYCHOTHERAPY
CHANGE THE BRAIN,
00:34:04.667 --> 00:34:07.266
INCLUDING PRIMARILY
FEAR CIRCUITRY?
00:34:07.267 --> 00:34:10.866
AND SO FAR,
WE THINK THE ANSWER IS YES.
00:34:10.867 --> 00:34:12.999
AND, YOU KNOW, IT MIGHT
HAVE BEEN RATHER AMAZING
00:34:13.000 --> 00:34:16.766
AT ONE TIME
TO THINK THAT WORDS, TALKING,
00:34:16.767 --> 00:34:19.432
CAN ACTUALLY CHANGE
THE WAY THE BRAIN WORKS,
00:34:19.433 --> 00:34:21.733
BUT IT SEEMS TO BE TRUE.
00:34:24.967 --> 00:34:26.799
(Zedeno)
AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH,
00:34:26.800 --> 00:34:30.966
I WAS CONSTANTLY
BEING REMINDED OF THE DAY,
00:34:30.967 --> 00:34:35.866
AND I WAS BASICALLY LIVING...
RELIVING THE DAY EVERY MOMENT,
00:34:35.867 --> 00:34:38.766
WHERE I WOULD START CRYING
OR I WOULD PANIC
00:34:38.767 --> 00:34:43.599
BECAUSE I WAS ON A BUS
OR ANYTHING OF THAT SORT.
00:34:43.600 --> 00:34:46.066
I WOULD JUST PUT IT AWAY
AND SAY,
00:34:46.067 --> 00:34:49.032
\"YOU KNOW WHAT?
IN TIME, IT\'LL BE GONE.\"
00:34:49.033 --> 00:34:51.632
INSTEAD, WHAT WAS HAPPENING
WAS THAT I STARTED
00:34:51.633 --> 00:34:53.999
TO BECOME ALIENATED.
00:34:54.000 --> 00:34:56.732
I REMEMBER,
I WAS AFRAID A LOT.
00:34:56.733 --> 00:35:00.832
I HAD NO ENERGY WHATSOEVER.
00:35:00.833 --> 00:35:04.799
AND I GOT SICK ENOUGH THAT
I ENDED UP IN THE HOSPITAL.
00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:08.232
I WENT INTO THE HOSPITAL,
TO EMERGENCY ROOM,
00:35:08.233 --> 00:35:11.332
WITH A BUNCH OF LITTLE THINGS
THAT WERE GOING ON,
00:35:11.333 --> 00:35:13.232
AND I DIDN\'T UNDERSTAND
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.
00:35:13.233 --> 00:35:18.366
I HAD A VERY DIFFICULT TIME,
ACTUALLY, FINDING A SAFE PLACE,
00:35:18.367 --> 00:35:22.499
BECAUSE FOR ME,
EVERYTHING WAS REALLY A REMINDER
00:35:22.500 --> 00:35:24.499
OF SOMETHING THAT HAD HAPPENED
IN THE PAST.
00:35:24.500 --> 00:35:28.432
(LeDoux) THE FEARS CAN ALWAYS BE BROUGHT
BACK IN SOME KIND OF WAY.
00:35:28.433 --> 00:35:32.099
HOWEVER, OUR RESEARCH IN RATS
IS BEGINNING TO SUGGEST THAT
00:35:32.100 --> 00:35:35.432
IF WE TREAT RATS
WITH ACTIVE COPING STRATEGIES
00:35:35.433 --> 00:35:38.032
RATHER THAN WITH
PASSIVE COPING STRATEGIES...
00:35:38.033 --> 00:35:39.432
IN OTHER WORDS,
IF WE TEACH THE RATS
00:35:39.433 --> 00:35:43.499
TO USE ACTIVE COPING STRATEGIES
RATHER THAN PASSIVE COPING
00:35:43.500 --> 00:35:44.766
TO DEAL WITH THEIR FEARS...
00:35:44.767 --> 00:35:47.532
IT SEEMS TO PREVENT
THE SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
00:35:47.533 --> 00:35:49.566
OF THE FEAR
MUCH MORE EFFECTIVELY
00:35:49.567 --> 00:35:51.699
THAN SIMPLY PASSIVE COPING.
00:35:51.700 --> 00:35:53.632
SO WE\'RE THINKING
THAT THE MORE
00:35:53.633 --> 00:35:56.466
THAT ACTIVE COPING
CAN BE INTRODUCED
00:35:56.467 --> 00:35:58.399
INTO THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS,
00:35:58.400 --> 00:36:01.966
PERHAPS THE MORE LONG-LASTING
THERAPY WILL BE.
00:36:01.967 --> 00:36:05.699
(Zedeno) I STILL HAD NOT MADE
THE CONNECTION
00:36:05.700 --> 00:36:11.532
BETWEEN MY MENTAL STATUS
AND MY PHYSICAL STATUS.
00:36:11.533 --> 00:36:13.666
NOBODY REALLY KNEW
WHAT WAS GOING ON.
00:36:13.667 --> 00:36:17.199
AND THEN A DOCTOR
AT MY JOB SAID,
00:36:17.200 --> 00:36:19.499
\"I THINK YOU SHOULD SEE
A COUNSELOR.\"
00:36:19.500 --> 00:36:24.732
SO THAT WAS HOW I ENDED UP
GOING TO THERAPY.
00:36:24.733 --> 00:36:27.866
SO I GATHER YOU DON\'T HAVE
PERIODS OF TIME...
00:36:27.867 --> 00:36:30.599
OR DO YOU...
WHERE YOU FEEL BLUE,
00:36:30.600 --> 00:36:32.232
ABOVE AND BEYOND
THE NORMAL VARIATIONS
00:36:32.233 --> 00:36:33.532
THAT PEOPLE MIGHT HAVE?
00:36:33.533 --> 00:36:35.066
I KNOW THAT YOU WENT THROUGH
A PERIOD OF DEPRESSION.
00:36:35.067 --> 00:36:36.599
YES.
00:36:36.600 --> 00:36:40.199
IT WAS A BIG TURNING POINT
FOR ME DURING MY THERAPY WHEN...
00:36:40.200 --> 00:36:41.699
I REMEMBER
ONE DAY
00:36:41.700 --> 00:36:42.999
WHEN I WAS FEELING
SO DEPRESSED.
00:36:43.000 --> 00:36:49.666
AND I REMEMBER THAT
I ACTUALLY MOVED OVER,
00:36:49.667 --> 00:36:51.066
ON THE COUCH,
00:36:51.067 --> 00:36:53.332
LEFT PLENTY OF SPACE
RIGHT NEXT TO ME,
00:36:53.333 --> 00:36:57.332
AND I SAID,
\"SADNESS TAKE A SEAT.
00:36:57.333 --> 00:36:59.399
\"YOU WANT TO BE SAD TODAY?
00:36:59.400 --> 00:37:01.332
BE WITH ME TODAY.\"
00:37:01.333 --> 00:37:03.432
AND I TOOK THAT
REST OF THE DAY OFF.
00:37:03.433 --> 00:37:07.332
I JUST SAT THERE,
AND I JUST WAS SAD.
00:37:07.333 --> 00:37:09.166
AND GUESS WHAT.
00:37:09.167 --> 00:37:11.499
SAD DOESN\'T WANT TO HURT ME.
00:37:11.500 --> 00:37:13.132
IT WAS JUST THERE.
00:37:13.133 --> 00:37:15.999
WHAT PROBABLY
HELD ME BACK THE MOST
00:37:16.000 --> 00:37:19.899
WAS THAT I THOUGHT
THAT THE IDEA WAS TO GO BACK
00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:22.966
TO WHO I WAS
BEFORE SEPTEMBER 11TH.
00:37:22.967 --> 00:37:24.632
AND THAT\'S NOT THE IDEA.
00:37:24.633 --> 00:37:26.332
IT\'S NOT GOING BACK.
00:37:26.333 --> 00:37:28.299
IT\'S JUST SIMPLY
MOVING FORWARD.
00:37:28.300 --> 00:37:31.799
AND I STOPPED DEFINING MYSELF
AS A SURVIVOR.
00:37:31.800 --> 00:37:33.666
I WAS SIMPLY THERE.
00:37:33.667 --> 00:37:34.899
IT\'S INTERESTING.
00:37:34.900 --> 00:37:36.499
A FEW DAYS AGO,
WE HAD A MEETING
00:37:36.500 --> 00:37:38.599
OF THE CENTER GRANT
THAT WE HAVE,
00:37:38.600 --> 00:37:39.832
THE GROUP OF SCIENTISTS,
00:37:39.833 --> 00:37:42.999
ALL OF WHOM ARE TRYING
TO PUT THEIR HEADS TOGETHER
00:37:43.000 --> 00:37:45.899
TO UNDERSTAND FEAR,
ANXIETY, THE BIOLOGY,
00:37:45.900 --> 00:37:47.466
WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT.
00:37:47.467 --> 00:37:50.932
AND THERE\'S THIS NOTION
OF ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE COPING,
00:37:50.933 --> 00:37:52.966
AND EVEN BIOLOGICAL
MODELS OF THAT,
00:37:52.967 --> 00:37:57.399
AND YOU ARE A GREAT EXAMPLE
OF ACTIVE COPING.
00:37:57.400 --> 00:38:01.866
IN ORDER FOR THE RAT TO STOP
FREEZING AND TAKE ACTION...
00:38:01.867 --> 00:38:04.666
AND THOSE ACTIONS WOULD THEN
ELIMINATE THE STIMULUS
00:38:04.667 --> 00:38:07.166
FROM ITS LIFE...
00:38:07.167 --> 00:38:09.699
THE CIRCUIT
THAT NORMALLY CONTROLS
00:38:09.700 --> 00:38:11.199
PASSIVE COPING AND FREEZING
00:38:11.200 --> 00:38:12.666
HAS TO BE SWITCHED.
00:38:12.667 --> 00:38:14.932
SO INSTEAD OF GOING THIS WAY,
THE CIRCUIT HAS TO GO THIS WAY.
00:38:14.933 --> 00:38:16.066
SO THAT\'S THE SWITCH
00:38:16.067 --> 00:38:18.199
THAT HAS TO BE THROWN
IN THE AMYGDALA
00:38:18.200 --> 00:38:20.199
TO REDIRECT
INFORMATION PROCESSING
00:38:20.200 --> 00:38:22.666
FROM ONE PART
TO A DIFFERENT PART.
00:38:22.667 --> 00:38:24.499
THE REASON THAT\'S IMPORTANT
IS BECAUSE
00:38:24.500 --> 00:38:28.866
THE SECOND PART ALLOWS
THE FEAR AROUSING STIMULUS
00:38:28.867 --> 00:38:33.867
TO ENTER INTO BRAIN CIRCUITS
THAT CONTROL POSITIVE BEHAVIORS.
00:38:38.800 --> 00:38:41.499
(narrator) TAKING ACTION
RATHER THAN FREEZING,
00:38:41.500 --> 00:38:45.699
IN HUMANS AS IN RATS,
IS ONE WAY TO OVERCOME FEAR.
00:38:45.700 --> 00:38:50.299
ELIA HAS MANAGED IT;
CHRIS, NOT YET.
00:38:50.300 --> 00:38:52.666
WHAT YOU SEE PEOPLE
DO NATURALLY
00:38:52.667 --> 00:38:56.166
AFTER A BIG EVENT,
UPSETTING EVENT LIKE 9/11,
00:38:56.167 --> 00:38:57.866
IS THAT THEY KEEP
TELLING THE STORY
00:38:57.867 --> 00:38:59.399
TO ANYONE WHO WILL LISTEN.
00:38:59.400 --> 00:39:03.166
AND THAT PROCESS IS
THE NATURAL PROCESS OF RECOVERY,
00:39:03.167 --> 00:39:05.532
WHERE THEY\'RE TAKING SOMETHING
THAT DIDN\'T MAKE ANY SENSE...
00:39:05.533 --> 00:39:07.832
A BUILDING FALLING DOWN
IN NEW YORK CITY
00:39:07.833 --> 00:39:09.066
DIDN\'T MAKE SENSE...
00:39:09.067 --> 00:39:12.299
AND PEOPLE TRY
TO PUT TOGETHER THE NARRATIVE
00:39:12.300 --> 00:39:15.199
VERY LITERALLY
IN TERMS OF TIME
00:39:15.200 --> 00:39:19.166
AND A MEANING TO IT,
ASCRIBING CAUSE AND EFFECT.
00:39:19.167 --> 00:39:24.433
WHEN THE NARRATIVE MAKES SENSE,
PTSD RESOLVES.
00:39:26.767 --> 00:39:31.299
FOR CHRIS, WHY DIDN\'T
HIS PTSD GO AWAY?
00:39:31.300 --> 00:39:34.099
AND I THINK IT\'S BECAUSE
THE NARRATIVE
00:39:34.100 --> 00:39:35.666
THAT HE WAS CREATING
IN THE PRESENT
00:39:35.667 --> 00:39:39.499
WASN\'T CONNECTED TO THE
NARRATIVE THAT HE LIVED WITH
00:39:39.500 --> 00:39:41.132
AND WAS CREATED
IN HIS CHILDHOOD,
00:39:41.133 --> 00:39:44.799
AND THE CAPACITY
TO INTEGRATE THOSE NARRATIVES
00:39:44.800 --> 00:39:47.599
WOULD HAVE MADE
THE TRUE STORY FOR HIM,
00:39:47.600 --> 00:39:52.000
BUT HE WAS UNABLE TO BRING
THOSE TWO THINGS TOGETHER.
00:39:53.300 --> 00:39:54.732
NOW YOU BE HONEST WITH ME.
00:39:54.733 --> 00:39:55.966
I\'VE BEEN HONEST WITH YOU, DOC,
00:39:55.967 --> 00:39:57.499
NOW YOU BE HONEST WITH ME.
00:39:57.500 --> 00:39:58.899
IS THIS GONNA GET ANY BETTER?
00:39:58.900 --> 00:40:01.566
DOES THIS GET ANY BETTER,
00:40:01.567 --> 00:40:07.299
OR IS IT JUST A MATTER
OF ACCEPTING
00:40:07.300 --> 00:40:12.632
THAT THIS IS WHAT YOUR LIFE IS
AND FINDING YOUR WAY THROUGH?
00:40:12.633 --> 00:40:15.666
FIGURING OUT WHAT YOU NEED
TO DO ON ANY GIVEN DAY,
00:40:15.667 --> 00:40:18.499
NOT TO CHANGE THAT
OR NOT TO REMOVE THAT...
00:40:18.500 --> 00:40:20.632
WHICH WOULD BE GREAT,
IF THAT\'S IN THE CARDS,
00:40:20.633 --> 00:40:24.000
BUT THE REAL REALITY
IS JUST LIVING WITH IT.
00:40:25.967 --> 00:40:27.432
(Phelps)
THE SHIFT IN OUR RESEARCH
00:40:27.433 --> 00:40:29.899
AND ALSO IN THE RESEARCH
IN THE NONHUMANS, IN THE RATS,
00:40:29.900 --> 00:40:31.466
IS TO START TO SAY,
00:40:31.467 --> 00:40:33.866
\"HOW CAN WE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT FEAR LEARNING
00:40:33.867 --> 00:40:35.332
TO SEE HOW
WE GET RID OF THEM?\"
00:40:35.333 --> 00:40:37.599
AND WE\'RE REALLY LOOKING
AT THREE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES.
00:40:37.600 --> 00:40:38.866
ONE IS EXTINCTION.
00:40:38.867 --> 00:40:41.866
SO ONE OF THE PROBLEMS
WHEN YOU HAVE A FEAR IS,
00:40:41.867 --> 00:40:43.832
YOU DON\'T WANT TO BE
AROUND THAT THING.
00:40:43.833 --> 00:40:46.732
AND SO YOU\'RE NEVER NOW LEARN
IT\'S NOT DANGEROUS.
00:40:46.733 --> 00:40:49.066
SO WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS
OF EXTINCTION, OF EXPOSURE,
00:40:49.067 --> 00:40:51.432
AND HOW DOES THAT CHANGE
YOUR FEAR RESPONSE?
00:40:51.433 --> 00:40:54.499
HUMANS CAN ALSO THINK
ABOUT THINGS DIFFERENTLY.
00:40:54.500 --> 00:40:55.799
WE DO THIS ALL THE TIME.
00:40:55.800 --> 00:40:57.099
YOU CAN BE AFRAID OF SOMETHING,
00:40:57.100 --> 00:40:58.999
AND THEN YOU CAN TELL YOURSELF,
\"DON\'T BE AFRAID;
00:40:59.000 --> 00:41:00.899
THIS REALLY ISN\'T
A DANGEROUS CIRCUMSTANCE,\"
00:41:00.900 --> 00:41:03.032
AND YOU CONVINCE YOURSELF
NOT TO BE AFRAID.
00:41:03.033 --> 00:41:05.366
AND THAT CAN HAVE A SIGNIFICANT
EFFECT ON YOUR MOOD.
00:41:05.367 --> 00:41:07.466
THIS IS CALLED
EMOTION REGULATION.
00:41:07.467 --> 00:41:10.299
SO WE\'RE ALSO TRYING TO SAY
HOW DO WE REGULATE OUR EMOTIONS?
00:41:10.300 --> 00:41:12.699
WHAT PARTS OF THE BRAIN
ARE IMPORTANT IN THAT?
00:41:12.700 --> 00:41:14.499
HOW DOES THAT RELATE
TO EXTINCTION?
00:41:14.500 --> 00:41:16.332
AND THE FINAL TECHNIQUE
THAT\'S BEING USED
00:41:16.333 --> 00:41:18.166
IS RECONSOLIDATION.
00:41:18.167 --> 00:41:20.066
SO HERE, WE\'RE TRYING TO SAY,
00:41:20.067 --> 00:41:22.699
\"ARE THERE PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANIPULATIONS WE CAN USE
00:41:22.700 --> 00:41:25.799
THAT CAN ACTUALLY HELP DISRUPT
SOME OF YOUR FEAR MEMORIES?\"
00:41:25.800 --> 00:41:29.266
WE FOUND THAT WE COULD ELIMINATE
FEAR MEMORY
00:41:29.267 --> 00:41:32.932
FROM THE RAT BRAIN IF WE GAVE
A CERTAIN DRUG
00:41:32.933 --> 00:41:37.632
AFTER THE RAT WAS RE-EXPOSED
TO THE FEAR-AROUSING STIMULUS.
00:41:37.633 --> 00:41:39.132
AND SO WHEN WE DID THIS,
00:41:39.133 --> 00:41:41.999
THE RATS WERE NO LONGER AFRAID
OF THE STIMULUS.
00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:43.766
IF WE HADN\'T GIVEN THAT DRUG,
00:41:43.767 --> 00:41:46.866
THE RATS WOULD HAVE DEVELOPED
A STRONGER FEAR RESPONSE
00:41:46.867 --> 00:41:48.666
TO THE RETRIEVAL
OF THAT STIMULUS,
00:41:48.667 --> 00:41:51.999
BECAUSE OF THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:53.932
OF REACTIVATING THE FEAR SYSTEM.
00:41:53.933 --> 00:41:56.766
SO WE DEVELOPED THE IDEA
THAT IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE
00:41:56.767 --> 00:41:58.899
TO TREAT
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
00:41:58.900 --> 00:42:03.299
BY RE-EXPOSING THE PEOPLE
TO THEIR FEAR-AROUSING STIMULUS
00:42:03.300 --> 00:42:04.966
IN THE PRESENCE OF SOMETHING
00:42:04.967 --> 00:42:08.099
THAT PREVENTS THE RE-STORAGE
OF THAT INFORMATION.
00:42:08.100 --> 00:42:12.032
EACH TIME I REMEMBER
00:42:12.033 --> 00:42:15.499
I\'LL TAKE A PILL
00:42:15.500 --> 00:42:17.932
BLOCK THAT STORAGE
00:42:17.933 --> 00:42:21.099
MAKE MY MEMORY NIL
00:42:21.100 --> 00:42:24.132
JUST GIVE ME A PILL
00:42:24.133 --> 00:42:27.199
OH, YES, OH, PLEASE
00:42:27.200 --> 00:42:30.099
JUST GIVE ME A PILL
00:42:30.100 --> 00:42:33.033
WASH AWAY MY MEMORIES
00:42:34.967 --> 00:42:38.366
(narrator) THE IDEA OF A MEMORY PILL
TO REDUCE THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT
00:42:38.367 --> 00:42:41.666
OF TRAUMATIC MEMORIES
IS NO LONGER SCIENCE FICTION.
00:42:41.667 --> 00:42:44.199
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
ON FEAR AND ANXIETY
00:42:44.200 --> 00:42:45.666
STILL HAS A LONG WAY TO GO,
00:42:45.667 --> 00:42:47.966
BUT THE ROUTE IS MARKED OUT.
00:42:47.967 --> 00:42:51.466
NEUROSCIENCE, COMBINING
BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
00:42:51.467 --> 00:42:53.832
AND STUDYING INDIVIDUALS
RATHER THAN THE MASS,
00:42:53.833 --> 00:42:55.999
IS FOCUSING ON THE SPECIFIC,
00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:58.699
SPECIFIC DRUGS
AND SPECIFIC THERAPIES.
00:42:58.700 --> 00:43:00.332
[knocks on door]
00:43:00.333 --> 00:43:01.566
HELLO.
JOE, HOW ARE YOU?
00:43:01.567 --> 00:43:02.799
NICE TO SEE YOU.
HI.
00:43:02.800 --> 00:43:04.199
THANK YOU
FOR COMING UP.
00:43:04.200 --> 00:43:06.132
(LeDoux) I KNOW YOU\'VE BEEN SEARCHING
FOR GENES
00:43:06.133 --> 00:43:09.332
THAT ARE UNIQUE TO THE AMYGDALA.
00:43:09.333 --> 00:43:11.532
DO YOU THINK IT\'S POSSIBLE THAT
00:43:11.533 --> 00:43:13.366
IF YOU ARE ABLE
TO FIND SUCH A GENE
00:43:13.367 --> 00:43:16.066
THAT MADE OF PROTEIN
THAT\'S UNIQUE TO THE AMYGDALA,
00:43:16.067 --> 00:43:18.832
YOU COULD USE THAT PROTEIN
AS A KIND OF
00:43:18.833 --> 00:43:20.299
UNWRAPPER,
00:43:20.300 --> 00:43:24.432
SO THAT YOU HAD A PILL
THAT HAS A MOLECULAR PACKAGE,
00:43:24.433 --> 00:43:27.166
AND IT GOES TO THE ENTIRE BRAIN
WHEN YOU TAKE IT ORALLY,
00:43:27.167 --> 00:43:29.566
BUT WHEN IT FINDS THAT PROTEIN...
OR IT HITS THAT PROTEIN
00:43:29.567 --> 00:43:32.266
AND THE AMYGDALA UNWRAPS,
AND IT\'S ONLY ACTIVE THERE?
00:43:32.267 --> 00:43:33.666
I THINK THAT\'S
QUITE LIKELY.
00:43:33.667 --> 00:43:35.599
I MEAN,
IN THE EXTREME CASE...
00:43:35.600 --> 00:43:39.232
LET\'S ASSUME YOU
HAD A RECEPTOR
00:43:39.233 --> 00:43:43.632
THAT ACTIVATED
AN INHIBITORY PATHWAY
00:43:43.633 --> 00:43:46.332
THAT REDUCED
THE IMPACT OF FEAR
00:43:46.333 --> 00:43:49.832
AND THE RECEPTOR
ON THE INHIBITORY NEURONS
00:43:49.833 --> 00:43:52.099
WAS UNIQUE...
I\'M MAKING UP A FANTASY...
00:43:52.100 --> 00:43:54.466
YOU TAKE A DRUG THAT WOULD BE
GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED,
00:43:54.467 --> 00:43:57.566
BUT THE ONLY TARGET
OF HIGH AFFINITY
00:43:57.567 --> 00:43:58.866
THAT IT WOULD HAVE
00:43:58.867 --> 00:44:02.032
WOULD BE THESE RECEPTORS
ON INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS.
00:44:02.033 --> 00:44:04.966
THAT\'S AN IDEAL SCENARIO,
IF YOU WILL,
00:44:04.967 --> 00:44:07.099
BUT NOT AN ABSURD ONE.
00:44:07.100 --> 00:44:09.932
SO PSYCHIATRY NEEDS
TO FIGURE OUT A WAY
00:44:09.933 --> 00:44:11.866
TO INHIBIT THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA;
THAT IS THE KEY.
00:44:11.867 --> 00:44:12.999
IT\'S NOT THAT EASY.
00:44:13.000 --> 00:44:14.532
AND SO WE CAME TO THE CONCLUSION
00:44:14.533 --> 00:44:18.232
THAT THE REALLY STRIKING ADVANCE
IN THE LAST DECADE
00:44:18.233 --> 00:44:20.799
HAS NOT BEEN IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW DRUGS,
00:44:20.800 --> 00:44:23.499
DESPITE THE FACT THAT THIS IS
THE ERA OF BIOLOGY,
00:44:23.500 --> 00:44:27.266
BUT IN THE SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION
00:44:27.267 --> 00:44:28.466
OF COGNITIVE
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
00:44:28.467 --> 00:44:29.932
AND OTHER KINDS
OF THERAPY.
00:44:29.933 --> 00:44:32.399
AND WHEN THE TWO ARE GIVEN,
THEY\'RE OFTEN SYNERGISTIC.
00:44:32.400 --> 00:44:33.766
SO THAT\'S A MAJOR ADVANCE.
00:44:33.767 --> 00:44:34.966
NEUROSCIENCE IS NOT
00:44:34.967 --> 00:44:36.599
GOING TO BE REDUCED
TO PSYCHOLOGY.
00:44:36.600 --> 00:44:39.599
PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE
WILL INTERACT AND INTEGRATE.
00:44:39.600 --> 00:44:40.933
AND GET A NEW SCIENCE
GOING, YEAH.
00:44:45.167 --> 00:44:46.399
(Lopez)
WHAT I LEARNED SO FAR
00:44:46.400 --> 00:44:50.432
IS THAT WE LEARN
HOW TO THINK AND HOW TO ACT
00:44:50.433 --> 00:44:52.399
BASED UPON OUR EXPERIENCES.
00:44:52.400 --> 00:44:55.799
WHEN I WENT
TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY,
00:44:55.800 --> 00:44:58.032
WHICH I AM DOING NOW,
WHAT THEY DO IS,
00:44:58.033 --> 00:45:00.299
THEY GIVE YOU
A LOT OF EXERCISES TO DO.
00:45:00.300 --> 00:45:03.999
AND IF YOU\'VE HAD AN INCIDENT
OR SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED
00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:06.132
THAT\'S CAUSING YOU ANXIETY,
00:45:06.133 --> 00:45:09.399
YOU WRITE ABOUT THE FIRST
THOUGHTS THAT CAME TO YOUR MIND.
00:45:09.400 --> 00:45:11.332
YOU WRITE THE FEELINGS
THAT YOU FELT
00:45:11.333 --> 00:45:14.199
AS A RESULT OF THOSE THOUGHTS,
00:45:14.200 --> 00:45:15.399
AND THEN WHAT YOU DO IS,
00:45:15.400 --> 00:45:18.699
YOU TRY TO FIND
ALTERNATIVE THOUGHTS.
00:45:18.700 --> 00:45:21.032
ONE OF MY BIGGEST CONCERNS
WAS ALWAYS,
00:45:21.033 --> 00:45:23.199
\"I\'M CRAZY\"
OR \"SOMETHING\'S WRONG WITH ME.\"
00:45:23.200 --> 00:45:26.266
I WOULD SAY TO PEOPLE THAT
THERE\'S NOTHING WRONG WITH THEM,
00:45:26.267 --> 00:45:28.066
THAT THEY\'RE NOT CRAZY.
00:45:28.067 --> 00:45:29.299
IT\'S JUST THAT THEIR BODY
00:45:29.300 --> 00:45:31.666
HAS LEARNED HOW TO RESPOND
TO CERTAIN TRIGGERS,
00:45:31.667 --> 00:45:35.399
AND WHEN YOU
KIND OF FACE THAT
00:45:35.400 --> 00:45:37.699
AND YOU FACE THOSE TRIGGERS
AS WELL,
00:45:37.700 --> 00:45:39.732
WHEN YOU START LEARNING
WHAT THEY COME FROM,
00:45:39.733 --> 00:45:41.332
WHERE THEY COME FROM,
00:45:41.333 --> 00:45:43.899
YOU KNOW, YOUR WHOLE LIFE
STARTS TO CHANGE.
00:45:43.900 --> 00:45:45.932
THINGS OPEN UP FOR YOU.
00:45:45.933 --> 00:45:47.266
YOU FEEL FREE, YOU KNOW.
00:45:47.267 --> 00:45:49.699
I FEEL... JUST IN THE PAST
SEVERAL MONTHS,
00:45:49.700 --> 00:45:52.632
NOT HAVING A FULL-BLOWN
PANIC ATTACK,
00:45:52.633 --> 00:45:57.467
I FEEL SO MUCH FREER THAN
I\'VE FELT IN ALL OF MY LIFE.
00:45:59.133 --> 00:46:00.532
[knock at door]
00:46:00.533 --> 00:46:02.999
(Zedeno) IT WAS A HUGE CHANGE
THAT CAME OVER.
00:46:03.000 --> 00:46:07.466
I SUDDENLY UNDERSTOOD THAT
THAT\'S WHAT LIFE IS ABOUT.
00:46:07.467 --> 00:46:09.366
IT\'S ABOUT CHANGE.
00:46:09.367 --> 00:46:10.599
THAT WAS A BIG LESSON
00:46:10.600 --> 00:46:12.632
THAT I LEARNED
FROM SEPTEMBER 11TH.
00:46:12.633 --> 00:46:14.232
AND THEN I SAID,
00:46:14.233 --> 00:46:20.332
\"THERE ARE SO MANY PEOPLE
OUT THERE WHO NEED HELP,
00:46:20.333 --> 00:46:22.066
ESPECIALLY CHILDREN.\"
00:46:22.067 --> 00:46:25.799
AND I FOUND OUT THAT THERE
WAS ACTUALLY AN EASY WAY
00:46:25.800 --> 00:46:27.132
OF ADOPTING CHILDREN.
00:46:27.133 --> 00:46:29.132
I ALWAYS THOUGHT
IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT.
00:46:29.133 --> 00:46:33.366
ABOUT A YEAR AFTER,
I HAD A CHILD AT MY HOME.
00:46:33.367 --> 00:46:35.299
AND I HAVE TO TELL YOU,
00:46:35.300 --> 00:46:38.532
IT WAS THE SCARIEST THING
IN THE WORLD.
00:46:38.533 --> 00:46:41.432
I READ BOOKS, AND I SAID,
\"I AM GOING TO BE THE BEST MOM
00:46:41.433 --> 00:46:42.866
\"I COULD EVER BE,
00:46:42.867 --> 00:46:45.999
AND I\'M GOING TO TEACH
THIS LITTLE KID SO MUCH.\"
00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:47.199
ARE YOU GONNA READ?
00:46:47.200 --> 00:46:49.166
SURE.
00:46:49.167 --> 00:46:52.199
(Lopez) AND A COUPLE OF WEEKS
AFTER HE WAS HERE,
00:46:52.200 --> 00:46:56.699
I SUDDENLY REALIZED,
I\'M NOT TEACHING HIM ANYTHING.
00:46:56.700 --> 00:47:00.066
HE IS THE ONE TEACHING ME.
00:47:00.067 --> 00:47:05.299
HE\'S MY TEACHER.
00:47:05.300 --> 00:47:08.899
AND NOW HE\'S BEEN WITH ME
FOR FOUR YEARS NOW,
00:47:08.900 --> 00:47:10.699
AND HE\'S DOING VERY WELL,
00:47:10.700 --> 00:47:14.566
AND I\'M VERY HAPPY TO SEE
HOW MUCH HE\'S GROWN
00:47:14.567 --> 00:47:15.732
AND HOW MUCH HE\'S MATURED
00:47:15.733 --> 00:47:19.266
AND HASN\'T STOPPED TEACHING ME.
00:47:19.267 --> 00:47:21.433
[laughs]
00:47:27.467 --> 00:47:31.532
(Burke) I HAVE THE SAME DREAM,
THIS RECURRING DREAM.
00:47:31.533 --> 00:47:34.332
IT ALWAYS BEGINS
IN A DREAM ROOM, NOT A REAL ONE.
00:47:34.333 --> 00:47:37.132
THIS ROOM IS A FUNERAL HOME.
00:47:37.133 --> 00:47:41.399
THERE ARE ROWS AND ROWS AND ROWS
OF WOODEN FOLDING CHAIRS,
00:47:41.400 --> 00:47:43.832
BUT THEY\'RE EMPTY.
00:47:43.833 --> 00:47:47.399
THEY ARE ALL EMPTY,
EXCEPT FOR THE LAST ROW.
00:47:47.400 --> 00:47:54.132
IN THE CORNER, IN THE DARK,
SITS A LITTLE GIRL, ALONE,
00:47:54.133 --> 00:47:56.266
QUIETLY SOBBING:
00:47:56.267 --> 00:48:00.266
\"DADDY. DADDY. DADDY.\"
00:48:00.267 --> 00:48:05.266
IN THE FRONT OF THE ROOM
LAYS AN OPEN CASKET,
00:48:05.267 --> 00:48:08.432
AND I FIND MYSELF SITTING
ON TOP OF THIS CASKET.
00:48:08.433 --> 00:48:10.966
IT\'S JUST ME AND ME
00:48:10.967 --> 00:48:15.066
AND TESS, OF COURSE,
IN THE BACK, CRYING.
00:48:15.067 --> 00:48:16.932
SO THIS IS WHAT YOU WANTED, EH?
00:48:16.933 --> 00:48:19.666
THIS IS WHAT
IT ALL COMES DOWN TO?
00:48:19.667 --> 00:48:21.532
WHAT CHOICE DID I HAVE?
00:48:21.533 --> 00:48:23.266
WHAT CHOICE?
00:48:23.267 --> 00:48:24.432
WHAT CHOICE?
00:48:24.433 --> 00:48:26.399
YOU HAD NOTHING BUT CHOICES.
00:48:26.400 --> 00:48:29.299
THAT\'S WHERE THE PROBLEM BEGINS.
00:48:29.300 --> 00:48:31.632
THAT\'S ALWAYS WHERE
THE PROBLEM BEGINS.
00:48:31.633 --> 00:48:33.000
CHOICES.
00:48:44.300 --> 00:48:45.366
TESS.
00:48:45.367 --> 00:48:48.099
[laughing]
00:48:48.100 --> 00:48:50.167
HOW ARE YOU DOING?
00:48:51.200 --> 00:48:52.833
GOOD TO SEE YOU.
00:48:55.533 --> 00:48:56.932
HOW ARE YOU?
GOOD.
00:48:56.933 --> 00:48:58.366
WHAT\'S GOING ON?
NOTHING.
00:48:58.367 --> 00:48:59.932
ALL RIGHT. YOU READY TO GO?
YES.
00:48:59.933 --> 00:49:03.166
ALL RIGHT, GUYS,
LET\'S GO.
00:49:03.167 --> 00:49:06.432
I\'M A LUCKY MAN
BECAUSE I HAVE TWO DAUGHTERS,
00:49:06.433 --> 00:49:11.299
CHARLOTTE AND TESS,
WHO ARE THE LOVES OF MY LIFE.
00:49:11.300 --> 00:49:13.566
I LOVE MY DAUGHTERS.
00:49:13.567 --> 00:49:15.366
I WANT TO LOVE LIFE.
00:49:15.367 --> 00:49:22.299
I WANT TO UNDO THE TAPE
THAT ROLLS IN MY HEAD.
00:49:22.300 --> 00:49:24.832
BUT IT TAKES A LOT OF WORK.
IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT.
00:49:24.833 --> 00:49:30.232
YOU\'RE TALKING ABOUT UNDOING
WHAT\'S BEEN ETCHED IN STONE
00:49:30.233 --> 00:49:32.999
BY YOUR ABUSERS
AND BY YOURSELF
00:49:33.000 --> 00:49:35.866
FOR DECADES,
00:49:35.867 --> 00:49:39.799
\'CAUSE PEOPLE LIKE ME
HAVE TO CONTINUALLY GRASP
00:49:39.800 --> 00:49:44.467
AND LOOK FOR A REASON
TO STAY ON THIS PLANET.
00:49:47.767 --> 00:49:51.166
FOR ME, THAT\'S FINDING WAYS
TO HELP OTHER PEOPLE.
00:49:51.167 --> 00:49:52.732
IF I CAN KEEP DOING THAT,
00:49:52.733 --> 00:49:54.999
THEN MY LIFE HAS
SOME MEANING TO ME.
00:49:55.000 --> 00:49:58.299
I\'M DETERMINED NOT TO LOSE HERE.
00:49:58.300 --> 00:50:01.866
I\'M DETERMINED TO COME
OUT OF THIS A GOOD PERSON
00:50:01.867 --> 00:50:04.867
AND COMFORTABLE IN THAT SKIN.
00:50:10.867 --> 00:50:12.732
(LeDoux)
THE HIDDEN FACE OF FEAR
00:50:12.733 --> 00:50:16.899
IS ABOUT HOW THE BRAIN
IS ABLE TO DETECT FEAR,
00:50:16.900 --> 00:50:20.566
IN A WAY THAT THE EXPERIENCING
PERSON IS NOT ALWAYS AWARE OF.
00:50:20.567 --> 00:50:23.432
THE BRAIN IS CAPABLE OF
UNCONSCIOUSLY PROCESSING DANGER,
00:50:23.433 --> 00:50:26.332
BECAUSE THIS IS AN IMPORTANT
ADAPTIVE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN.
00:50:26.333 --> 00:50:27.732
BUT SOMETIMES,
00:50:27.733 --> 00:50:31.366
THESE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSING
MECHANISMS OF DANGER
00:50:31.367 --> 00:50:32.999
WILL ALSO CREATE FEARS IN US
00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:35.066
THAT WE AREN\'T ABLE
TO COPE WITH AS WELL
00:50:35.067 --> 00:50:36.566
BECAUSE THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS.
00:50:36.567 --> 00:50:38.832
AND THIS IS A PRICE WE PAY
00:50:38.833 --> 00:50:41.199
FOR A VERY EFFICIENT
FEAR SYSTEM,
00:50:41.200 --> 00:50:44.666
THAT EVOLUTION FINE-TUNED
TO KEEP US ALIVE
00:50:44.667 --> 00:50:47.667
BUT PERHAPS IS NOT ALWAYS
EFFECTIVE IN MODERN LIFE.
00:50:56.333 --> 00:51:01.099
(man) I\'D LIKE TO NOW INTRODUCE
TO YOU ELIA ZEDENO,
00:51:01.100 --> 00:51:02.532
A VERY BRAVE WOMAN,
00:51:02.533 --> 00:51:06.666
A SURVIVOR
OF BOTH \'93 AND 2001.
00:51:06.667 --> 00:51:09.667
[applause]
00:51:11.900 --> 00:51:15.532
(Zedeno)
WE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE A TENDENCY
00:51:15.533 --> 00:51:18.299
TO WANT TO HOLD ON TO THINGS.
00:51:18.300 --> 00:51:20.899
WE WANT TO HOLD ON TO LOVE,
00:51:20.900 --> 00:51:23.366
AND WE WANT TO HOLD ON
TO PEOPLE.
00:51:23.367 --> 00:51:28.866
AND WE WANT TO HOLD ON
TO BEAUTIFUL, WONDERFUL MOMENTS.
00:51:28.867 --> 00:51:30.632
BUT THAT\'S NOT THE WAY LIFE IS.
00:51:30.633 --> 00:51:35.466
LIFE JUST CHANGES,
CONSTANTLY CHANGES.
00:51:35.467 --> 00:51:40.432
AND WE MUST ACCEPT THAT CHANGE,
00:51:40.433 --> 00:51:43.566
BECAUSE WE ARE CHANGE.
00:51:43.567 --> 00:51:46.966
AND IN THE SAME WAY
THAT WE MUST ACCEPT
00:51:46.967 --> 00:51:50.699
THAT LOVE SOMETIMES DISAPPEARS,
00:51:50.700 --> 00:51:54.099
WE MUST ALSO ACCEPT
THAT OUR ANGER
00:51:54.100 --> 00:51:58.699
AND OUR FEAR AND OUR SUFFERING
DOES LIVE ON.
00:51:58.700 --> 00:52:00.132
IT IS THERE.
00:52:00.133 --> 00:52:01.799
BUT IT CAN CHANGE,
00:52:01.800 --> 00:52:03.566
AND THAT\'S WHAT WE
ARE FREE TO DO.
00:52:03.567 --> 00:52:06.432
WE ARE FREE TO MAKE THAT CHANGE.
00:52:06.433 --> 00:52:10.532
ACCEPT THAT THE FEAR
IS STILL THERE.
00:52:10.533 --> 00:52:13.399
DON\'T THINK FOR ONE MOMENT
THAT FEAR IS NOT THERE,
00:52:13.400 --> 00:52:15.566
THAT THEY\'VE FORGOTTEN
ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED,
00:52:15.567 --> 00:52:16.567
THAT THEY DON\'T HAVE A DAY
00:52:16.568 --> 00:52:18.966
WHEN THEY SPENT
THEIR TIME CRYING.
00:52:18.967 --> 00:52:20.967
IT\'S THERE.
Distributor: Icarus Films
Length: 53 minutes
Date: 2008
Genre: Expository
Language: English
Grade: 9-12, College, Adult
Color/BW:
Closed Captioning: Available
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