WEBVTT

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- IF THE PEOPLE GO
AND SEE THIS MOVIE

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AND THEY REMEMBER IT
THE NEXT DAY,

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THAT IS BECAUSE THERE WOULD BE
AN ALTERATION

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IN GENE EXPRESSION
IN THEIR BRAIN.

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THAT CAN PRODUCE PROFOUND
CHANGES IN PEOPLE\'S BRAINS.

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SO EVERY SINGLE PERSON
IN THE AUDIENCE

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WATCHING THIS FILM
HAS A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT BRAIN

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BECAUSE THEY HAVE LEARNED
SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT THINGS.

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- ERIC.

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- OH, I SEE THERE\'S
A FENCE HERE.

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- THERE\'S A FENCE IN RIGHT HERE.

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- HERE IT IS.

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DEEP IN THE MIDDLE.

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THE GREEN, THE DARK GREEN
AND THE LIGHTER GREEN,

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IS THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

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WE HAVE REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT MEMORY IS STORED IN HERE

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FOR A PERIOD OF TIME.

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AND DEPENDING ON THE TASK,
IT CAN BE A COUPLE OF WEEKS

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OR IT COULD BE YEARS.

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MEMORY IS THE GLUE THAT BINDS
OUR MENTAL LIFE TOGETHER.

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I MEAN, IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE
FOR ME TO REMEMBER

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WHAT I DID THIS MORNING,
WHAT I DID LAST WEEK,

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WHAT I DID SIX YEARS AGO.

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IT IS WHAT ALLOWS US
TO GET CONTINUITY IN OUR LIVES.

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IT\'S THE ESSENTIAL FEATURE
OF OUR MENTAL LIFE.

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WITHOUT MEMORY,
WE WOULD BE NOTHING.

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I JUST WORKED
ON THE LAST SEARCH.

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THIS IS A REDO.

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THIS IS FOR ME,
AND THE REST IS FOR ME.

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- AND THE SECOND CLASS OF GENES

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IS GENES RELATED
TO LEARNING AND MEMORY.

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- OH, FANTASTIC.

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- BUT, ACTUALLY, WE\'LL ALWAYS...

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WE ALWAYS HAVE A ROUND TABLE.

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EVERYONE GOES AROUND
AND SAYS WHAT\'S THERE.

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- THANK YOU.

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SO WE WAIT A LITTLE BIT,

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BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE
ARE NOT HERE YET.

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UH, BEFORE WE GET STARTED...
HELLO?

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JOE!

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CAN I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION,
PLEASE?

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IN THE 1960s, WHEN, YOU KNOW,
I BEGAN...

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PEOPLE BEGAN TO WORK
ON THE PROBLEM,

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WE DIDN\'T HAVE THE VAGUEST IDEA
HOW LEARNING OCCURS.

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SO THE FIRST THING THAT HAPPENED
IS THAT WE AND OTHERS

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WERE ABLE TO SHOW
THAT LEARNING INVOLVES CHANGES

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IN HOW NERVE CELLS COMMUNICATE,
IN SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.

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THE NEXT QUESTION IS,
\"HOW IS MEMORY LAID DOWN?\"

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AND WE WERE ABLE TO SEE
THAT YOU COULD SEE IT

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ON THE LEVEL OF NERVE CELLS,
WHAT YOU SEE IN BEHAVIOR.

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THERE\'S A SHORT-TERM MEMORY
AND A LONG-TERM MEMORY.

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- LOOKS LIKE A 22.

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- MEMORY IS ONE
OF THE MOST REMARKABLE ASPECTS

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OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.

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MEMORY ENABLES US TO SOLVE
THE PROBLEMS WE CONFRONT

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IN EVERYDAY LIFE

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BY MARSHALLING SEVERAL FACTS
AT ONCE,

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AN ABILITY THAT IS VITAL
TO PROBLEM SOLVING.

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IN A LARGER SENSE,
MEMORY PROVIDES OUR LIVES

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WITH CONTINUITY.

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IT GIVES US A COHERENT PICTURE
OF THE PAST

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THAT PUTS CURRENT EXPERIENCES
INTO PERSPECTIVE.

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THE PICTURE MAY NOT
BE RATIONAL, ACCURATE,

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BUT IT PERSISTS.

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WITHOUT THE BINDING FORCE
OF MEMORY,

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EXPERIENCE WOULD BE SPLINTERED
INTO AS MANY FRAGMENTS

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AS THERE ARE MOMENTS IN LIFE.

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WITHOUT THE MENTAL TIME TRAVEL
PROVIDED BY MEMORY,

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WE WOULD HAVE NO AWARENESS
OF OUR PERSONAL HISTORY,

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NO WAY OF REMEMBERING THE JOYS
THAT SERVE

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AS THE LUMINOUS MILESTONES
OF OUR LIFE.

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WE ARE WHO WE ARE
BECAUSE OF WHAT WE LEARN

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AND WHAT WE REMEMBER.

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- I\'M ACTUALLY AN ANALYST.

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I DO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL WORK.

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- THAT\'S TERRIFIC WORK.
- YEAH.

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

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- SO CALCIUM CHANNELS
IN THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL,

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IF YOU ENHANCE THAT,
FORCES MORE CALCIUM...

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- OH, I MEAN, HE IS
THE ROCK STAR OF NEUROSCIENCE.

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I MEAN, HE WAS A PIONEER
IN THE FIELD.

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- I TOOK A NEUROBIOLOGY CLASS,

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AND I BASICALLY LIVED
WITH THIS BOOK.

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- I MEAN, LOOK AT THE CROWD.

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WE\'RE ALL WAITING.

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THEY\'RE SAYING WE\'RE
AT CAPACITY,

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BUT WE\'RE JUST HOPING
THAT WE\'LL GET IN.

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- HI.

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- OH, MY GOD.

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[cheers and applause]

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- DR. KANDEL WAS AWARDED
THE NOBEL PRIZE

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FOR PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
IN THE YEAR 2000

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FOR HELPING TO UNRAVEL
THE SECRETS OF THE NEURON

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AND THE MEANS BY WHICH
OUR MEMORIES ARE STORED.

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AND THE RESULT OF THIS
WAS HIS NEW BOOK,

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IN SEARCH OF MEMORY.

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- ALL RIGHT, LET\'S HEAR IT
FOR BROOKLYN.

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[crowd cheering]

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I PRESUME YOU\'RE HERE
TO LEARN A LITTLE BIT

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ABOUT WHAT MY SCIENCE
HAS BEEN LIKE

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AND WHAT MY LIFE HAS BEEN LIKE
AND WHY I DECIDED

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TO HAVE THE GOAL
TO WRITE A BOOK.

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SO I WAS BORN
IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA,

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TO A SORT OF LOWER MIDDLE-CLASS
JEWISH FAMILY.

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AND THERE WAS NO ONE LESS LIKELY
TO HAVE A SCIENTIFIC CAREER

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THAN ME,
AS I\'M GONNA MAKE...

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I HOPE I WILL MAKE CLEAR TO YOU.

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UH, IN FACT, THE EARLY YEARS
OF MY LIFE

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WERE NOT AT ALL SPENT WORRYING
ABOUT SCIENCE.

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IT WAS SORT OF TRYING
TO PULL MYSELF TOGETHER

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AFTER THE TRAUMATA
OF THE FIRST DECADE OF MY LIFE.

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[indistinct chatter]

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SO DENISE AND I
HAVE BEEN MARRIED FOR 50 YEARS.

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AND WE CELEBRATED
OUR 50TH ANNIVERSARY

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A FEW MONTHS AGO.

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WE KNEW THAT WE WANTED
TO DO SOMETHING BIGGER,

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AND WE THOUGHT
WE WOULD DO IT

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WITH THE CHILDREN
AND THE GRANDCHILDREN.

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PARTICULARLY PAUL WANTED TO COME
TO PARIS AND VIENNA

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AND SHOW THE CHILDREN
WHERE WE CAME FROM,

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OUR ROOTS, OUR ORIGINS,
IN SEARCH OF MEMORY.

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I TELL PAUL ALL THE TIME
THAT I\'M AMAZED,

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BECAUSE HE IS SO MUCH
A BETTER PARENT THAN I AM.

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I WAS... I\'M NOT AN EASY PERSON
TO LIVE WITH.

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- IF THEY LET YOU WORK,
YOU ARE EASY, I SEE.

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- WELL...

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- THE WAR STARTED IN 1939.

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MY FATHER WAS A POLISH JEW,

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AND HE ARRANGED
FOR THE MOTHER SUPERIOR

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OF THE COUVENT
SAINT JEANNE D\'ARC

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TO TAKE MY BROTHER AND I
AND TO HIDE US.

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I WAS NINE YEARS OLD.

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MY BROTHER WAS FOUR YEARS OLD.

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CAN YOU IMAGINE HOW SAD IT IS?

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- NO.

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- MY MOTHER WAS HIDDEN
IN THE WOODS

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NEXT TO SAINT-CERE.

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- UH-HUH.

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- YOU KNOW, THIS IS
A LIFE-AND-DEATH SITUATION.

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THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS
YOU HAVE TO GO THROUGH

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BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO SURVIVE.

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[bell tolling]

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- I THINK WHAT IS REALLY
REMARKABLE ABOUT THE SITUATION

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IS THAT THERE WERE PEOPLE
LIKE YVONNE,

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THAT THERE WERE PEOPLE
WHO WERE WILLING

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TO TAKE A BIG RISK
IN ORDER TO SAVE CHILDREN

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AND TO SAVE JEWISH CHILDREN.

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THAT IS REMARKABLE.

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- DID THE OTHER GIRLS KNOW
SHE WAS JEWISH?

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- NO.

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NO ONE KNEW IT
EXCEPT THEIR MOTHER SUPERIOR.

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AND LATER ON, YOU\'RE GONNA SEE
THE ESCAPE ROUTE.

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SHE HAD A SPECIAL ESCAPE ROUTE
IN CASE THE NAZIS WOULD COME.

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THEY WOULD LEAD HER THERE,
AND SHE WOULD GET OUT.

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- WHERE WOULD SHE GO?

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- INTO TOWN.

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- OH, WOW.

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- I REMEMBER THAT I REALLY
WAS ALWAYS AFRAID

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THAT I WAS GOING
TO BE FOUND OUT,

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SO I WAS AFRAID TO TALK, SO...

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- HASN\'T STOPPED YOU SINCE THEN.

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[laughter]

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- YEAH, MAYBE THAT\'S IT, YEAH.

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YEAH.

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YOU SHOULD STAY IN FRONT OF IT.

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- ERIC.

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- DENISE!

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GET ON.
- OH, THEY\'RE HAVING FUN.

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- OKAY.

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- I WANT TO TRY ONE MORE TIME
TO SEE IF WE CAN FIND THIS.

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[indistinct speech]

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- WHEN YOU REMEMBER SOMETHING,
YOU USE MANY DIFFERENT CLUES

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TO STORE IT
AND THEN TO RECALL IT.

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AND THE BETTER SOMETHING
IS ENCODED IN MEMORY,

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THE EASIER IT IS TO RECALL.

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SO IF YOU ENCODE THE SPACE

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AS WELL AS THE OBJECTS
IN THE SPACE,

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THEN IT IS EASIER TO RECALL.

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AND OFTEN YOU RECALL SOMETHING
ONLY BECAUSE OF THE SPACE.

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- [speaking French]

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- OKAY, THIS WOMAN KNOWS
WHERE THE UNDERGROUND IS.

00:10:08.333 --> 00:10:10.766
[speaking French]

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- LET\'S GO.
- AH!

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- [humming a tune]

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JESUS, THIS IS REALLY IT.

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WE HAVE FOUND IT.

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[laughter]

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PETRA, I WANT TO TALL YOU
SOMETHING VERY IMPORTANT.

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DON\'T SHOOT; DON\'T SHOOT.

00:10:31.133 --> 00:10:35.132
UH, THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS
OF THE KANDELS,

00:10:35.133 --> 00:10:40.599
PARTICULARLY DENISE\'S SUCCESS,
IS, WE NEVER GIVE UP, SO...

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I\'M SERIOUS.

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SHE DRIVES YOU MESHUGA.

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PEOPLE SAY NO TO HER,
AND SHE GOES ON AND ON.

00:10:46.367 --> 00:10:48.132
THIS IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE.

00:10:48.133 --> 00:10:49.399
- HOW MUCH ROOM IS IN THERE?

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- WE ALL COME OUT.

00:10:50.467 --> 00:10:54.132
YOU WANNA STAY,
OR YOU WANNA COME OUT?

00:10:54.133 --> 00:10:56.299
LIBBY WANTS TO STAY
BECAUSE SHE LIKES IT IN THERE.

00:10:56.300 --> 00:10:58.566
WE\'RE GONNA LEAVE HER BEHIND
FOR A COUPLE OF DAYS,

00:10:58.567 --> 00:11:01.099
BECAUSE IT\'S... WHOA!

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- CAREFUL.

00:11:02.567 --> 00:11:04.566
- DENISY, WHAT DO YOU SAY, KID?
- OH, THIS...

00:11:04.567 --> 00:11:06.266
- THIS IS FANTASTIC.

00:11:06.267 --> 00:11:08.732
A LIFE HAS
TWO OVERRIDING THEMES.

00:11:08.733 --> 00:11:15.199
ONE IS THAT DENISE\'S EXPERIENCE
IN HIDING HERE IN CAHORS

00:11:15.200 --> 00:11:18.099
IS A DEEP PARALLEL,
BECAUSE IT\'S MUCH MORE PAINFUL,

00:11:18.100 --> 00:11:21.299
BUT A DEEP PARALLEL
TO MY OWN EXPERIENCE IN VIENNA.

00:11:21.300 --> 00:11:23.799
BUT IN ADDITION,
FINDING THIS UPTURN,

00:11:23.800 --> 00:11:27.432
AS YOU POINTED OUT, PETRA,
IS GOING DEEP,

00:11:27.433 --> 00:11:29.966
AND THIS IS WHAT ONE DOES
IN MEMORY,

00:11:29.967 --> 00:11:32.199
PERSONALLY
AND IN STUDYING MEMORY.

00:11:32.200 --> 00:11:33.699
SO THERE\'S A DOUBLE SYMBOLISM.

00:11:33.700 --> 00:11:37.232
YOUR SUBTERRENE IS SYMBOLIC
OF MEMORY RESEARCH.

00:11:37.233 --> 00:11:40.066
PEOPLE HAD EARLY DESCRIBED,
IN THAT RATS,

00:11:40.067 --> 00:11:42.999
THAT THERE IS MAP FOR SPACE
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:45.932
SHE SHOWED YOU ALSO SEE THIS
IN THE MOUSE.

00:11:45.933 --> 00:11:47.932
AND THEN SHE MADE
A FANTASTIC DISCOVERY

00:11:47.933 --> 00:11:49.566
THAT SHE\'S GONNA TELL YOU ABOUT,

00:11:49.567 --> 00:11:54.299
THAT THE MAP ONLY IS STABLE
WHEN THE ANIMAL PAYS ATTENTION.

00:11:54.300 --> 00:11:56.233
AND THAT,
SHE\'S GONNA TELL YOU ABOUT.

00:11:59.867 --> 00:12:03.432
- THIS IS MY COLLABORATOR,
JOSH DUDMAN.

00:12:03.433 --> 00:12:04.832
- HI.

00:12:04.833 --> 00:12:07.632
- NOW WE ARE GOING TO TELL YOU
HOW WE TEST

00:12:07.633 --> 00:12:09.799
HOW ATTENTION INFLUENCES MEMORY.

00:12:09.800 --> 00:12:13.532
ESPECIALLY HERE,
WE ARE STUDYING SPATIAL MEMORY.

00:12:13.533 --> 00:12:16.932
HERE IS THE MOUSE

00:12:16.933 --> 00:12:20.199
IN WHICH WE HAD IMPLANTED
ELECTRODES.

00:12:20.200 --> 00:12:21.932
IT\'S THE SAME AS THIS.

00:12:21.933 --> 00:12:25.699
SO THE PLASTIC COVERS THE WIRES
THAT GO INSIDE THE BRAIN.

00:12:25.700 --> 00:12:27.599
IT\'S TOTALLY PAINLESS
FOR THE ANIMALS.

00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:29.066
THE ANIMALS DON\'T FEEL ANYTHING.

00:12:29.067 --> 00:12:31.767
HE\'S PERFECTLY FINE.

00:12:34.933 --> 00:12:38.466
YOU CAN SEE HERE,
THE ANIMAL IS INSIDE THIS ARENA.

00:12:38.467 --> 00:12:41.066
AND THE TWO LIGHTS THAT YOU SEE
ON THE HEAD

00:12:41.067 --> 00:12:44.866
SIMPLY SERVE TO LOCATE
THE POSITION OF THE ANIMAL

00:12:44.867 --> 00:12:46.532
AT ANY GIVEN TIME.

00:12:46.533 --> 00:12:50.566
AND HERE, YOU CAN SEE THE SPACE
WHERE THE ANIMAL IS.

00:12:50.567 --> 00:12:53.999
AND THIS IS TRACKING
THE POSITION OF THE ANIMAL

00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:57.232
AND SHOWING WHERE
EACH OF THE CELLS IS FIRING.

00:12:57.233 --> 00:12:59.166
- ALL NEURONS ARE ELECTRICAL.

00:12:59.167 --> 00:13:01.566
OUR BRAIN, YOU KNOW,
BASICALLY WORKS

00:13:01.567 --> 00:13:03.432
ON ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.

00:13:03.433 --> 00:13:06.766
AND WE CAN RECORD THOSE SIGNALS.

00:13:06.767 --> 00:13:09.166
ON THE SYMBOLIC LEVEL,
THIS IS HOW, YOU KNOW,

00:13:09.167 --> 00:13:10.732
THE BRAIN TALKS.

00:13:10.733 --> 00:13:13.332
- THE PRINCIPLE CELLS FIRE
WHEN THE ANIMAL IS MOVING

00:13:13.333 --> 00:13:16.032
IN PARTICULAR LOCATIONS
OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

00:13:16.033 --> 00:13:18.399
AND THEY SOUND LIKE,
\"PRA-BA-BUP-BA-BUP.\"

00:13:18.400 --> 00:13:19.699
AND THEN THEY STOP.

00:13:19.700 --> 00:13:21.732
\"BA-BUP-BA-BUP-BUP,\"
AND THEN YOU STOP.

00:13:21.733 --> 00:13:24.332
[rough static noise]

00:13:24.333 --> 00:13:25.499
CAN YOU HEAR IT NOW?

00:13:25.500 --> 00:13:27.399
CAN YOU START TO RECOGNIZE?

00:13:27.400 --> 00:13:30.499
IN DIFFERENT COLORS,
YOU CAN SEE DIFFERENT CELLS.

00:13:30.500 --> 00:13:33.366
BY LOOKING AT WHERE
THE CELLS FIRE IN A SPACE,

00:13:33.367 --> 00:13:36.399
YOU CAN SEE WHETHER THE ANIMAL
IS PAYING ATTENTION

00:13:36.400 --> 00:13:40.067
TO THE SURROUNDINGS OR NOT.

00:13:50.200 --> 00:13:52.000
- MERCI BEAUCOUP.

00:14:05.700 --> 00:14:08.499
- THERE ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS
OUT THERE,

00:14:08.500 --> 00:14:11.666
BUT I THINK THE QUESTIONS
THAT YOU CHOOSE

00:14:11.667 --> 00:14:15.999
ARE THE ONES THAT HAVE TO DO
A LITTLE BIT WITH WHO YOU ARE,

00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:17.099
WHERE YOU COME FROM.

00:14:17.100 --> 00:14:18.966
- IT\'S A QUESTION
OF PERSONALITY.

00:14:18.967 --> 00:14:21.599
I MEAN, THAT\'S SORT OF...
YOU BRING YOUR OWN

00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:23.832
PERSONAL HISTORY
AND PERSONAL INTEREST

00:14:23.833 --> 00:14:25.667
TO THE QUESTIONS YOU ASK.

00:14:27.133 --> 00:14:30.166
- SO YOU HAD THAT ALL
AS 20, RIGHT?

00:14:30.167 --> 00:14:31.466
- WHERE DO WE GO?

00:14:31.467 --> 00:14:32.666
- I THINK IT SOUNDS GREAT, YEAH.

00:14:32.667 --> 00:14:34.732
- HE SAID, \"ALSO, YOUR VOICE
IS VERY GOOD.\"

00:14:34.733 --> 00:14:35.999
- I HAVE A GORGEOUS VOICE.

00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:37.932
[laughter]

00:14:37.933 --> 00:14:40.199
- EXCUSE ME.
NOW.

00:14:40.200 --> 00:14:44.532
- IT IS NOVEMBER 7, 1938,
MY NINTH BIRTHDAY.

00:14:44.533 --> 00:14:47.432
MY PARENTS HAVE JUST GIVEN ME
A BIRTHDAY GIFT

00:14:47.433 --> 00:14:49.799
THAT I\'VE CRAVED ENDLESSLY,

00:14:49.800 --> 00:14:52.999
A REMOTE CONTROLLED MODEL CAR.

00:14:53.000 --> 00:14:55.866
THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL
SHINY BLUE CAR.

00:14:55.867 --> 00:14:58.266
THERE\'S A LONG CABLE
THAT CONNECTS ITS MOTOR

00:14:58.267 --> 00:15:01.032
TO A STEERING WHEEL
WITH WHICH I CAN CONTROL

00:15:01.033 --> 00:15:03.732
THE CAR\'S MOVEMENTS,
IT\'S DESTINY.

00:15:03.733 --> 00:15:06.766
FOR THE NEXT TWO DAYS,
I DRIVE THAT LITTLE CAR

00:15:06.767 --> 00:15:08.899
EVERYWHERE IN OUR
SMALL APARTMENT,

00:15:08.900 --> 00:15:11.732
THROUGH THE LIVING ROOM,
INTO THE DINING AREA,

00:15:11.733 --> 00:15:14.199
UNDER THE LEGS
OF THE DINING ROOM TABLE,

00:15:14.200 --> 00:15:15.666
INTO THE BEDROOM
AND OUT AGAIN,

00:15:15.667 --> 00:15:19.232
STEERING WITH GREAT PLEASURE
AND GROWING CONFIDENCE.

00:15:19.233 --> 00:15:21.299
BUT MY PLEASURE IS SHORT-LIVED.

00:15:21.300 --> 00:15:23.599
TWO DAYS LATER,
IN THE EARLY EVENING,

00:15:23.600 --> 00:15:27.899
WE ARE STARTLED BY HEAVY BANGING
ON OUR APARTMENT DOOR.

00:15:27.900 --> 00:15:30.499
I REMEMBER THAT BANGING
EVEN TODAY.

00:15:30.500 --> 00:15:34.199
MY FATHER HAD NOT YET RETURNED
FROM WORKING AT THE STORE.

00:15:34.200 --> 00:15:35.999
MY MOTHER OPENS THE DOOR.

00:15:36.000 --> 00:15:37.232
TWO MEN ENTER.

00:15:37.233 --> 00:15:40.599
THEY IDENTIFY THEMSELVES
AS NAZI POLICEMEN

00:15:40.600 --> 00:15:43.399
AND ORDER US TO PACK SOMETHING
AND LEAVE OUR APARTMENT.

00:15:43.400 --> 00:15:45.766
THEY GIVE US AN ADDRESS
AND TELL US

00:15:45.767 --> 00:15:48.799
THAT WE ARE TO BE LODGED THERE
UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE.

00:15:48.800 --> 00:15:51.732
MY MOTHER AND I
PACK ONLY A CHANGE OF CLOTHES

00:15:51.733 --> 00:15:52.966
AND TOILETRIES,

00:15:52.967 --> 00:15:55.399
BUT MY BROTHER LUDWIG
HAD THE GOOD SENSE

00:15:55.400 --> 00:15:58.866
TO BRING WITH HIM
HIS TWO MOST VALUED POSSESSIONS,

00:15:58.867 --> 00:16:01.499
HIS STAMP AND COIN COLLECTIONS.

00:16:01.500 --> 00:16:03.666
CARRYING THESE FEW THINGS,

00:16:03.667 --> 00:16:05.099
WE WALKED SEVERAL BLOCKS
TO THE HOME

00:16:05.100 --> 00:16:08.066
OF AN ELDERLY, MORE AFFLUENT
JEWISH COUPLE

00:16:08.067 --> 00:16:10.233
WHOM WE HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE.

00:16:13.433 --> 00:16:17.099
- THIS IS MY MOTHER,
EMILY KANDEL.

00:16:17.100 --> 00:16:20.266
THIS IS MY GRANDFATHER,
ERIC KANDEL,

00:16:20.267 --> 00:16:22.932
WHO I CALL OPA,
WHO ALSO WON THE NOBEL PRIZE.

00:16:22.933 --> 00:16:24.532
- [laughing] COME ON, STOP THAT.

00:16:24.533 --> 00:16:28.467
- THIS IS DENISE,
MY GRANDMOTHER.

00:16:46.167 --> 00:16:49.499
- THIS LADY LIVES IN THE HOUSE
THAT I LIVED IN; UNBELIEVABLE.

00:16:49.500 --> 00:16:51.166
- SHE LIVES AT NUMBER NINE?
- WAIT A SECOND.

00:16:51.167 --> 00:16:53.799
AND THIS BAKERY, RITZ,
WAS THERE.

00:16:53.800 --> 00:16:55.732
HE WAS A FAMOUS NAZI.

00:16:55.733 --> 00:16:58.266
AND WAS THE ONE THAT WENT
INTO OUR APARTMENT

00:16:58.267 --> 00:16:59.967
AND TOOK EVERYTHING
THAT WE HAD.

00:17:03.067 --> 00:17:05.133
- I THOUGHT YOU WERE AT NINE.
- NO.

00:17:43.767 --> 00:17:45.199
- AFTER SEVERAL DAYS,

00:17:45.200 --> 00:17:47.666
WE ARE FINALLY ALLOWED
TO RETURN HOME,

00:17:47.667 --> 00:17:51.232
BUT THE APARTMENT WE NOW FIND
IS NOT THE ONE WE LEFT.

00:17:51.233 --> 00:17:55.032
IT HAS BEEN RANSACKED
AND EVERYTHING OF VALUE TAKEN,

00:17:55.033 --> 00:17:57.399
MY MOTHER\'S FUR COAT,
HER JEWELRY,

00:17:57.400 --> 00:18:00.599
OUR SILVER TABLEWARE,
AND ALL OF MY BIRTHDAY GIFTS,

00:18:00.600 --> 00:18:05.033
INCLUDING MY BEAUTIFUL SHINY
REMOTE-CONTROL BLUE CAR.

00:18:08.067 --> 00:18:09.432
IT\'S EXACTLY THE SAME.

00:18:09.433 --> 00:18:10.932
DO YOU SEE... COME IN.

00:18:10.933 --> 00:18:12.399
YOU SEE, I TOLD YOU
YOU COULD SEE

00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:14.200
THIS LITTLE GARDEN.

00:18:19.700 --> 00:18:21.799
WE USED THIS;
THE MAID SLEPT IN THE KITCHEN.

00:18:21.800 --> 00:18:23.632
SHE HAD A BED HERE.

00:18:23.633 --> 00:18:25.299
- WHERE DID YOU SHOWER?
- PARDON?

00:18:25.300 --> 00:18:27.032
WE DIDN\'T HAVE A SHOWER.

00:18:27.033 --> 00:18:29.932
- SO HOW DID YOU GET...
- WE WASHED OURSELVES.

00:18:29.933 --> 00:18:32.399
THERE WAS A CURTAIN
THAT SEPARATED

00:18:32.400 --> 00:18:35.666
MY BROTHER\'S BED AND MINE
FROM MY PARENTS\' BED.

00:18:35.667 --> 00:18:37.300
YES, WE SLEPT IN THE SAME ROOM.

00:18:46.700 --> 00:18:48.199
SHE WAS A NAZI.

00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:50.332
SHE WAS IN THE FIRST FLOOR,

00:18:50.333 --> 00:18:51.932
AND SHE SORT OF TOOK CARE
OF THE BUILDING.

00:18:51.933 --> 00:18:53.332
- BUT SHE DIED TWO YEARS AGO,
RIGHT?

00:18:53.333 --> 00:18:54.667
- SHE DIED A COUPLE
OF YEARS AGO.

00:19:02.367 --> 00:19:03.700
COME.

00:19:14.100 --> 00:19:16.899
I CANNOT DESCRIBE TO YOU
IN DETAIL

00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:22.966
HOW A COMPLEX MEMORY
LIKE MY PLAYING WITH MY TOY CAR

00:19:22.967 --> 00:19:27.066
IS STORED IN MY BRAIN,
BUT I GIVE YOU A SIMPLE EXAMPLE.

00:19:27.067 --> 00:19:29.566
WE WILL SPEAK
ABOUT THE HIPPOCAMPUS,

00:19:29.567 --> 00:19:32.666
A STRUCTURE DEEP IN MY BRAIN
AND IN YOUR BRAIN

00:19:32.667 --> 00:19:36.432
WHICH IS CRITICAL FOR STORING
COMPLEX INFORMATION

00:19:36.433 --> 00:19:38.966
ABOUT PEOPLE, PLACES,
AND OBJECTS.

00:19:38.967 --> 00:19:41.232
SO WE\'RE SPEAKING
ABOUT AN OBJECT, A CAR,

00:19:41.233 --> 00:19:43.466
A PLACE, MY APARTMENT.

00:19:43.467 --> 00:19:46.466
A SIGNAL COMES
INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS

00:19:46.467 --> 00:19:49.966
FROM THE BLUE CAR,
FROM THE PART OF THE BRAIN

00:19:49.967 --> 00:19:52.066
THAT DEALS WITH VISION,
WITH PERCEPTION,

00:19:52.067 --> 00:19:57.132
AND IT ENDS ON
CELLS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

00:19:57.133 --> 00:20:03.299
THAT END IN OTHER CELLS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, RIGHT?

00:20:03.300 --> 00:20:05.466
I\'M ENJOYING THIS EVENT
A GREAT DEAL.

00:20:05.467 --> 00:20:07.099
THIS IS VERY MEANINGFUL TO ME.

00:20:07.100 --> 00:20:10.499
I ACTIVATE A MODULATORY SYSTEM
IN THE BRAIN,

00:20:10.500 --> 00:20:12.899
LIKE DOPAMINE OR SEROTONIN,

00:20:12.900 --> 00:20:16.532
THAT RELEASES
A CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCE

00:20:16.533 --> 00:20:20.699
THAT ACTS TO STRENGTHEN
THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTION.

00:20:20.700 --> 00:20:22.932
SO NOW INSTEAD OF HAVING
ONE TERMINAL,

00:20:22.933 --> 00:20:24.632
I HAVE THREE TERMINALS.

00:20:24.633 --> 00:20:29.099
SO NOW THIS IMPRESSION
IS STRONGLY PRESENT IN MY MIND.

00:20:29.100 --> 00:20:32.799
WHEN I THINK ABOUT IT
THE NEXT DAY, A WEEK LATER,

00:20:32.800 --> 00:20:34.199
A MONTH LATER, A YEAR LATER,

00:20:34.200 --> 00:20:37.699
THIS IS NOW PERMANENTLY
IMPRINTED IN MY BRAIN

00:20:37.700 --> 00:20:41.766
BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT IT
WAS SO EMOTIONALLY RICH FOR ME,

00:20:41.767 --> 00:20:43.866
SO IMPORTANT,
THAT I\'VE STORED IT

00:20:43.867 --> 00:20:45.399
PERMANENTLY IN MY BRAIN.

00:20:45.400 --> 00:20:48.700
I\'VE ALTERED GENES
IN NERVE CELLS.

00:20:50.500 --> 00:20:52.899
I\'VE ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION
HERE.

00:20:52.900 --> 00:20:55.666
THEY\'VE GIVEN RISE TO GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS,

00:20:55.667 --> 00:20:58.932
AND THOSE SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS,
UNDER APPROPRIATE CIRCUMSTANCES,

00:20:58.933 --> 00:21:03.199
CAN PERSIST
THROUGHOUT MY LIFETIME.

00:21:03.200 --> 00:21:04.566
THAT\'S IT, KIDS.

00:21:04.567 --> 00:21:06.599
- SO WE GOING
TO PHILADELPHIA?

00:21:06.600 --> 00:21:08.432
- WE\'RE GOING TO PHILADELPHIA,
AND WE\'RE GOING

00:21:08.433 --> 00:21:09.599
TO THE FREE LIBRARY.

00:21:09.600 --> 00:21:11.032
IS THAT WHAT IT\'S CALLED?
- YES, SIR.

00:21:11.033 --> 00:21:12.499
- TELL HIM WE WANT TO MAKE IT
COHERENT.

00:21:12.500 --> 00:21:13.500
- OKAY.
- OKAY?

00:21:13.501 --> 00:21:14.699
SURE THING, THANK YOU.

00:21:14.700 --> 00:21:17.332
SEE YOU TOMORROW.
- UNLIKE EVERYTHING ELSE.

00:21:17.333 --> 00:21:18.899
- HOW LONG DO YOU THINK
THAT SHOULD TAKE?

00:21:18.900 --> 00:21:21.066
- MAYBE TWO HOURS, SIR.
- GOOD.

00:21:21.067 --> 00:21:23.267
BUT NO LONGER, HUH?
- YES, SIR.

00:21:31.233 --> 00:21:34.499
- WE\'LL HAVE A CHANCE TO MEET
TWO WONDERFUL FRIENDS OF MINE,

00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:38.133
MICKEY STUNKARD
AND AARON BECK.

00:21:39.833 --> 00:21:42.532
MICKEY STUNKARD HAS BEEN
MY FRIEND FOR... I DON\'T KNOW...

00:21:42.533 --> 00:21:43.533
30 YEARS?

00:21:43.534 --> 00:21:45.832
HE HAS A BACKGROUND
IN NEUROBIOLOGY.

00:21:45.833 --> 00:21:48.566
HE\'S VERY MUCH INTERESTED
IN FEEDING BEHAVIOR.

00:21:48.567 --> 00:21:51.299
AND AARON BECK IS A GIANT
IN PSYCHIATRY.

00:21:51.300 --> 00:21:55.132
HE\'S PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT
PSYCHOTHERAPIST SINCE FREUD.

00:21:55.133 --> 00:21:57.666
- HOW IS DENISE, BY THE WAY?
- SHE\'S DOING GREAT.

00:21:57.667 --> 00:21:59.732
SO WE\'RE COLLABORATING
FOR THE FIRST TIME TOGETHER.

00:21:59.733 --> 00:22:01.032
- THAT\'S GREAT.

00:22:01.033 --> 00:22:02.699
- YEAH, IT\'S REALLY
A VERY EXCITING THING.

00:22:02.700 --> 00:22:03.799
- WHAT ARE YOU DOING?

00:22:03.800 --> 00:22:05.432
- YOU PROMISE YOU WON\'T
TELL ANYBODY?

00:22:05.433 --> 00:22:06.666
- SURE.

00:22:06.667 --> 00:22:08.166
WHY NOT?

00:22:08.167 --> 00:22:09.466
- DENISE HAS DEVELOPED
THIS IDEA

00:22:09.467 --> 00:22:11.932
THAT THERE ARE STAGES
IN DRUG USE.

00:22:11.933 --> 00:22:13.966
IS THIS, YOU KNOW,
SOCIALLY DETERMINED?

00:22:13.967 --> 00:22:15.532
IS IT THAT ONCE YOU START
WITH ONE THING,

00:22:15.533 --> 00:22:16.866
OTHER THINGS BECOME...
- OH, YEAH.

00:22:16.867 --> 00:22:18.299
- OR IS IT
BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED?

00:22:18.300 --> 00:22:20.132
SO WE\'RE DOING THIS IN MICE.

00:22:20.133 --> 00:22:21.332
- OH, HOW FASCINATING.

00:22:21.333 --> 00:22:22.599
- WE\'RE DOING THIS IN MICE.

00:22:22.600 --> 00:22:24.799
AND WE HAVE PRELIMINARY RESULTS
THAT ARE VERY EXCITING.

00:22:24.800 --> 00:22:27.432
- THAT SUGGEST
THAT IT IS BIOLOGICAL?

00:22:27.433 --> 00:22:28.899
OH, THAT\'S GORGEOUS.

00:22:28.900 --> 00:22:30.766
- IT\'S VERY, VERY NICE.

00:22:30.767 --> 00:22:32.832
WELL, MAYBE THIS PRION PROTEIN
IS INVOLVED.

00:22:32.833 --> 00:22:34.266
- OH, NO!

00:22:34.267 --> 00:22:36.532
- SO WE HAVE NO EVIDE...
WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT THIS.

00:22:36.533 --> 00:22:38.799
- THAT\'S FANTASTIC.

00:22:38.800 --> 00:22:40.999
- SO THIS IS LOTS OF FUN.
- OH, BOY.

00:22:41.000 --> 00:22:42.732
- THIS THE WAY SCIENCE IS DONE.

00:22:42.733 --> 00:22:43.999
PEOPLE GET TOGETHER...

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:46.666
- THAT\'S HOW THE COFFEE HOUSES
ORIGINATED.

00:22:46.667 --> 00:22:48.399
IN VI...
IN VIENNA, THAT\'S RIGHT.

00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:49.866
THE INTELLECTUALS
WOULD SIT AROUND,

00:22:49.867 --> 00:22:52.532
AND THEY WOULD PLOT REVOLUTIONS.

00:22:52.533 --> 00:22:54.332
- WE\'RE NOT SMART ENOUGH
TO PLOT A REVOLUTION,

00:22:54.333 --> 00:22:55.666
SO WE DO SCIENCE.

00:22:55.667 --> 00:22:57.933
[laughter]

00:23:02.267 --> 00:23:04.532
I THINK THE MARRIAGE
BETWEEN PSYCHOTHERAPY

00:23:04.533 --> 00:23:06.866
AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
IN THE ONE HAND AND BIOLOGY

00:23:06.867 --> 00:23:08.166
HAS TO OCCUR.

00:23:08.167 --> 00:23:10.732
I THINK THESE DISCIPLINES
DON\'T HAVE A FUTURE

00:23:10.733 --> 00:23:13.832
UNLESS, NUMBER ONE,
THEY SHOW THAT THEY WORK,

00:23:13.833 --> 00:23:16.266
AND AFTER A WHILE,
HOW THEY WORK.

00:23:16.267 --> 00:23:17.799
YOUR WIFE USES
THE GYM ALL THE TIME.

00:23:17.800 --> 00:23:19.366
[laughter]

00:23:19.367 --> 00:23:21.299
- THAT\'S TRUE.

00:23:21.300 --> 00:23:24.300
[applause]

00:23:25.833 --> 00:23:28.232
- I KNEW HOW TO PUT ELECTRODES
INTO CELLS.

00:23:28.233 --> 00:23:30.866
MOST PEOPLE AT THAT TIME
IN NEUROBIOLOGY

00:23:30.867 --> 00:23:32.232
DIDN\'T KNOW HOW TO DO THAT.

00:23:32.233 --> 00:23:34.066
SO I THOUGHT MAYBE I\'D BE ABLE
TO FIND OUT

00:23:34.067 --> 00:23:36.266
HOW THE NERVE CELLS
OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS WORK.

00:23:36.267 --> 00:23:39.099
I WOULD SOLVE MEMORY
IN A VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

00:23:39.100 --> 00:23:41.099
[laughter]

00:23:41.100 --> 00:23:43.832
AND WITHIN A MONTH OR TWO,
WE SUCCEEDED

00:23:43.833 --> 00:23:45.966
IN GETTING ELECTRODES
INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS,

00:23:45.967 --> 00:23:48.166
AND WE HEAR THE,
\"BOOM, BOOM, BOOM,\"

00:23:48.167 --> 00:23:50.266
OF ACTION POTENTIALS
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

00:23:50.267 --> 00:23:52.299
NO ONE IN THE WORLD
HAD EVER THOUGHT OF THIS.

00:23:52.300 --> 00:23:53.566
WE WERE EUPHORIC.

00:23:53.567 --> 00:23:55.366
WE DANCED AROUND THE LAB.

00:23:55.367 --> 00:23:57.166
WE WERE JUST ECSTATIC.

00:23:57.167 --> 00:24:02.966
TWO INCOMPETENT KIDS HAD MADE
A MAJOR ADVANCE IN SCIENCE.

00:24:02.967 --> 00:24:04.899
WE FELT VERY GOOD
ABOUT OURSELVES

00:24:04.900 --> 00:24:07.599
UNTIL WE SUDDENLY
ASKED OURSELVES,

00:24:07.600 --> 00:24:09.366
\"WHAT DID WE LEARN
ABOUT MEMORY?\"

00:24:09.367 --> 00:24:11.066
[laughter]

00:24:11.067 --> 00:24:13.099
WE LEARNED A LOT
ABOUT THE CELL BIOLOGY

00:24:13.100 --> 00:24:16.899
OF THESE CELLS, BUT THEY DID NOT
SPEAK OF MEMORY TO US.

00:24:16.900 --> 00:24:21.266
I REALIZED THAT MY STRATEGY
HAD TO BE 180 DEGREES DIFFERENT.

00:24:21.267 --> 00:24:25.399
RATHER THAN LOOKING AT
THE MOST COMPLEX FORM OF MEMORY

00:24:25.400 --> 00:24:28.832
IN A COMPLICATED ANIMAL,

00:24:28.833 --> 00:24:32.466
I HAD TO LOOK
AT THE SIMPLEST POSSIBLE MEMORY

00:24:32.467 --> 00:24:33.999
IN A VERY SIMPLE ANIMAL.

00:24:34.000 --> 00:24:36.966
I HAD TO MAKE THE JOB EASY
FOR MYSELF.

00:24:36.967 --> 00:24:39.799
THIS IS CALLED, IN BIOLOGY,
REDUCTIONISM,

00:24:39.800 --> 00:24:42.699
MAKING THE JOB EASY
FOR YOURSELF.

00:24:42.700 --> 00:24:45.099
AND I LOOKED AROUND
FOR AN ANIMAL

00:24:45.100 --> 00:24:47.899
THAT WAS APPROPRIATED
FOR MAKING THE JOB EASY

00:24:47.900 --> 00:24:48.999
FOR MYSELF.

00:24:49.000 --> 00:24:51.266
NOW, HOW DO YOU MAKE
THE JOB EASY?

00:24:51.267 --> 00:24:57.466
YOU NEED A NERVOUS SYSTEM
THAT HAS VERY FEW CELLS

00:24:57.467 --> 00:25:01.066
AND, YET, IS CAPABLE
OF GENERATING

00:25:01.067 --> 00:25:03.099
A NUMBER
OF INTERESTING BEHAVIORS

00:25:03.100 --> 00:25:05.499
THAT CAN BE MODIFIED
BY LEARNING.

00:25:05.500 --> 00:25:09.199
SO I FOCUSED IN
ON A MARINE SNAIL, APLYSIA,

00:25:09.200 --> 00:25:12.899
THAT HAS A VERY MODEST
NERVOUS SYSTEM,

00:25:12.900 --> 00:25:17.566
ONLY 20,000 NERVE CELLS
IN THE WHOLE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

00:25:17.567 --> 00:25:22.432
MOREOVER, WHAT IS REMARKABLE
ABOUT THE SNAIL APLYSIA

00:25:22.433 --> 00:25:24.832
IS NOT ONLY
THE VERY FEW CELLS,

00:25:24.833 --> 00:25:27.966
BUT EACH OF THE CELLS
IS GIGANTIC.

00:25:27.967 --> 00:25:31.100
THEY\'RE THE LARGEST NERVE CELLS
OF ANY ANIMAL.

00:25:49.867 --> 00:25:51.432
AFTER A WHILE,

00:25:51.433 --> 00:25:54.799
PEOPLE WHO SPECIALIZE
IN CERTAIN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

00:25:54.800 --> 00:25:58.199
BEGIN TO RESEMBLE THEM
PHYSICALLY.

00:25:58.200 --> 00:26:01.766
AND I THINK, IN SOME DEGREE,
YOU KNOW, PSYCHOLOGICALLY,

00:26:01.767 --> 00:26:05.266
I FEEL THAT THIS WAS A MARRIAGE
MADE IN HEAVEN,

00:26:05.267 --> 00:26:08.266
A SCIENTIFIC MATCH,
BECAUSE EVEN NOW,

00:26:08.267 --> 00:26:10.099
AS YOU WILL SEE
OVER THE NEXT FEW DAYS,

00:26:10.100 --> 00:26:12.099
I LEARNED AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT
ABOUT APLYSIA.

00:26:12.100 --> 00:26:13.732
I\'M ETERNALLY GRATEFUL
TO APLYSIA.

00:26:13.733 --> 00:26:14.766
IT IS A MATCH.

00:26:14.767 --> 00:26:18.399
- THESE ARE
THE APLYSIA COLLECTIONS.

00:26:18.400 --> 00:26:20.066
AND WHAT YOU\'LL SEE
IS THAT THERE ARE ABOUT

00:26:20.067 --> 00:26:23.233
THREE DIFFERENT SIZES.

00:26:30.667 --> 00:26:34.432
SO THAT WEIGHS
ALMOST A KILOGRAM.

00:26:34.433 --> 00:26:36.299
THE AVERAGE ANIMAL DOESN\'T SPEND

00:26:36.300 --> 00:26:38.566
MORE THAN A COUPLE OF WEEKS HERE
BEFORE THEY\'RE

00:26:38.567 --> 00:26:39.966
HARVESTED FOR CELLS.

00:26:39.967 --> 00:26:41.932
YOU CAN SEE THESE
LARGE STRINGY MASSES

00:26:41.933 --> 00:26:43.066
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK.

00:26:43.067 --> 00:26:45.399
THOSE ARE EGGS.

00:26:45.400 --> 00:26:47.766
HE\'S NOT LETTING ME...
OH, THERE WE GO.

00:26:47.767 --> 00:26:49.532
HE\'S STARTING TO INK.

00:26:49.533 --> 00:26:53.032
SO THAT\'S PRETTY MUCH
THEIR ONLY DEFENSE, IS INK.

00:26:53.033 --> 00:26:57.067
IT\'S INCREDIBLY THICK,
AND IT\'S THIS BEAUTIFUL PURPLE.

00:27:04.967 --> 00:27:06.799
- ERIC, CAN YOU LOOK
AT THE STOPS?

00:27:06.800 --> 00:27:09.732
THERE\'S A MAP.

00:27:09.733 --> 00:27:11.299
I THINK WE\'RE GETTING OFF
TOO SOON.

00:27:11.300 --> 00:27:12.666
- MUCH TOO SOON.

00:27:12.667 --> 00:27:14.966
- WE\'RE GOING OFF
MUCH TOO SOON.

00:27:14.967 --> 00:27:17.432
NO, NO, NO.

00:27:17.433 --> 00:27:19.600
- I\'M TOLD THE NEXT ONE.

00:27:23.967 --> 00:27:25.399
- DENISE, IT\'S NOT THE NEXT ONE.

00:27:25.400 --> 00:27:26.400
- IT IS THE NEXT ONE.

00:27:26.401 --> 00:27:28.032
- YOU\'RE CRAZY.
- NO.

00:27:28.033 --> 00:27:30.066
- DENISE, YOU DON\'T KNOW
WHAT YOU\'RE TALKING ABOUT.

00:27:30.067 --> 00:27:31.266
- I KNOW WHAT I\'M TALKING ABOUT.

00:27:31.267 --> 00:27:32.599
- THE NEXT ONE IS GONNA BE
THE PORT.

00:27:32.600 --> 00:27:34.266
- OR MAYBE HERE.

00:27:34.267 --> 00:27:35.666
- THIS IS THE MARKET.

00:27:35.667 --> 00:27:36.732
- YES.

00:27:36.733 --> 00:27:38.299
- THIS IS THE KUTSCHKERMARKT.

00:27:38.300 --> 00:27:40.032
MY FATHER\'S STORE
IS A LITTLE BIT FURTHER UP

00:27:40.033 --> 00:27:41.666
IN THE RIGHT HAND SIDE.

00:27:41.667 --> 00:27:43.499
IT MAY NOT BE EASY TO FIND.

00:27:43.500 --> 00:27:44.999
- IS THIS A STREET?

00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:48.266
- YES, IT\'S A VERY SMALL STORE.

00:27:48.267 --> 00:27:49.767
ON...

00:28:31.867 --> 00:28:33.732
- AND SHE REMEMBERED
THAT IT WAS YOUR FATHER

00:28:33.733 --> 00:28:34.832
WHO OWNED THE STORE?

00:28:34.833 --> 00:28:36.299
- SHE SAID SHE\'S HONORED
TO MEET ME.

00:28:36.300 --> 00:28:38.233
I DON\'T KNOW WHY.

00:28:46.667 --> 00:28:49.032
SHE SAID SO MANY PEOPLE
HAVE READ THE BOOK COME HERE.

00:28:49.033 --> 00:28:50.332
- COME HERE WITH THE BOOK,
AND...

00:28:50.333 --> 00:28:53.333
[laughter]

00:29:02.000 --> 00:29:03.232
- [laughs]

00:29:03.233 --> 00:29:04.999
THE DOORS HAVE TO BE THE SAME.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:06.833
THEY WANT IT TO BE THE SAME.

00:29:27.267 --> 00:29:28.400
LET\'S GO INSIDE.

00:29:36.667 --> 00:29:37.799
I LIKED THE SHOP VERY MUCH,

00:29:37.800 --> 00:29:39.366
AND I LIKED BEING
WITH MY MOTHER HERE.

00:29:39.367 --> 00:29:41.032
YOU KNOW, IT WAS VERY NICE.

00:29:41.033 --> 00:29:42.266
I THINK I TOLD YOU BEFORE.

00:29:42.267 --> 00:29:44.499
MY FATHER SPECIALIZED
IN PUPPENSCHACHTELN,

00:29:44.500 --> 00:29:47.099
AND HE ALSO HAD THESE TOY CARS.

00:29:47.100 --> 00:29:48.499
THE ONE THAT I GOT
FOR MY BIRTHDAY

00:29:48.500 --> 00:29:49.866
CAME FROM THIS STORE.

00:29:49.867 --> 00:29:52.032
- [speaking German]

00:29:52.033 --> 00:29:54.399
- YOU AND I ARE HAVING
A CONVERSATION,

00:29:54.400 --> 00:29:57.499
AND WE ARE INFLUENCING
EACH OTHER

00:29:57.500 --> 00:30:00.966
BY MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE
OF OUR BRAIN

00:30:00.967 --> 00:30:02.699
BY REMEMBERING SOMETHING.

00:30:02.700 --> 00:30:06.499
THIS HAS ENORMOUS RAMIFICATIONS.

00:30:06.500 --> 00:30:08.666
IF YOU THINK OF PSYCHOTHERAPY,

00:30:08.667 --> 00:30:10.166
THAT YOU\'RE CREATING
AN ENVIRONMENT

00:30:10.167 --> 00:30:12.399
IN WHICH PEOPLE\'S BEHAVIOR
CAN CHANGE,

00:30:12.400 --> 00:30:15.632
YOU MIGHT BE DOING THIS
BY PRODUCING ANATOMICAL CHANGES,

00:30:15.633 --> 00:30:17.799
AND IN FACT,
PEOPLE HAVE NOW FOUND THIS.

00:30:17.800 --> 00:30:20.132
THEY\'VE FOUND THAT WHEN YOU
PRACTICE SOMETHING,

00:30:20.133 --> 00:30:21.832
WHEN YOU RELIVE AN EXPERIENCE,

00:30:21.833 --> 00:30:24.200
ANATOMICAL CHANGE
IS OCCURRING IN THE BRAIN.

00:30:29.033 --> 00:30:30.732
- ERIC, LOOK IN THE PROFILE.

00:30:30.733 --> 00:30:32.300
THAT\'S IT.

00:30:45.133 --> 00:30:47.899
- LOOK WHAT HAPPENED
TO MY FATHER\'S STORE, HUH?

00:30:47.900 --> 00:30:48.900
HE WOULD HAVE LOVED THIS.

00:30:48.901 --> 00:30:50.399
MY FATHER WOULD HAVE LOVED THIS.

00:30:50.400 --> 00:30:51.632
- THIS IS WITH RUM.

00:30:51.633 --> 00:30:52.633
DO YOU LIKE?
- YES.

00:30:52.633 --> 00:30:53.633
- AND THIS IS WHAT?

00:30:53.634 --> 00:30:56.500
- THIS IS A...
[voices trail off]

00:31:18.367 --> 00:31:19.666
- SHE\'S A VERY NICE WOMAN.

00:31:19.667 --> 00:31:20.667
- VERY.

00:31:20.668 --> 00:31:22.366
- VERY ATTRACTIVE.

00:31:22.367 --> 00:31:24.099
- SHE SPEAKS ENGLISH VERY WELL.

00:31:24.100 --> 00:31:25.100
- OH, YES.

00:31:25.100 --> 00:31:26.100
[laughs]

00:32:15.633 --> 00:32:18.699
- I USED TO PLAY HERE
WHEN I WAS YOUNG.

00:32:18.700 --> 00:32:23.132
SO WE WOULD GO UP HERE,
AND WE COULD PLAY SOCCER HERE.

00:32:23.133 --> 00:32:26.799
- UH, THERE WERE SLIDES,
SO WE COULD GO DOWN SLIDES.

00:32:26.800 --> 00:32:29.600
AND JUST THROWING THE BALL.

00:32:33.667 --> 00:32:36.399
MY PARENTS WORKED FULL-TIME,

00:32:36.400 --> 00:32:37.999
SO WE HAD
A FULL-TIME HOUSEKEEPER

00:32:38.000 --> 00:32:39.566
WHO SLEPT IN THE APARTMENT.

00:32:39.567 --> 00:32:43.399
AND SHE WOULD TAKE US RIGHT HERE
UNTIL THE NAZIS CAME,

00:32:43.400 --> 00:32:45.632
SO I WAS EIGHT YEARS OLD.

00:32:45.633 --> 00:32:47.999
I WOULD COME WITH HER
OR WITH MY PARENTS.

00:32:48.000 --> 00:32:52.232
I WOULD NOT COME BY MYSELF.

00:32:52.233 --> 00:32:53.366
MITZI WAS WONDERFUL.

00:32:53.367 --> 00:32:55.066
SHE WAS THE EARLY WOMAN
IN MY LIFE

00:32:55.067 --> 00:32:57.899
AFTER MY MOTHER.

00:32:57.900 --> 00:32:59.399
AND I DESCRIBE IT IN MY BOOK,
THAT I HAD

00:32:59.400 --> 00:33:02.332
THIS REMARKABLE EPISODE
WITH HER

00:33:02.333 --> 00:33:04.632
WHICH I WILL
NEVER, NEVER FORGET.

00:33:04.633 --> 00:33:06.766
AND I FEEL VERY WARMLY
TOWARD HER.

00:33:06.767 --> 00:33:09.432
I SEE MYSELF SITTING IN THE BED.

00:33:09.433 --> 00:33:13.532
I WAS SICK ONE TIME WITH A COLD,
AND SHE CAME AND SHE SAT DOWN.

00:33:13.533 --> 00:33:19.766
AND SHE SORT OF EXPOSED
HER BOSOM, HER BREAST, TO ME

00:33:19.767 --> 00:33:22.299
AND SORT OF ENCOURAGED ME
TO TOUCH HER.

00:33:22.300 --> 00:33:27.632
UH, AND I DID, AND I FELT A,
YOU KNOW, WONDERFUL SENSATION

00:33:27.633 --> 00:33:31.266
RUSHING THROUGH MY BODY
THAT I\'D NOT EXPERIENCED BEFORE.

00:33:31.267 --> 00:33:33.766
AND YOU KNOW, WE JUST EMBRACED
FOR A MOMENT,

00:33:33.767 --> 00:33:36.966
AND THEN SHE SAID,
\"YOU KNOW, WE SHOULD STOP.\"

00:33:36.967 --> 00:33:38.366
AND I SAID, \"WHY?\"

00:33:38.367 --> 00:33:40.532
AND SHE SAID,
\"BECAUSE, YOU KNOW,

00:33:40.533 --> 00:33:43.432
IF WE GO ON,
YOU WILL BECOME PREGNANT.\"

00:33:43.433 --> 00:33:45.532
AND...

00:33:45.533 --> 00:33:48.499
I SAID, \"HOW CAN A BOY
BECOME PREGNANT?

00:33:48.500 --> 00:33:51.299
AND WHERE DOES THE BABY
COME FROM?\"

00:33:51.300 --> 00:33:54.632
AND SHE SAID,
\"FROM THE BELLY BUTTON.\"

00:33:54.633 --> 00:33:56.266
AND I SAID,
\"HOW CAN THAT HAPPEN?\"

00:33:56.267 --> 00:33:58.999
SHE SAYS, \"WELL, THE DOCTOR
PUTS ON A SPECIAL POWDER,

00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:01.466
AND THE BABY COMES OUT.

00:34:01.467 --> 00:34:02.666
THE BELLY BUTTON OPENS UP.\"

00:34:02.667 --> 00:34:06.432
AND I KNEW THIS WAS
EXTREMELY UNLIKELY.

00:34:06.433 --> 00:34:07.799
BUT NONETHELESS, I WAS WORRIED.

00:34:07.800 --> 00:34:10.832
I MEAN, IF I EVER GOT PREGNANT,
WHAT WOULD MY MOTHER SAY?

00:34:10.833 --> 00:34:11.933
[laughing]

00:34:17.333 --> 00:34:18.632
- OH,
THIS IS THE ORIGINAL COUCH?

00:34:18.633 --> 00:34:19.633
- THE COUCH IS IN LONDON.

00:34:19.634 --> 00:34:21.032
- THE COUCH IS IN LONDON.

00:34:21.033 --> 00:34:26.832
FROM 1902 ON, HERE MET THE
VIENNA PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

00:34:26.833 --> 00:34:29.499
- THE WEDNESDAY MEETING.

00:34:29.500 --> 00:34:30.999
VERY FAMOUS MEETINGS.

00:34:31.000 --> 00:34:32.832
- SO THIS IS A MICROTRON.

00:34:32.833 --> 00:34:35.666
NOW, FREUD WAS
A NEUROPHYSIOLOGIST.

00:34:35.667 --> 00:34:39.466
HE DID VERY FINE SECTIONS
OF THE BRAIN.

00:34:39.467 --> 00:34:42.199
- HE WAS AN EXTREMELY GOOD
NEUROANATOMIST.

00:34:42.200 --> 00:34:44.132
THESE ARE NERVE CELLS,
AND HE WAS

00:34:44.133 --> 00:34:47.966
ONE OF THE FIRST PEOPLE
TO REALIZE THAT THE NERVE CELL

00:34:47.967 --> 00:34:49.666
WAS AN INDIVIDUAL UNIT.

00:34:49.667 --> 00:34:51.766
HE ALSO REALIZED
THAT NERVE CELLS TALK

00:34:51.767 --> 00:34:53.466
TO EACH OTHER
THROUGH CONNECTIONS.

00:34:53.467 --> 00:34:55.066
HE CALLED THEM CONTACT BARRIERS.

00:34:55.067 --> 00:34:56.566
WE NOW CALL THEM SYNAPSES.

00:34:56.567 --> 00:34:58.366
BUT HE HAD ALL OF THESE IDEAS.

00:34:58.367 --> 00:35:01.399
HAD HE LIVED TO THIS TIME,
HE WOULD BE A NEUROBIOLOGIST,

00:35:01.400 --> 00:35:02.799
WITHOUT DOUBT.

00:35:02.800 --> 00:35:03.800
- NO QUESTION.

00:35:03.801 --> 00:35:05.232
- BUT ALSO, AS YOU INDICATED,

00:35:05.233 --> 00:35:08.066
HE WROTE TWO IMPORTANT WORKS
ON THE BRAIN,

00:35:08.067 --> 00:35:09.366
ONE ON APHASIA.

00:35:09.367 --> 00:35:11.199
AND THEN TOGETHER WITH REI,

00:35:11.200 --> 00:35:13.399
HE WROTE A BOOK
ON CEREBRAL PALSY.

00:35:13.400 --> 00:35:15.399
REISE IS ANNA\'S GRANDFATHER.

00:35:15.400 --> 00:35:17.866
- WHO\'S ANNA KRIS?

00:35:17.867 --> 00:35:19.032
- A FORMER GIRLFRIEND OF MINE.

00:35:19.033 --> 00:35:21.599
[laughter]

00:35:21.600 --> 00:35:25.499
AS FREUD POINTED OUT,
SEX IS SO MYSTERIOUS.

00:35:25.500 --> 00:35:28.166
WHO CAN FIGURE THIS OUT, RIGHT?

00:35:28.167 --> 00:35:31.632
LOOK, IN MY LIFETIME,
THE BIGGEST CONNECTION

00:35:31.633 --> 00:35:34.499
WAS BRIDGING PSYCHOLOGY
TO NEUROBIOLOGY.

00:35:34.500 --> 00:35:36.032
I HAD A SMALL ROLE IN THAT,
RIGHT?

00:35:36.033 --> 00:35:41.032
BUT THAT WAS THE MAJOR EVENT
OF MY CAREER IN NEUROSCIENCE.

00:35:41.033 --> 00:35:44.099
OF COURSE, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CAME IN TO BOOST THAT ALONG,

00:35:44.100 --> 00:35:52.100
BUT THE BIG WORLD CHANGE
WAS BRINGING PSYCHOLOGY

00:35:52.867 --> 00:35:54.732
AND BRAIN SCIENCES TOGETHER,

00:35:54.733 --> 00:35:57.599
THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND
AND THE SCIENCE OF THE BRAIN

00:35:57.600 --> 00:36:03.199
INTO ONE UNIFIED NEW SCIENCE
OF MIND.

00:36:03.200 --> 00:36:05.767
THE NEW SCIENCE OF MIND.

00:36:06.967 --> 00:36:08.666
IT\'S A SHAME
IT\'S ALL COVERED UP,

00:36:08.667 --> 00:36:11.366
BECAUSE IF YOU STAND HERE,
YOU SEE THE WHOLE CITY.

00:36:11.367 --> 00:36:14.666
CAN YOU SEE IT?

00:36:14.667 --> 00:36:16.999
YOU SEE A VIEW.

00:36:17.000 --> 00:36:19.032
THIS IS ALSO MY VIENNA,
BECAUSE THIS IS THE ART

00:36:19.033 --> 00:36:21.900
THAT I MOST LOVE.

00:36:56.067 --> 00:36:59.332
- THIS IS ALMA MAHLER\'S
STEPFATHER.

00:36:59.333 --> 00:37:03.532
YOU SEE THE RED IS ON THE NOSE
AND THE RED ON THE CHEEKS.

00:37:03.533 --> 00:37:07.432
HE BRINGS OUT THE MAN\'S
INNER VALUES.

00:37:07.433 --> 00:37:12.933
THESE ARE PICTORIAL VERSIONS
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, IF YOU WILL.

00:37:21.667 --> 00:37:24.799
AND AS I WAS GOING ALONG,
PLANNING A GRADUATE CAREER,

00:37:24.800 --> 00:37:28.899
I BEGAN TO BE INTERESTED
IN EUROPEAN HISTORY.

00:37:28.900 --> 00:37:30.499
I WANTED TO UNDERSTAND

00:37:30.500 --> 00:37:33.332
HOW CULTIVATED,
INTELLIGENT PEOPLE

00:37:33.333 --> 00:37:38.499
COULD LISTEN TO HAYDN, MOZART,
AND BEETHOVEN ONE DAY

00:37:38.500 --> 00:37:40.066
AND KILL JEWS THE NEXT.

00:37:40.067 --> 00:37:43.032
AND ERNST KRIS, WHO WAS A REALLY
WONDERFUL PSYCHOANALYST,

00:37:43.033 --> 00:37:44.899
SAID TO ME AFTER WE GOT
TO KNOW EACH OTHER,

00:37:44.900 --> 00:37:46.132
\"YOU SHOULD DO PSYCHOANALYSIS.

00:37:46.133 --> 00:37:47.532
\"YOU WANNA UNDERSTAND
MOTIVATION?

00:37:47.533 --> 00:37:49.232
\"YOU WANNA UNDERSTAND
WHAT DRIVES PEOPLE?

00:37:49.233 --> 00:37:51.366
YOU\'VE GOT TO UNDERSTAND
THE HUMAN MIND.\"

00:37:51.367 --> 00:37:55.766
AND SO I DECIDED I WOULD TAKE
AN ELECTIVE IN NEUROBIOLOGY.

00:37:55.767 --> 00:37:57.099
THERE WAS
A VERY GOOD PERSON THERE

00:37:57.100 --> 00:37:59.232
BY THE NAME
OF HARRY GRUNDFEST AT COLUMBIA.

00:37:59.233 --> 00:38:03.832
AND I SAID, \"I\'D LIKE TO FIND
THE LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN

00:38:03.833 --> 00:38:06.532
OF THE ID, THE EGO,
AND THE SUPEREGO.\"

00:38:06.533 --> 00:38:08.332
[laughter]

00:38:08.333 --> 00:38:10.432
AND HE LOOKED AT ME
AS IF I WAS MESHUGA.

00:38:10.433 --> 00:38:13.366
I MEAN, HIS EYES GLAZED OVER,
AND HE SAID, \"LOOK, BUBBY,

00:38:13.367 --> 00:38:17.566
\"IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND
HOW THE BRAIN WORKS,

00:38:17.567 --> 00:38:20.999
YOU HAVE TO STUDY IT
ONE CELL AT A TIME.\"

00:38:21.000 --> 00:38:23.199
AND THAT WAS REALLY,
IF YOU WILL, THE MOTTO,

00:38:23.200 --> 00:38:26.167
THE LEITMOTIF OF MY CAREER.

00:38:31.067 --> 00:38:33.099
- SO RIGHT HERE...
SO YOU CAN SEE,

00:38:33.100 --> 00:38:35.366
THESE ARE CONNECTING,
IF I LIFT THIS UP,

00:38:35.367 --> 00:38:37.699
TO THIS GUY RIGHT HERE.

00:38:37.700 --> 00:38:39.966
UM, SO THERE\'S A GROUP
OF THREE GANGLIAS HERE.

00:38:39.967 --> 00:38:41.566
I DON\'T KNOW IF YOU CAN SEE THAT
VERY WELL.

00:38:41.567 --> 00:38:43.266
AND THIS IS THE CONNECTION
THAT\'S INVOLVED

00:38:43.267 --> 00:38:45.099
IN THE GILL-WITHRAWAL REFLEX.

00:38:45.100 --> 00:38:48.366
WHEN THE GILL WAS TAPPED,
IT WOULD WITHDRAW IT.

00:38:48.367 --> 00:38:51.332
- SO IF I APPLIED
A WEAK TACTILE STIMULUS

00:38:51.333 --> 00:38:52.532
TO A PART OF THE BODY,

00:38:52.533 --> 00:38:55.099
I WOULD GET A WITHDRAWAL
OF THE REFLEX.

00:38:55.100 --> 00:38:57.932
IF THE STIMULUS WAS UNIMPORTANT,

00:38:57.933 --> 00:39:02.599
AS I CONTINUED
TO ELICIT THE REFLEX,

00:39:02.600 --> 00:39:04.232
THE ANIMAL WOULD GET BORED.

00:39:04.233 --> 00:39:05.932
IT WOULD LEARN
TO IGNORE THE STIMULUS.

00:39:05.933 --> 00:39:08.232
AND AFTER A WHILE,
I WOULD APPLY THE STIMULUS

00:39:08.233 --> 00:39:10.632
AND IT WOULD NOT WITHDRAW
AT ALL.

00:39:10.633 --> 00:39:13.866
IF I BANG ON THE TABLE,
AND I STARTLE THE ANIMAL,

00:39:13.867 --> 00:39:17.899
IF I SHOCK ITS TAIL
AND STARTLE IT,

00:39:17.900 --> 00:39:20.399
THE SAME WEAK TACTILE STIMULUS

00:39:20.400 --> 00:39:22.799
WOULD PRODUCE
A VERY POWERFUL WITHDRAWAL.

00:39:22.800 --> 00:39:26.099
BUT IF I GAVE FIVE OR MORE
TRAINING TRIALS,

00:39:26.100 --> 00:39:30.066
IT WILL WITHDRAW LIKE THIS
FOR WEEKS.

00:39:30.067 --> 00:39:32.266
IT HAS A LONG-TERM MEMORY.

00:39:32.267 --> 00:39:34.766
SO I FOUND
THAT THE SKIN OF THE SNAIL

00:39:34.767 --> 00:39:38.466
HAS SENSORY NERVE CELLS
THAT MAKE CONNECTIONS

00:39:38.467 --> 00:39:42.932
WITH MOTOR NERVE CELLS
THAT MOVE THIS ORGAN, THE GILL,

00:39:42.933 --> 00:39:44.432
THAT I WAS LOOKING AT.

00:39:44.433 --> 00:39:46.499
- SO WHAT WE DO IS,
WE ISOLATE THESE NEURONS.

00:39:46.500 --> 00:39:49.099
WHAT I CAN DO RIGHT NOW,
WE CAN RECONSTITUTE THEM

00:39:49.100 --> 00:39:50.899
IN A CELL CULTURE SYSTEM,

00:39:50.900 --> 00:39:52.766
AND THEY WILL BEHAVE
THE SAME WAY

00:39:52.767 --> 00:39:54.899
IF WE APPLY THE SAME SORT
OF STIMULUS CONDITIONS

00:39:54.900 --> 00:39:57.733
THAT THEY ENCOUNTER IN VIVO.

00:39:58.933 --> 00:40:01.832
- WHAT HAPPENS
IF I TOOK THE SENSORY NEURON

00:40:01.833 --> 00:40:04.132
AND THE MOTOR NEURON
OUT OF THE ANIMAL,

00:40:04.133 --> 00:40:06.699
A SINGLE SENSORY NEURON
AND A SINGLE MOTOR NEURON,

00:40:06.700 --> 00:40:08.099
AND I PUT IT IN A DISH?

00:40:08.100 --> 00:40:11.166
COULD I RECAPITULATE
THE LEARNING IN A DISH?

00:40:11.167 --> 00:40:14.066
- SO THERE ARE TWO
THAT WE WANT TO PULL OUT,

00:40:14.067 --> 00:40:15.666
TWO SPECIFIC ONES
THAT WE WANT TO PULL OUT

00:40:15.667 --> 00:40:17.466
FROM THIS ENTIRE BATCH.

00:40:17.467 --> 00:40:21.633
WE\'LL USE THESE
VERY FINE MICROELECTRODES.

00:40:25.667 --> 00:40:29.699
AND YOU CAN SORT OF PUSH
THE NEURON OUT VERY GENTLY.

00:40:29.700 --> 00:40:31.899
- THIS IS DIFFICULT TO DO,
AND IT\'S EVEN MORE DIFFICULT

00:40:31.900 --> 00:40:34.433
TO DO WITH FOUR PEOPLE
WATCHING YOU.

00:40:44.400 --> 00:40:46.366
- SO YOU CAN THE AXON EMERGING.

00:40:46.367 --> 00:40:48.099
- YES.

00:40:48.100 --> 00:40:51.467
- SEE SOME SHEATH STILL STUCK
TO THE CELL BODY.

00:40:54.267 --> 00:40:57.733
AND THE AXON
HAS MULTIPLE BRANCHES.

00:40:59.500 --> 00:41:02.366
SO WHAT I\'M GONNA DO NOW
IS TAKE THIS PIPETTOR,

00:41:02.367 --> 00:41:05.199
AND I\'M GOING TO TAKE
THIS MOTOR NEURON

00:41:05.200 --> 00:41:07.232
AND TRANSFER IT
TO THE CULTURE DISH, OKAY?

00:41:07.233 --> 00:41:09.866
SO HE\'S NOW ISOLATED
ONE INGREDIENT

00:41:09.867 --> 00:41:14.799
OF THE CIRCUIT THAT MEDIATES
THE GILL-WITHDRAWAL REFLEX.

00:41:14.800 --> 00:41:16.600
NOW IT\'S TIME TO PULL OUT
THE SENSORY NEURONS.

00:41:26.667 --> 00:41:28.866
BUT ALL I\'VE DONE IS,
I\'VE USED THIS MICROELECTRODE

00:41:28.867 --> 00:41:30.632
TO FORCE CONTACT,
PHYSICAL CONTACT,

00:41:30.633 --> 00:41:34.332
BETWEEN THE END OF THIS AXON
AND THIS STRETCH

00:41:34.333 --> 00:41:35.699
OF THE MOTOR NEURONS.

00:41:35.700 --> 00:41:40.433
IT\'LL TAKE SEVERAL HOURS OR DAYS
TO FORM STABLE SYNAPSES.

00:41:48.500 --> 00:41:52.166
- I REMEMBER VIVIDLY
WHEN HITLER CAME INTO VIENNA.

00:41:52.167 --> 00:41:55.366
MY BROTHER HAD BUILT
A CRYSTAL SET.

00:41:55.367 --> 00:41:59.299
SO YOU COULD HEAR
SORT OF RADIO ANNOUNCERS

00:41:59.300 --> 00:42:03.999
ANNOUNCING HOW HITLER
FIRST CROSSED THE BORDER

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:05.433
BETWEEN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA.

00:42:09.633 --> 00:42:12.233
YOU COULD HEAR
THIS BACKGROUND MUSIC:

00:42:30.133 --> 00:42:32.366
THEY WERE JUST WILD ABOUT HIM.

00:42:32.367 --> 00:42:34.399
THE RECEPTION
WAS JUST EXTRAORDINARY.

00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:36.699
THEY FELL OVER EACH OTHER
IN GREETING HIM.

00:42:36.700 --> 00:42:39.700
[crowd cheering]

00:42:48.833 --> 00:42:51.700
[man screaming]

00:42:52.967 --> 00:42:54.499
- THE EXPERIMENT WILL START

00:42:54.500 --> 00:42:56.599
WHEN YOU SEE
THE FIXATION POINT APPEAR.

00:42:56.600 --> 00:42:59.533
[man screaming]

00:43:00.867 --> 00:43:03.699
- THE SUBJECT MAKES
THE ASSOCIATION, THE CONNECTION,

00:43:03.700 --> 00:43:07.299
\"I SEE THE CIRCLE,
AND WHENEVER I SEE THE CIRCLE,

00:43:07.300 --> 00:43:10.532
SOMETHING BAD HAPPENS,
SCREAMS COME, AND IT\'S SCARY.\"

00:43:10.533 --> 00:43:13.099
[man screaming]

00:43:13.100 --> 00:43:16.266
IN THE FIRST RUN,
WE TRAIN THEM.

00:43:16.267 --> 00:43:19.299
THEY LEARN TO BE AFRAID ONLY
BY THE PRESENCE OF THE CIRCLE.

00:43:19.300 --> 00:43:20.300
[man screaming]

00:43:20.301 --> 00:43:21.399
AND THEN IN THE SECOND RUN,

00:43:21.400 --> 00:43:22.732
THERE ARE NO SCREAMS ANYMORE.

00:43:22.733 --> 00:43:24.432
WE JUST SHOW THE CIRCLE.

00:43:24.433 --> 00:43:27.566
BUT THEY WILL REACT
AS IF THEY WOULD HEAR SCREAMS,

00:43:27.567 --> 00:43:29.732
BECAUSE THEY ALREADY MADE
THIS CONNECTION.

00:43:29.733 --> 00:43:31.999
[man screaming]

00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:33.532
- OKAY, CHRIS, YOU\'RE ALL DONE.

00:43:33.533 --> 00:43:34.533
GREAT JOB.

00:43:34.534 --> 00:43:35.766
- ALL OVER.

00:43:35.767 --> 00:43:38.466
SO THE NEXT TIME YOU WILL SEE
THE CIRCLE,

00:43:38.467 --> 00:43:39.632
YOU WILL BE VERY AFRAID.

00:43:39.633 --> 00:43:40.633
- [chuckles]

00:43:40.634 --> 00:43:41.832
THAT WAS COOL.
[laughs]

00:43:41.833 --> 00:43:43.432
- SO NOW I\'M GOING
TO SHOW YOU PICTURES

00:43:43.433 --> 00:43:45.032
OF THE BRAIN ACTIVATION.

00:43:45.033 --> 00:43:46.999
THESE PARTS OF THE BRAIN
IN THE AMYGDALA

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:48.432
BECAME VERY ACTIVE,

00:43:48.433 --> 00:43:50.899
THE PART OF THE BRAIN
THAT\'S INVOLVED IN PROCESSING

00:43:50.900 --> 00:43:53.499
AVERSIVE STIMULATION, FEAR.

00:43:53.500 --> 00:43:54.999
SO AS YOU MOVE
THROUGH YOUR LIFE

00:43:55.000 --> 00:43:57.332
AND EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT THINGS,

00:43:57.333 --> 00:44:00.299
YOU ACQUIRE INFORMATION
ABOUT THE WORLD,

00:44:00.300 --> 00:44:03.766
AND THAT BECOMES
PERMANENTLY ENCODED

00:44:03.767 --> 00:44:05.600
IN YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM.

00:44:17.067 --> 00:44:20.199
- MY PARENTS HAD SOME FRIENDS
WHO WERE NOT JEWISH,

00:44:20.200 --> 00:44:24.032
UH, AND I DIDN\'T HAVE, YOU KNOW,
MANY CLOSE FRIENDS,

00:44:24.033 --> 00:44:27.799
BUT I CERTAINLY HAD CLASSMATES
THAT I INTERACTED WITH.

00:44:27.800 --> 00:44:29.599
AND THEY ALL ABANDONED US.

00:44:29.600 --> 00:44:30.832
NO ONE CAME TO HELP US.

00:44:30.833 --> 00:44:32.099
NOBODY EVEN SAID,

00:44:32.100 --> 00:44:33.932
\"YOU KNOW, THIS MUST BE VERY
DIFFICULT FOR YOU.\"

00:44:33.933 --> 00:44:38.032
AND THIS SHEER ABANDONMENT
WAS TERRIBLE,

00:44:38.033 --> 00:44:39.767
JUST ABSOLUTELY TERRIBLE.

00:44:42.467 --> 00:44:45.899
IT IS DIFFICULT TO TRACE
THE COMPLEX INTERESTS

00:44:45.900 --> 00:44:49.932
AND ACTIONS OF ONE\'S ADULT LIFE
TO SPECIFIC EXPERIENCES

00:44:49.933 --> 00:44:51.732
IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH,

00:44:51.733 --> 00:44:55.366
YET I CANNOT HELP BUT LINK
MY LATE INTEREST IN MIND

00:44:55.367 --> 00:44:57.266
AND HOW PEOPLE BEHAVE,

00:44:57.267 --> 00:44:59.199
THE UNPREDICTABILITY
OF MOTIVATION

00:44:59.200 --> 00:45:01.299
AND THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY,

00:45:01.300 --> 00:45:04.266
TO MY LAST YEAR IN VIENNA.

00:45:04.267 --> 00:45:06.866
ON THEME
OF POST-HOLOCAUST JEWRY

00:45:06.867 --> 00:45:09.166
HAS BEEN, \"NEVER FORGET.\"

00:45:09.167 --> 00:45:11.232
AN EXHORTATION
TO FURTHER GENERATIONS

00:45:11.233 --> 00:45:13.366
TO BE VIGILANT
AGAINST ANTI-SEMITISM,

00:45:13.367 --> 00:45:14.732
RACISM, AND HATRED,

00:45:14.733 --> 00:45:18.332
THE MINDSET THAT ALLOWED
THE NAZI ATROCITIES TO OCCUR.

00:45:18.333 --> 00:45:21.932
MY SCIENTIFIC WORK INVESTIGATES
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS

00:45:21.933 --> 00:45:24.832
OF THAT MOTTO,
THE PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN

00:45:24.833 --> 00:45:26.667
THAT ENABLE US TO REMEMBER.

00:45:31.100 --> 00:45:32.532
DENISE.

00:45:32.533 --> 00:45:36.599
- DON\'T GO UPSTAIRS,
BECAUSE THE GARDEN IS HERE.

00:45:36.600 --> 00:45:40.999
- I THINK SO, OKAY.
- SHE POINTED LIKE THIS.

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:44.232
HOFAUSGANG.

00:45:44.233 --> 00:45:46.599
- SO YOU FOUND SOMETHING?

00:45:46.600 --> 00:45:48.766
I FOUND SOMETHING.

00:45:48.767 --> 00:45:51.632
- THE SYNAGOGUE
WAS MUCH LARGER THAN THIS.

00:45:51.633 --> 00:45:52.899
[speaking German]

00:45:52.900 --> 00:45:55.299
EVERY SINGLE SYNAGOGUE IN VIENNA
WAS DESTROYED,

00:45:55.300 --> 00:45:57.432
WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF THE CENTRAL SYNAGOGUE.

00:45:57.433 --> 00:45:59.032
THIS WAS THE TIME
THAT ALL THE JEWS

00:45:59.033 --> 00:46:00.099
WERE ROUNDED UP.

00:46:00.100 --> 00:46:01.666
IT WAS A CATASTROPHE.

00:46:01.667 --> 00:46:03.132
AND WHEN WE GOT BACK
TO OUR APARTMENT,

00:46:03.133 --> 00:46:04.699
WE KNEW EVERYTHING
THAT HAD HAPPENED.

00:46:04.700 --> 00:46:07.399
ALL THE STORES HAD BEEN TAKEN
AWAY FROM THE JEWS.

00:46:07.400 --> 00:46:09.299
ALL THE SYNAGOGUES
HAD BEEN DESTROYED.

00:46:09.300 --> 00:46:10.999
MANY JEWS HAD BEEN ARRESTED.

00:46:11.000 --> 00:46:14.232
MY FATHER WAS ARRESTED
FOR A WEEK.

00:46:14.233 --> 00:46:17.766
SO WE KNEW IT WAS A CATASTROPHE.

00:46:17.767 --> 00:46:19.600
AND WE COULD NEVER
COME BACK HERE.

00:46:24.267 --> 00:46:27.399
[wind blowing through trees]

00:46:27.400 --> 00:46:29.999
WE KNEW IMMEDIATELY
THAT WE HAD TO GET OUT,

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:33.132
AND WE WERE JUST HOLDING ON
UNTIL THE DOCUMENTATION

00:46:33.133 --> 00:46:34.766
FROM THE UNITED STATES ARRIVED.

00:46:34.767 --> 00:46:37.632
AND WE BEGAN TO READ
ABOUT WHAT AMERICA WAS LIKE.

00:46:37.633 --> 00:46:39.899
AND I REMEMBER
MY BROTHER AND I LAUGHING.

00:46:39.900 --> 00:46:42.932
WE HAD HEARD
THAT WHEN THE AMERICANS EAT,

00:46:42.933 --> 00:46:46.666
THEY EAT WITH THEIR FEET
ON THE TABLE, YOU KNOW?

00:46:46.667 --> 00:46:47.667
[laughs]

00:46:47.668 --> 00:46:49.166
SOMEBODY HAD SEEN A MOVIE

00:46:49.167 --> 00:46:50.832
IN WHICH SOMEBODY
PUT THEIR FEET ON THE...

00:46:50.833 --> 00:46:52.432
AND WE THOUGHT THEY ATE
THAT WAY.

00:46:52.433 --> 00:46:54.732
YOU SAY, \"HOW CAN YOU EAT
WITH YOUR FEET ON THE...\"

00:46:54.733 --> 00:46:57.399
AND WE LAUGHED!

00:46:57.400 --> 00:47:00.866
AND I REMEMBER MY PARENTS
TAKING US TO THE TRAIN STATION,

00:47:00.867 --> 00:47:03.466
AND WE\'RE GETTING
ONTO THIS TRAIN.

00:47:03.467 --> 00:47:05.966
MY PARENTS WERE VERY OPTIMISTIC
ALWAYS.

00:47:05.967 --> 00:47:08.366
YOU KNOW, THEY THOUGHT
THIS WOULD WORK OUT.

00:47:08.367 --> 00:47:10.366
THEY TRIED NOT TO FRIGHTEN US.

00:47:10.367 --> 00:47:14.599
THEY ALSO TRIED TO PROTECT US.

00:47:14.600 --> 00:47:19.299
KURT WEISS TOOK THE SAME SHIP
FROM ANTWERP TO HOBOKEN WITH US.

00:47:19.300 --> 00:47:22.632
RECENTLY, HE WROTE ME A NOTE:

00:47:22.633 --> 00:47:25.632
\"ARE YOU THE SAME ERIC KANDEL
THAT I MET AT THE TRAIN STATION

00:47:25.633 --> 00:47:28.199
IN APRIL 1939?\"

00:47:28.200 --> 00:47:30.399
- WELL, YEAH, OF COURSE
WE WERE CONCERNED

00:47:30.400 --> 00:47:34.899
THAT THIS MAY BE THE LAST TIME
WE EVER SEE OUR PARENTS AGAIN.

00:47:34.900 --> 00:47:36.366
- KURT IS RIGHT.
WE WERE...

00:47:36.367 --> 00:47:38.366
I\'M AMAZED THAT I WAS NOT
MORE FRIGHTENED,

00:47:38.367 --> 00:47:39.966
CONSIDERING THE FACT
THAT I WAS GOING

00:47:39.967 --> 00:47:42.166
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
WITH JUST MY BROTHER.

00:47:42.167 --> 00:47:46.566
- YEAH, LISTEN, MY MEMORY
IS BEGINNING TO FADE,

00:47:46.567 --> 00:47:52.332
BUT YOUR PARENTS STAND OUT
SO CLEARLY IN MY MEMORY.

00:47:52.333 --> 00:47:57.766
I REMEMBER, UM, HIS MOTHER
COMING OVER TO ME,

00:47:57.767 --> 00:48:01.699
PUTTING A HAND ON MY SHOULDER,
AND SAID,

00:48:01.700 --> 00:48:03.899
\"WELL, YOU ARE THE OLDEST ONE.

00:48:03.900 --> 00:48:07.166
NOW, TAKE GOOD CARE OF MY BOYS.\"

00:48:07.167 --> 00:48:09.166
AND I SAID TO MYSELF,
\"OH, MY GOD,

00:48:09.167 --> 00:48:11.099
\"I\'M A 16-YEAR-OLD KID.

00:48:11.100 --> 00:48:13.299
I SHOULD TAKE GOOD CARE
OF HER BOYS.\"

00:48:13.300 --> 00:48:14.599
[laughs]

00:48:14.600 --> 00:48:16.066
SO I SAID, \"YES, I WILL.\"

00:48:16.067 --> 00:48:18.199
- YOU WERE, AND YOU ARE...
- WHAT, ERIC?

00:48:18.200 --> 00:48:19.332
- A WONDERFUL FRIEND.

00:48:19.333 --> 00:48:22.066
AND YOU HAVE TAKEN CARE OF ME,
EVEN HERE.

00:48:22.067 --> 00:48:23.499
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

00:48:23.500 --> 00:48:24.866
- IT\'S A REAL PLEASURE.

00:48:24.867 --> 00:48:26.966
- IT\'S A PLEASURE,
AND GIVE MY LOVE TO YOUR WIFE

00:48:26.967 --> 00:48:29.799
AND TELL HER I HOPE
SHE CONTINUES TO DO VERY WELL.

00:48:29.800 --> 00:48:31.399
- I SHALL.

00:48:31.400 --> 00:48:34.132
- GOOD.
- ANSWERED, \"I SHALL.\"

00:48:34.133 --> 00:48:36.667
- AUF WIEDERSEHEN.

00:48:38.667 --> 00:48:40.299
IT WAS JUST AMAZING,
WHAT WE DID,

00:48:40.300 --> 00:48:42.199
ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.

00:48:42.200 --> 00:48:47.966
AND I\'VE REMOVED ALL FEELING
OF FEAR FROM THAT

00:48:47.967 --> 00:48:49.232
FROM MY MIND,
IN THAT PERIOD.

00:48:49.233 --> 00:48:51.699
I\'VE JUST REPRESSED IT,
I GUESS.

00:48:51.700 --> 00:48:53.166
I REMEMBER
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY,

00:48:53.167 --> 00:48:56.166
BECAUSE EVERYBODY GOES ON DECK
TO SEE THE STATUE OF LIBERTY.

00:48:56.167 --> 00:49:00.132
AND YOU KNOW, I REALIZED
IT WAS THE SYMBOL OF FREEDOM.

00:49:00.133 --> 00:49:03.266
BUT SEEING MY GRANDPARENTS
AND MY UNCLE AND AUNT

00:49:03.267 --> 00:49:05.266
WHOM I\'D NEVER MET BEFORE

00:49:05.267 --> 00:49:08.099
WAS PERHAPS
EVEN MORE SIGNIFICANT FOR ME.

00:49:08.100 --> 00:49:10.266
WE FELT IMMEDIATELY SAFE.

00:49:10.267 --> 00:49:11.666
I MEAN, ONCE I GOT
ONTO THE SHIP,

00:49:11.667 --> 00:49:15.532
I NO LONGER FELT FRIGHTENED.

00:49:15.533 --> 00:49:19.466
SO THIS WAS A...

00:49:19.467 --> 00:49:24.067
NOT ONLY A TURNING POINT,
BUT THE TURNING POINT.

00:49:26.100 --> 00:49:29.866
YOU KNOW,
THE JEWS WILL NEVER RECOVER

00:49:29.867 --> 00:49:33.099
FROM THE LOSS OF LIVES
DURING THE HOLOCAUST.

00:49:33.100 --> 00:49:37.699
UM, THERE WERE,
WITHOUT QUESTION,

00:49:37.700 --> 00:49:41.232
SO MANY GIFTED PEOPLE,
MORE GIFTED THAN MYSELF,

00:49:41.233 --> 00:49:42.399
THAT WERE LOST.

00:49:42.400 --> 00:49:45.666
UM, IT WAS
AN UNBELIEVABLE TRAGEDY.

00:49:45.667 --> 00:49:49.766
I DON\'T THINK ABOUT THEM
EVERY DAY.

00:49:49.767 --> 00:49:51.866
I THINK ABOUT THEM PERIODICALLY,

00:49:51.867 --> 00:49:54.267
BUT I DON\'T THINK ABOUT THEM
EVERY DAY.

00:49:57.233 --> 00:50:01.932
THE BEST I CAN DO
IS TO DO THE BEST SCIENCE.

00:50:01.933 --> 00:50:04.732
I THINK THAT\'S MY USEFULNESS.

00:50:04.733 --> 00:50:06.199
SUSAN?
- HI.

00:50:06.200 --> 00:50:09.166
- HI, I LOOKED FOR YOU
THIS MORNING.

00:50:09.167 --> 00:50:12.632
GOOD, OKAY, TERRIFIC,
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

00:50:12.633 --> 00:50:14.466
ALL RIGHT, BYE.

00:50:14.467 --> 00:50:17.832
[applause]

00:50:17.833 --> 00:50:20.232
- I HAVE TO GET MYSELF
INTO A TEMPERAMENTAL

00:50:20.233 --> 00:50:22.866
SPANISH MOOD
FOR JUAN MARCUS.

00:50:22.867 --> 00:50:26.132
JUAN MARCOS
IS A WONDERFUL SCIENTIST.

00:50:26.133 --> 00:50:30.099
AND JUAN MARCOS FOUND
THE PARTNER OF HIS LIFE HERE.

00:50:30.100 --> 00:50:32.432
HE HAD A NUMBER OF VERY
INTERESTING POSSIBILITIES

00:50:32.433 --> 00:50:34.066
AND IS GOING TO GO
TO DOWNSTATE,

00:50:34.067 --> 00:50:36.366
WHERE THERE\'S A WONDERFUL
NEUROBIOLOGY COMMUNITY.

00:50:36.367 --> 00:50:38.532
SO JUAN MARCUS,
I\'M PROUD OF YOU.

00:50:38.533 --> 00:50:40.566
- I\'M GRATEFUL BECAUSE YOU HAVE
NEVER GIVEN UP ON ME,

00:50:40.567 --> 00:50:42.899
AND THAT\'S THE MAJOR THING,

00:50:42.900 --> 00:50:44.132
AT LEAST TO MY KNOWLEDGE.

00:50:44.133 --> 00:50:46.132
[laughter]

00:50:46.133 --> 00:50:47.799
I HAVE LEARNED SO MANY THINGS
FROM ERIC,

00:50:47.800 --> 00:50:49.866
BUT I\'M JUST GONNA RESCUE ONE.

00:50:49.867 --> 00:50:53.866
THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE
AN IDEA IS AS IMPORTANT

00:50:53.867 --> 00:50:55.166
AS THE IDEA ITSELF,

00:50:55.167 --> 00:50:58.766
AND THAT\'S SOMETHING
THAT ERIC HAS WITH 300%.

00:50:58.767 --> 00:51:00.866
AND ALL OF YOU,
ALL 30 OF YOU,

00:51:00.867 --> 00:51:03.766
YOU MADE ME FEEL HOME
AWAY FROM HOME.

00:51:03.767 --> 00:51:07.532
AND THAT\'S SOMETHING
THAT I CAN NEVER EXPRESS

00:51:07.533 --> 00:51:08.999
MY GRATITUDE TO IT.

00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:11.632
SEVEN YEARS AGO,
I STEP OUT OF ELEVATOR,

00:51:11.633 --> 00:51:13.699
AND I WAS
A TOTALLY DIFFERENT PERSON.

00:51:13.700 --> 00:51:14.700
YOU HAVE CHANGED ME.

00:51:14.701 --> 00:51:16.299
ALL OF YOU HAVE CHANGED ME.

00:51:16.300 --> 00:51:19.466
AND FOR THAT,
I WILL FOREVER BE GRATEFUL.

00:51:19.467 --> 00:51:20.699
THANK YOU.

00:51:20.700 --> 00:51:24.399
[applause]

00:51:24.400 --> 00:51:26.467
- BRAVO.

00:51:32.133 --> 00:51:34.432
- AND YOU CAN TAKE THIS ONE.

00:51:34.433 --> 00:51:36.399
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR,
AND YOU HAVE THREE.

00:51:36.400 --> 00:51:40.032
HE WILL ARRIVE IN THE LAB
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DAY,

00:51:40.033 --> 00:51:43.332
AND HE\'S FLOWN ALL THE NIGHT,
AND HE\'S BEEN, YOU KNOW,

00:51:43.333 --> 00:51:45.066
ALL OVER EUROPE
IN THE LAST THREE DAYS,

00:51:45.067 --> 00:51:48.866
AND STILL HE\'S MORE FOCUSED
AND PAYING INCREDIBLE ATTENTION

00:51:48.867 --> 00:51:49.932
TO THINGS.

00:51:49.933 --> 00:51:52.732
HIS ENERGY IS REALLY... AMAZING.

00:51:52.733 --> 00:51:54.332
- I WANT TO KNOW;
IS THERE A PILL?

00:51:54.333 --> 00:51:57.866
\'CAUSE I\'LL TAKE IT,
BECAUSE IT\'S... I DON\'T KNOW.

00:51:57.867 --> 00:51:59.032
- COULD BE FISH TOO.

00:51:59.033 --> 00:52:01.799
YOU KNOW, I HEARD
HE ONLY EATS FISH

00:52:01.800 --> 00:52:04.166
FOR DINNER, SO...

00:52:04.167 --> 00:52:07.032
BUT ALL THIS FISH AND YOGURT,
THAT MIGHT BE THE SECRET.

00:52:07.033 --> 00:52:08.066
[laughs]

00:52:08.067 --> 00:52:09.532
GOOD THING I KNOW BETTER.

00:52:09.533 --> 00:52:11.766
[laughs]

00:52:11.767 --> 00:52:14.699
I HAVEN\'T TRIED IT YET, BUT...

00:52:14.700 --> 00:52:19.066
SOON...
I MIGHT FOLLOW HIS FOOTSTEPS

00:52:19.067 --> 00:52:23.532
AND BECOME, YOU KNOW,
A SMART.

00:52:23.533 --> 00:52:28.432
- THE NERVE CELL HAS
SEVERAL DIFFERENT COMPONENTS.

00:52:28.433 --> 00:52:30.966
IT HAS A CELL BODY.

00:52:30.967 --> 00:52:33.832
IT HAS EXTENSIONS
CALLED DENDRITES.

00:52:33.833 --> 00:52:37.199
THERE IS ANOTHER PROCESS
CALLED THE AXON.

00:52:37.200 --> 00:52:39.899
THIS CELL COMMUNICATES
WITH OTHER CELLS.

00:52:39.900 --> 00:52:44.666
SO HERE\'S ANOTHER CELL,
AND IT RECEIVES INFORMATION

00:52:44.667 --> 00:52:49.433
FROM THIS NEURON,
AND WE CALL THIS THE SYNAPSE.

00:52:51.467 --> 00:52:54.432
- WHAT WE\'RE DOING NOW IS,
WE\'RE GOING TO MEASURE

00:52:54.433 --> 00:52:56.699
HOW STRONG THE SYNAPSE IS.

00:52:56.700 --> 00:53:00.299
WANT TO DO THAT
BY ZAPPING THE SENSORY NEURON

00:53:00.300 --> 00:53:02.166
WITH AN ELECTRICAL PULSE.

00:53:02.167 --> 00:53:06.366
THEN WE TELL THE SENSORY NEURON,
\"SEND INFORMATION NOW.\"

00:53:06.367 --> 00:53:08.332
SO WE DO THAT ONCE.

00:53:08.333 --> 00:53:09.999
KEEP TURNING UP THE VOLTAGE

00:53:10.000 --> 00:53:12.566
UNTIL THE SENSORY NEURON
FINALLY DECIDES

00:53:12.567 --> 00:53:16.232
TO FIRE AN ACTION POTENTIAL.

00:53:16.233 --> 00:53:18.599
WHAT YOU SEE IS,
WHEN THE SENSORY NEURON

00:53:18.600 --> 00:53:22.666
DOES SEND INFORMATION
DOWN ITS AXON VIA THE SYNAPSE

00:53:22.667 --> 00:53:24.432
TO THE POST-SYNAPTIC NEURON,

00:53:24.433 --> 00:53:28.132
WE SEE, BY THIS RED TRACE,
IS THAT THE MOTOR NEURON

00:53:28.133 --> 00:53:29.732
RECEIVED THAT INFORMATION.

00:53:29.733 --> 00:53:32.966
THIS HAS BEEN GROWING
FOR ABOUT FOUR OR FIVE DAYS.

00:53:32.967 --> 00:53:36.432
THE TWO CELLS TOUCH,
AND THEY START FORMING SYNAPSES.

00:53:36.433 --> 00:53:39.132
- HOW DO YOU TURN
A SHORT-TERM MEMORY

00:53:39.133 --> 00:53:40.966
INTO A LONG-TERM MEMORY?

00:53:40.967 --> 00:53:43.466
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN
WHEN YOU REMEMBER SOMETHING

00:53:43.467 --> 00:53:45.166
FOR YOUR LIFETIME?

00:53:45.167 --> 00:53:48.132
AND WE FOUND THAT WHEN YOU
PRODUCE SHORT-TERM MEMORY,

00:53:48.133 --> 00:53:49.632
THERE WAS NO CHANGE

00:53:49.633 --> 00:53:53.799
IN HOW THE SYNAPSES LOOKED
ANATOMICALLY.

00:53:53.800 --> 00:53:55.766
ALL THE CHANGES
WERE BIOCHEMICAL.

00:53:55.767 --> 00:53:59.266
THEY WERE OCCURRING IN THE CELL.

00:53:59.267 --> 00:54:01.499
BUT WHEN YOU STIMULATED IT
THROUGH REPEATED TRAINING,

00:54:01.500 --> 00:54:03.232
WHEN YOU PRODUCE
LONG-TERM MEMORY,

00:54:03.233 --> 00:54:04.932
WE SAW, TO OUR ASTONISHMENT,

00:54:04.933 --> 00:54:07.966
THERE WAS A GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.

00:54:07.967 --> 00:54:09.267
WOW!

00:54:32.300 --> 00:54:34.399
- SO THIS IS A NEURON,
A SENSORY NEURON,

00:54:34.400 --> 00:54:37.499
THAT WE\'VE PUT IN A DISH
ALL BY ITSELF.

00:54:37.500 --> 00:54:39.966
IT IS PROGRAMMED
INTO THESE NEURONS

00:54:39.967 --> 00:54:41.399
TO FIND A PARTNER.

00:54:41.400 --> 00:54:42.632
THAT\'S WHAT THEY DO.

00:54:42.633 --> 00:54:44.599
THAT\'S THEIR PURPOSE,
IS TO FORM A SYNAPSE

00:54:44.600 --> 00:54:46.366
TO TRANSMIT INFORMATION.

00:54:46.367 --> 00:54:49.166
SO THIS SENSORY NEURON
WOULD CONTINUE GROWING,

00:54:49.167 --> 00:54:51.566
SENDING PROCESSES OUT
IN ALL DIRECTIONS,

00:54:51.567 --> 00:54:53.532
CONSTANTLY LOOKING
FOR A PARTNER

00:54:53.533 --> 00:54:55.432
UNTIL IT FINDS ONE.

00:54:55.433 --> 00:54:59.132
ONCE THE SENSORY NEURON FINDS
IT\'S POST-SYNAPTIC PARTNER,

00:54:59.133 --> 00:55:02.132
IT WILL SEND PROCESSES
VERY RAPIDLY

00:55:02.133 --> 00:55:04.366
ALL OVER
THAT POST-SYNAPTIC PARTNER.

00:55:04.367 --> 00:55:08.499
AND EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE,
YOU CAN SEE A LITTLE SWELLING.

00:55:08.500 --> 00:55:10.599
FOR EXAMPLE, THERE,
IN THE GREEN PROCESS,

00:55:10.600 --> 00:55:13.299
IN THE GREEN SENSORY PROCESS,
YOU SEE A LITTLE SWELLING.

00:55:13.300 --> 00:55:15.466
THAT\'S SOMETHING THAT WE CALL
A VARICOSITY.

00:55:15.467 --> 00:55:17.866
AND THE VARICOSITY
IS THE SYNAPSE.

00:55:17.867 --> 00:55:19.699
THAT\'S WHERE THE SYNAPSES
ARE FOUND.

00:55:19.700 --> 00:55:22.066
THAT\'S WHERE INFORMATION
TRANSFER OCCURS.

00:55:22.067 --> 00:55:25.599
- WHAT MY WORK HAS SHOWN
IS THAT THE CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

00:55:25.600 --> 00:55:28.632
IS THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING
LEARNING AND MEMORY.

00:55:28.633 --> 00:55:32.399
THE CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
IS NOT FIXED.

00:55:32.400 --> 00:55:34.832
IT IS PLASTIC.

00:55:34.833 --> 00:55:37.832
IT CAN BE ALTERED
BY ACTIVITY.

00:55:37.833 --> 00:55:40.199
IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY,
WHEN YOU ACTIVATE THIS SYSTEM

00:55:40.200 --> 00:55:42.399
ONLY ONCE,
YOU JUST INCREASE THE FUNCTION.

00:55:42.400 --> 00:55:46.632
SO YOU RELEASE
MORE TRANSMITTER.

00:55:46.633 --> 00:55:50.232
IN LONG-TERM MEMORY,
YOU ACTUALLY TURN ON GENES,

00:55:50.233 --> 00:55:52.799
AND YOU GROW
NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.

00:55:52.800 --> 00:55:54.332
- WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING HERE
IS AN EXAMPLE

00:55:54.333 --> 00:55:57.366
OF THE KIND OF CHANGES
THAT GO ON WHEN WE LEARN,

00:55:57.367 --> 00:55:58.932
WHEN A NEW MEMORY IS FORMED.

00:55:58.933 --> 00:56:02.799
YOU HAVE A PREEXISTING SYNAPSE
THAT BUDS.

00:56:02.800 --> 00:56:05.699
IT FORMS
A COMPLETELY NEW SYNAPSE.

00:56:05.700 --> 00:56:08.999
SO THIS SWELLING GIVES RISE
TO A COMPLETELY NEW SWELLING.

00:56:09.000 --> 00:56:11.532
SO THAT\'S THE TYPE
OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE

00:56:11.533 --> 00:56:13.299
THAT OCCURS WHEN WE LEARN.

00:56:13.300 --> 00:56:16.866
- SO SHORT-TERM MEMORY
IS RESTRICTED TO THE SYNAPSE.

00:56:16.867 --> 00:56:20.799
- LONG-TERM MEMORY
INVOLVES THE NUCLEUS,

00:56:20.800 --> 00:56:24.266
WHICH MESSENGER RNAs
TO THE SYNAPSES.

00:56:24.267 --> 00:56:28.032
AND IT GIVES RISE TO THE GROWTH
OF NEW SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS.

00:56:28.033 --> 00:56:30.832
- WHAT YOU\'RE SEEING
IS A LOT OF THE MESSENGER RNA

00:56:30.833 --> 00:56:32.766
BEING PRODUCED
INSIDE THE NUCLEUS

00:56:32.767 --> 00:56:35.799
AND THEN SPILLING OUT
AND BEING SHUTTLED

00:56:35.800 --> 00:56:38.066
ALL THE WAY DOWN THE AXONS.

00:56:38.067 --> 00:56:41.499
AND THAT BRIGHT PARTICLE
THAT\'S TRAVELING DOWN THAT AXON

00:56:41.500 --> 00:56:44.132
IS A BUNDLE OF A LARGE NUMBER
OF INSTRUCTIONS

00:56:44.133 --> 00:56:45.799
FOR HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS.

00:56:45.800 --> 00:56:49.432
AND THEN THE SYNAPSE USES
WHATEVER RESOURCES IT HAS

00:56:49.433 --> 00:56:52.132
AVAILABLE TO IT LOCALLY
TO TAKE THOSE INSTRUCTIONS

00:56:52.133 --> 00:56:54.566
AND MAKE A PROTEIN.

00:56:54.567 --> 00:56:56.566
THE TARGET OF DOING ALL OF THAT,

00:56:56.567 --> 00:56:59.132
OF SENDING PROTEINS
DOWN THE AXON,

00:56:59.133 --> 00:57:01.599
OF SENDING MESSAGES
DOWN THE AXONS,

00:57:01.600 --> 00:57:04.766
ALL OF THAT IS TRYING
TO ACCOMPLISH ONE THING,

00:57:04.767 --> 00:57:09.799
WHICH IS TO MAKE THAT
GENERATE THAT.

00:57:09.800 --> 00:57:11.499
THIS IS THE END PRODUCT.

00:57:11.500 --> 00:57:13.267
THIS IS LEARNING.

00:57:17.100 --> 00:57:19.132
- BEHIND EVERY ONE
OF THOSE DISCOVERIES,

00:57:19.133 --> 00:57:24.466
THERE ARE JUST YEARS AND DECADES
OF VERY HARD,

00:57:24.467 --> 00:57:26.266
VERY RIGOROUS WORK.

00:57:26.267 --> 00:57:29.332
- HE WORKED VERY LONG HOURS WITH
THE SAME PEOPLE ALL THE TIME,

00:57:29.333 --> 00:57:32.332
AND WE ALSO OFTEN WORK WEEKENDS,
MANY OF US DO.

00:57:32.333 --> 00:57:36.932
AND SO IT\'S MORE
THAN A SOURCE OF INCOME.

00:57:36.933 --> 00:57:38.299
- IT\'S NOT FOR MONEY.

00:57:38.300 --> 00:57:40.232
YOU\'RE NOT GONNA MAKE
VERY MUCH MONEY IN SCIENCE.

00:57:40.233 --> 00:57:41.799
YOU\'RE HERE
BECAUSE YOU HAVE A PASSION,

00:57:41.800 --> 00:57:44.366
AND WHENEVER PASSIONS
ARE INVOLVED,

00:57:44.367 --> 00:57:46.566
THINGS ARE GOING
TO GET INTERESTING.

00:57:46.567 --> 00:57:51.399
BUT, YOU KNOW, YOU DO HAVE
TO KEEP IN MIND

00:57:51.400 --> 00:57:55.832
THAT EVERYONE IS HERE,
ULTIMATELY, FOR THE SAME REASON,

00:57:55.833 --> 00:57:58.399
AND WE\'RE ALL INTERESTED
AND INCREDIBLY FASCINATED

00:57:58.400 --> 00:58:02.066
BY NATURE, AND WE WANT
TO FIGURE OUT HOW IT WORKS.

00:58:02.067 --> 00:58:04.566
- THAT\'S VERY IMPORTANT,
CERTAINLY, YES.

00:58:04.567 --> 00:58:07.166
- I THINK HAVE OUR LIMITS
OF... ON FRUSTRATION AS WELL,

00:58:07.167 --> 00:58:09.366
BUT IT\'S, UH...

00:58:09.367 --> 00:58:10.466
- I THINK THEY\'RE WONDERFUL,

00:58:10.467 --> 00:58:11.866
BUT YOU SHOULD NOT
BE TALKING TO ME.

00:58:11.867 --> 00:58:13.032
YOU SHOULD BE TALKING TO THEM.

00:58:13.033 --> 00:58:14.999
I\'M ONLY MAKING
A PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:16.600
I\'M GOING SWIMMING.

00:58:30.100 --> 00:58:31.932
I LOVE THE WATER.

00:58:31.933 --> 00:58:34.266
SYMBOLIZES LIFE.

00:58:34.267 --> 00:58:36.132
YOU THINK YOUR DAILY THOUGHTS.

00:58:36.133 --> 00:58:38.532
SOMETIMES I THINK
WHAT\'S HAPPENING IN MY LIFE.

00:58:38.533 --> 00:58:40.299
SOMETIMES I\'M MAD AT SOMEBODY.

00:58:40.300 --> 00:58:42.232
SOMETIMES I\'M HAPPY
WITH SOMEBODY.

00:58:42.233 --> 00:58:47.199
BUT I TRY MOSTLY TO RELAX.

00:58:47.200 --> 00:58:48.900
THAT\'S IT, FOLKS.

00:58:54.367 --> 00:58:57.366
THIS IS THE HOUSE
WHERE PRESIDENT KENNEDY LIVED

00:58:57.367 --> 00:58:58.367
WHEN HE WAS IN NEW YORK.

00:58:58.368 --> 00:58:59.933
HE WENT TO SCHOOL HERE.

00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:05.067
THIS IS THE HOUSE RIGHT HERE.

00:59:13.700 --> 00:59:16.332
IT\'S US.

00:59:16.333 --> 00:59:22.866
DENISE AND I STARTED TO COLLECT
IN AROUND 1961

00:59:22.867 --> 00:59:25.299
A FEW YEARS
AFTER WE WERE MARRIED,

00:59:25.300 --> 00:59:28.599
AND OVER THE YEARS, WE BEGAN
TO SPECIALIZE, TO FOCUS IN

00:59:28.600 --> 00:59:32.267
ON GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN
EXPRESSIONISTS.

00:59:35.767 --> 00:59:38.032
I\'VE BEEN STRUGGLING ALL MY LIFE
TO COME TO GRIPS

00:59:38.033 --> 00:59:41.066
WITH MY VIENNESE HERITAGE,

00:59:41.067 --> 00:59:44.999
AND SO THIS IS A FURTHER ATTEMPT
TO DO THAT.

00:59:45.000 --> 00:59:47.199
ONE I PARTICULARLY LOVE
IS THE KISS.

00:59:47.200 --> 00:59:50.299
IT HAS MEANINGS ON SO MANY
DIFFERENT LEVELS TO ME.

00:59:50.300 --> 00:59:53.332
IT SORT OF REPRESENTS
DENISE AND MYSELF...

00:59:53.333 --> 00:59:55.232
WHEN WE\'RE NICE TO EACH OTHER.

00:59:55.233 --> 00:59:56.766
AND I LIKE IT VERY MUCH.

00:59:56.767 --> 00:59:59.532
THE MOST DIFFICULT PERIOD
I EVER HAD

00:59:59.533 --> 01:00:07.533
WAS WHILE I WAS A RESIDENT
AT HARVARD.

11:00:02.100 --> 11:00:07.266
UM, SO I WOULD WORK
DURING THE DAYTIME,

11:00:07.267 --> 11:00:09.732
AND I WOULD DO EXPERIMENTS
IN THE EVENING

11:00:09.733 --> 11:00:12.299
AND ON THE WEEKENDS.

11:00:12.300 --> 11:00:14.232
SO IMAGINE, YOU TAKE
YOUR SATURDAY AND SUNDAY

11:00:14.233 --> 11:00:16.299
AND YOU SPEND IN THE LAB,
AND IT\'S COMPLETELY WASTED,

11:00:16.300 --> 11:00:19.132
WHICH IS WHAT HAPPENED
70% OF THE TIME.

11:00:19.133 --> 11:00:20.966
TO DRAG YOURSELF HOME
ON SUNDAY NIGHT

11:00:20.967 --> 11:00:22.666
AFTER TWO DAYS OF FAILURE,

11:00:22.667 --> 11:00:25.032
AND TO HAVE YOUR WIFE UNHAPPY
ABOUT THE FACT

11:00:25.033 --> 11:00:26.999
THAT YOU WERE AWAY FOR SO LONG,

11:00:27.000 --> 11:00:29.432
THAT\'S VERY PAINFUL
AND VERY DIFFICULT.

11:00:29.433 --> 11:00:34.066
SHORTLY AFTER OUR SON PAUL
WAS BORN IN MARCH, 1961,

11:00:34.067 --> 11:00:37.199
DENISE AND I HAD
A SERIOUS CRISIS,

11:00:37.200 --> 11:00:40.599
BY FAR THE MOST SERIOUS
OF OUR LIFE TOGETHER.

11:00:40.600 --> 11:00:41.632
I THOUGHT WE HAD HAD

11:00:41.633 --> 11:00:44.399
AN UNUSUALLY HARMONIOUS
RELATIONSHIP.

11:00:44.400 --> 11:00:47.132
SHE HAD STRONGLY SUPPORTED ME
AS I WAS STRUGGLING

11:00:47.133 --> 11:00:49.699
TO DEFINE MY CAREER
AND SHE WAS WORKING

11:00:49.700 --> 11:00:50.966
AS A POSTDOCTORAL FELLOW

11:00:50.967 --> 11:00:53.032
AT THE MASSACHUSETTS
MENTAL HEALTH CENTER,

11:00:53.033 --> 11:00:54.532
BUT ONE SUNDAY AFTERNOON,

11:00:54.533 --> 11:00:57.066
SHE SHOWED UP
WHILE I WAS WORKING IN THE LAB

11:00:57.067 --> 11:00:59.332
AND SIMPLY EXPLODED ON ME.

11:00:59.333 --> 11:01:02.032
CARRYING PAUL IN HER ARMS,
SHE SCREAMED,

11:01:02.033 --> 11:01:03.899
\"YOU CAN\'T GO ON LIKE THIS!

11:01:03.900 --> 11:01:06.732
YOU\'RE ONLY THINKING OF YOURSELF
AND YOUR WORK!

11:01:06.733 --> 11:01:09.099
YOU\'RE JUST IGNORING
THE TWO OF US!\"

11:01:09.100 --> 11:01:12.199
I WAS STARTLED AND DEEPLY HURT.

11:01:12.200 --> 11:01:15.066
I WAS SO TRANSFIXED
BY MY SCIENCE,

11:01:15.067 --> 11:01:18.132
BOTH ENJOYING IT
AND ALSO WORRYING ABOUT IT

11:01:18.133 --> 11:01:20.732
WHEN MY EXPERIMENTS FAILED,
AS THEY OFTEN DID,

11:01:20.733 --> 11:01:23.866
THAT IT NEVER DAWNED ON ME
THAT I WAS NEGLECTING

11:01:23.867 --> 11:01:27.432
OR IN ANY WAY DEVALUATING
DENISE AND PAUL,

11:01:27.433 --> 11:01:29.099
WITHDRAWING MY LOVE FROM THEM.

11:01:29.100 --> 11:01:32.066
I WAS UPSET AND ANGRY
ABOUT BEING CONFRONTED

11:01:32.067 --> 11:01:33.666
SO HARSHLY AND SO SUDDENLY.

11:01:33.667 --> 11:01:37.332
I SULKED AND POUTED
AND TOOK DAYS TO RECOVER.

11:01:37.333 --> 11:01:41.366
IN RESPONSE, I DECIDED
TO SPEND MORE TIME AT HOME

11:01:41.367 --> 11:01:45.166
WITH HER AND PAUL.

11:01:45.167 --> 11:01:47.732
NOW YOU\'LL SEE THE FIRST PLACE
WHERE I STAYED.

11:01:47.733 --> 11:01:49.132
I HOPE THE BUILDING
IS STILL THERE.

11:01:49.133 --> 11:01:52.232
I HAVE NOT BEEN THERE
FOR SIXTY YEARS.

11:01:52.233 --> 11:01:54.932
UM, MY GRANDPARENTS
HAD ALREADY BEEN

11:01:54.933 --> 11:01:56.866
IN THE UNITED STATES
FOR TWO MONTHS.

11:01:56.867 --> 11:01:58.932
MY BROTHER AND I CAME IN APRIL,

11:01:58.933 --> 11:02:01.199
AND MY PARENTS CAME
IN SEPTEMBER.

11:02:01.200 --> 11:02:03.932
1115, IT\'S JUST RIGHT HERE.

11:02:03.933 --> 11:02:06.166
1119, WHOOPS.

11:02:06.167 --> 11:02:08.066
THAT\'S IT.

11:02:08.067 --> 11:02:16.067
IT\'S AMAZING HOW IT\'S COME DOWN.

11:02:20.733 --> 11:02:23.932
[knocking]

11:02:23.933 --> 11:02:26.532
HI.

11:02:26.533 --> 11:02:27.999
CAN WE COME IN FOR A MINUTE?

11:02:28.000 --> 11:02:29.632
I USED TO LIVE HERE.

11:02:29.633 --> 11:02:31.532
HOW MANY BEDROOMS ARE THERE
IN THIS APARTMENT?

11:02:31.533 --> 11:02:33.832
- THIS IS ONE,
AND THAT ONE\'S A...

11:02:33.833 --> 11:02:36.899
- ISN\'T THERE A THIRD BEDROOM?

11:02:36.900 --> 11:02:39.099
I SOMEHOW REMEMBER
THREE BEDROOMS.

11:02:39.100 --> 11:02:41.132
- [speaking a foreign language]

11:02:41.133 --> 11:02:42.332
- I DON\'T REMEMBER THIS LAYOUT.

11:02:42.333 --> 11:02:43.932
- [speaking a foreign language]

11:02:43.933 --> 11:02:45.966
- EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS
A CURTAIN OVER THE DOORS,

11:02:45.967 --> 11:02:47.132
I COULD HEAR THE PRAYERS

11:02:47.133 --> 11:02:51.566
THAT MY GRANDFATHER
WAS CHANTING.

11:02:51.567 --> 11:02:53.667
YEAH.

11:02:56.467 --> 11:02:58.332
SO CONCEIVABLY,
WE WERE ON THE NEXT FLOOR.

11:02:58.333 --> 11:03:01.566
I REMEMBER
A SOMEWHAT LARGER APARTMENT.

11:03:01.567 --> 11:03:04.033
[knocking]

11:03:06.033 --> 11:03:09.299
HI, EXCUSE ME,
I\'M ERIC KANDEL.

11:03:09.300 --> 11:03:11.499
I USED TO LIVE HERE
MANY YEARS AGO.

11:03:11.500 --> 11:03:14.432
CAN WE COME IN
JUST FOR A FEW MINUTES?

11:03:14.433 --> 11:03:17.132
AND HOW DOES ONE GET
TO THE OTHER SIDE?

11:03:17.133 --> 11:03:18.532
IT GOES AROUND?

11:03:18.533 --> 11:03:19.533
- NO.

11:03:19.534 --> 11:03:20.799
- THAT\'S A SEPARATE APARTMENT.

11:03:20.800 --> 11:03:21.800
- YEAH.

11:03:21.801 --> 11:03:22.932
- IS THAT A LARGER APARTMENT?

11:03:22.933 --> 11:03:24.966
- YEAH.

11:03:24.967 --> 11:03:26.466
- THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

11:03:26.467 --> 11:03:27.866
WHEN WE CAME HERE,

11:03:27.867 --> 11:03:30.232
WE WERE AT THE SAME
FINANCIAL LEVEL AS THESE PEOPLE.

11:03:30.233 --> 11:03:32.633
WE WERE EXTREMELY POOR.

11:03:36.300 --> 11:03:38.432
- HELLO.

11:03:38.433 --> 11:03:40.899
- MY FATHER USED TO OWN
THIS STORE

11:03:40.900 --> 11:03:42.932
THAT YOU OWN ACROSS THE STREET,
411 CHURCH AVENUE.

11:03:42.933 --> 11:03:44.266
- YEAH?

11:03:44.267 --> 11:03:46.399
- HE HAD A HABERDASHERY STORE
THERE MANY YEARS AGO.

11:03:46.400 --> 11:03:47.466
- OH, THAT\'S A LONG TIME AGO.

11:03:47.467 --> 11:03:48.632
- YES, KANDEL.

11:03:48.633 --> 11:03:49.966
- I WAS ON THE AVENUE
AT THAT TIME.

11:03:49.967 --> 11:03:51.266
- YOU WERE ALREADY
IN THE AVENUE?

11:03:51.267 --> 11:03:53.166
- I WAS NEXT TO THE PIZZERIA,
NEXT TO THE TONY.

11:03:53.167 --> 11:03:55.632
YOU REMEMBER THAT THIS
WAS A MEN\'S SHOP?

11:03:55.633 --> 11:03:57.432
- YES, I SEE, FANTASTIC.

11:03:57.433 --> 11:03:58.999
- SO I THINK SO;
I KNOW HIM.

11:03:59.000 --> 11:04:00.099
- YEAH, YEAH, YEAH.

11:04:00.100 --> 11:04:03.766
AND I REMEMBER
WHEN MY FATHER, UM,

11:04:03.767 --> 11:04:05.766
MOVED INTO THE STORE.

11:04:05.767 --> 11:04:07.332
HE HAD ALL THE THINGS AT HOME,
YOU KNOW,

11:04:07.333 --> 11:04:08.766
WHAT HE WAS SELLING
FROM DAY TO DAY,

11:04:08.767 --> 11:04:11.399
AND I WOULD SCHLEP THEM

11:04:11.400 --> 11:04:14.899
IN ORDER TO HELP HIM
MOVE THE STUFF

11:04:14.900 --> 11:04:16.932
FROM THE APARTMENT TO HERE.

11:04:16.933 --> 11:04:18.966
AND THEN AFTER A WHILE,
WE ACTUALLY MOVED UPSTAIRS,

11:04:18.967 --> 11:04:21.832
WHICH WAS FANTASTIC,
BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, MY MOTHER

11:04:21.833 --> 11:04:23.666
WOULD PREPARE DINNER;
SHE\'D JUST GO UPSTAIRS,

11:04:23.667 --> 11:04:26.866
YOU KNOW, AND WE\'D HAVE A BELL
AND YOU COULD RING.

11:04:26.867 --> 11:04:29.066
THE APARTMENT RUNS LIKE THIS.

11:04:29.067 --> 11:04:31.499
YOU COME UP THE STAIRS,
AND THERE ARE TWO ENTRANCES,

11:04:31.500 --> 11:04:33.166
ONE HERE AND ONE THERE.

11:04:33.167 --> 11:04:36.132
BUT OFF HERE IS A ROOM,
A SINGLE ROOM BY ITSELF,

11:04:36.133 --> 11:04:39.232
WITH ITS OWN ENTRANCE, A LOCK,
AND THIS WAS MY ROOM.

11:04:39.233 --> 11:04:41.266
IT OVERLOOKS CHURCH AVENUE.

11:04:41.267 --> 11:04:44.699
AND I REALLY FELT
THIS WAS MY LITTLE CASTLE.

11:04:44.700 --> 11:04:47.766
YEAH, IT WAS A SMALL ROOM,
BUT IT WAS VERY NICE.

11:04:47.767 --> 11:04:50.366
MY FATHER ACTUALLY CAME
FROM GALITZIA ORIGINALLY.

11:04:50.367 --> 11:04:55.732
HE WAS A VERY, UM, HYPER GUY,
YOU KNOW, LIKE ME A LITTLE BIT,

11:04:55.733 --> 11:04:56.866
BUT MORE VOLATILE.

11:04:56.867 --> 11:04:59.766
HE WOULD OCCASIONALLY SCREAM
AT CUSTOMERS

11:04:59.767 --> 11:05:01.666
IF THEY DIDN\'T TREAT HIM RIGHT.

11:05:01.667 --> 11:05:03.066
MY FATHER WOULD NOT
TRUST ANYBODY.

11:05:03.067 --> 11:05:04.067
DIDN\'T TRUST MY MOTHER.

11:05:04.068 --> 11:05:05.332
[laughs]

11:05:05.333 --> 11:05:08.032
BECAUSE SHE WOULD TAKE MONEY
FROM THE DRAWER...

11:05:08.033 --> 11:05:09.732
THERE\'S A DRAWER
WHERE YOU KEEP THE MONEY...

11:05:09.733 --> 11:05:11.299
AND GIVE IT TO ME.

11:05:11.300 --> 11:05:14.433
ANYWAY, THEY WERE VERY NICE
TO ME.

11:05:17.700 --> 11:05:19.499
THANK YOU.
- OKAY, THANK YOU, DOCTOR.

11:05:19.500 --> 11:05:22.200
- THANK YOU.
- IT\'S NICE TO MEET YOU, DOCTOR.

11:05:24.767 --> 11:05:27.932
- OH, IT\'S AN OPTICAL ILLUSION,
BUT IT\'S CORRECT.

11:05:27.933 --> 11:05:29.366
THAT\'S THE ROOM.

11:05:29.367 --> 11:05:32.232
THE ROOM THAT\'S OFF BY ITSELF
IS, I\'M ALMOST CERTAIN,

11:05:32.233 --> 11:05:33.432
THE ONE ON THE LEFT.

11:05:33.433 --> 11:05:34.899
I COULD NEVER BRING
ANY GIRLS THERE,

11:05:34.900 --> 11:05:36.732
BUT IT WAS PERFECT.

11:05:36.733 --> 11:05:40.232
BUT I LIKE THIS TIME OF YEAR
SO MUCH,

11:05:40.233 --> 11:05:41.766
WHEN IT WOULD GET WARM
AND I WOULD HEAR

11:05:41.767 --> 11:05:42.966
THE NOISES IN THE STREET.

11:05:42.967 --> 11:05:45.566
IT WOULD SOMEHOW
BUOYED ME UP.

11:05:45.567 --> 11:05:47.732
HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED
IN THIS NEIGHBORHOOD?

11:05:47.733 --> 11:05:51.466
- OH, HERE, I LIVE SEVEN,
EIGHT YEAR.

11:05:51.467 --> 11:05:53.366
- THAT\'S OKAY;
YOU\'RE A YOUNGSTER.

11:05:53.367 --> 11:05:55.032
- [laughing] YES.
- THANK YOU.

11:05:55.033 --> 11:05:56.699
I WANTED TO KNOW
WHETHER YOU KNEW MY FATHER

11:05:56.700 --> 11:05:58.132
WHO HAD THE STORE
ACROSS THE STREET,

11:05:58.133 --> 11:05:59.932
BUT IF YOU DIDN\'T LIFE
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD...

11:05:59.933 --> 11:06:01.332
- NO, I JUST WAS PASSING BY.
- OKAY.

11:06:01.333 --> 11:06:02.632
- WHAT STORE HE HAD DUTIES
THERE?

11:06:02.633 --> 11:06:03.866
- HE HAD A HABERDASHERY STORE.

11:06:03.867 --> 11:06:05.166
- LONG TIME AGO?

11:06:05.167 --> 11:06:06.699
- YOU\'RE TOO YOUNG;
YOU WOULDN\'T KNOW.

11:06:06.700 --> 11:06:07.899
- THAT\'S IT.

11:06:07.900 --> 11:06:10.366
- HOW LONG HAVE YOU PEOPLE
BEEN LIVING HERE?

11:06:10.367 --> 11:06:11.466
- PARDON ME, SIR?

11:06:11.467 --> 11:06:12.899
- HOW LONG HAVE YOU
BEEN LIVING HERE?

11:06:12.900 --> 11:06:14.566
- WHAT IS YOUR PROBLEM?
- I HAVE NO PROBLEM.

11:06:14.567 --> 11:06:16.899
- YEAH, BUT WHAT IS
YOUR EXPLANATION?

11:06:16.900 --> 11:06:18.199
- I JUST WANT TO SPEAK
TO SOMEBODY

11:06:18.200 --> 11:06:19.366
WHO MIGHT REMEMBER MY FATHER,

11:06:19.367 --> 11:06:20.699
BUT YOU DON\'T
REMEMBER MY FATHER.

11:06:20.700 --> 11:06:21.899
- I PROBABLY REMEMBER, BUDDY.

11:06:21.900 --> 11:06:23.432
I HAD TO COME BACK
BECAUSE I\'M A OLD MAN.

11:06:23.433 --> 11:06:25.532
I\'M 79 YEARS OLD.
- YOU DON\'T LOOK LIKE YOU\'RE 79.

11:06:25.533 --> 11:06:27.566
- WELL I AM 79.
- YOU\'RE DOING WELL.

11:06:27.567 --> 11:06:32.032
- WELL, GOD LET ME DO WELL
BECAUSE I LIVE FOR GOD.

11:06:32.033 --> 11:06:34.032
WELL, I\'M BORN AS A PROPHET.
- I SEE.

11:06:34.033 --> 11:06:35.232
- I\'M A DIVINE HEALER.

11:06:35.233 --> 11:06:36.499
MY NAME IS PROPHET ALEC.

11:06:36.500 --> 11:06:38.099
YOU LOOK GOOD FOR YOURSELF TOO,
MAN.

11:06:38.100 --> 11:06:39.866
WHAT ARE YOU, ABOUT 82?

11:06:39.867 --> 11:06:41.332
- I\'M 40.

11:06:41.333 --> 11:06:42.666
- [laughs]

11:06:42.667 --> 11:06:43.667
YOU\'RE FUNNY!

11:06:43.668 --> 11:06:45.266
- 82?

11:06:45.267 --> 11:06:47.199
YOU RASCAL, FOR GOD\'S SAKE.

11:06:47.200 --> 11:06:48.299
- [laughing]

11:06:48.300 --> 11:06:49.632
- 82?

11:06:49.633 --> 11:06:51.732
I DIDN\'T HAVE TO COME
TO BROOKLYN TO HEAR THAT.

11:06:51.733 --> 11:06:53.666
[laughter]

11:06:53.667 --> 11:06:56.832
- HE\'S A CHARACTER.

11:06:56.833 --> 11:06:58.932
OH, MY, HE\'S A CHARACTER.

11:06:58.933 --> 11:07:00.199
THAT\'S YOUR FATHER?

11:07:00.200 --> 11:07:01.832
- FATHER?
- [laughs]

11:07:01.833 --> 11:07:03.332
- I\'M HER LOVER!

11:07:03.333 --> 11:07:05.766
FATHER; HE\'S DESTROYING
MY REPUTATION.

11:07:05.767 --> 11:07:08.767
[laughter]

11:07:11.067 --> 11:07:13.099
SOME SORT OF A PROPHET YOU ARE.

11:07:13.100 --> 11:07:15.966
[laughter]

11:07:15.967 --> 11:07:18.566
- OH, BOY, HE GETTING
A BEAUTIFUL CONVERSATION

11:07:18.567 --> 11:07:19.732
HERE TODAY.

11:07:19.733 --> 11:07:21.332
- [laughs]

11:07:21.333 --> 11:07:22.566
- BLESS YOU;
NOW, SIT DOWN.

11:07:22.567 --> 11:07:23.599
- NO, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO.

11:07:23.600 --> 11:07:24.832
I RESPECT YOU; I RESPECT YOU.

11:07:24.833 --> 11:07:27.232
- I RESPECT YOU ALSO;
YOU\'RE A GREAT MAN.

11:07:27.233 --> 11:07:28.399
- PEACE AND LOVE TO YOU.

11:07:28.400 --> 11:07:29.566
- PEACE AND LOVE TO YOU.

11:07:29.567 --> 11:07:30.567
- BLESS YOU.

11:07:30.568 --> 11:07:36.199
- AYE AYE AYE.

11:07:36.200 --> 11:07:37.499
PARDON ME.

11:07:37.500 --> 11:07:39.632
HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD?

11:07:39.633 --> 11:07:41.066
- 70 SOME ODD YEARS.

11:07:41.067 --> 11:07:42.232
- 70 SOME ODD YEARS?

11:07:42.233 --> 11:07:43.799
YOU\'RE JUST THE PERSON
I\'M LOOKING FOR.

11:07:43.800 --> 11:07:44.932
- PARDON?

11:07:44.933 --> 11:07:46.532
- YOU\'RE JUST THE PERSON
I\'M LOOKING FOR.

11:07:46.533 --> 11:07:47.599
- [laughs]

11:07:47.600 --> 11:07:48.799
WHY?

11:07:48.800 --> 11:07:51.666
- UM, I USED TO LIVE
AROUND THE CORNER.

11:07:51.667 --> 11:07:54.432
AND MY FATHER HAD
A DRY GOOD STORE,

11:07:54.433 --> 11:07:55.832
A HABERDASHERY STORE.

11:07:55.833 --> 11:07:58.466
HE WAS IN... IT\'S IN
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STREET.

11:07:58.467 --> 11:07:59.467
DO YOU REMEMBER THAT?

11:07:59.468 --> 11:08:00.632
- I THINK SO.

11:08:00.633 --> 11:08:03.132
I COME FROM THE OTHER SIDE
OF BROOKLYN.

11:08:03.133 --> 11:08:05.232
- WE\'RE REMINISCING
ABOUT THE GOOD OLD DAYS.

11:08:05.233 --> 11:08:06.632
WERE YOU HERE
FOR THE GOOD OLD DAYS?

11:08:06.633 --> 11:08:08.632
HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN LIVING
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD?

11:08:08.633 --> 11:08:10.132
- I\'VE BEEN LIVING IN THIS AREA,

11:08:10.133 --> 11:08:14.766
A RADIUS OF THREE MILES,
ALL MY LIFE.

11:08:14.767 --> 11:08:16.666
- SIT DOWN, FOR GOD\'S SAKES.
- NOPE, I\'M GOING UP.

11:08:16.667 --> 11:08:18.766
I HAVE TO TAKE CHICKEN
OUT OF THE FREEZER.

11:08:18.767 --> 11:08:20.366
- TAKE CHICKEN
OUT OF THE FREEZER.

11:08:20.367 --> 11:08:21.666
DID YOU GO
TO THE SYNAGOGUE HERE?

11:08:21.667 --> 11:08:23.366
WHAT SYNAGOGUE?
- OH, SURE, I BELONG.

11:08:23.367 --> 11:08:25.899
- YEAH, WE ARE MEMBERS
OF THE SISTERHOOD.

11:08:25.900 --> 11:08:29.166
- WONDERFUL PLACE.

11:08:29.167 --> 11:08:31.499
I MEAN, I FEEL
A LITTLE BIT HYPOCRITICAL,

11:08:31.500 --> 11:08:34.199
BECAUSE I\'M NOT ORTHODOX
IN ANY WAY,

11:08:34.200 --> 11:08:40.166
BUT I FEEL CULTURALLY
SO COMPLETELY JEWISH.

11:08:40.167 --> 11:08:41.666
- BUT TO SIT IN THE AUDIENCE

11:08:41.667 --> 11:08:45.866
AND HEAR A NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
SPEAK IS TO BE IN HEAVEN.

11:08:45.867 --> 11:08:47.766
AND PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT.

11:08:47.767 --> 11:08:50.199
ERIC WILL NEVER SAY THIS,
BUT I WILL TELL YOU.

11:08:50.200 --> 11:08:52.499
IT\'S SOMETHING SO SPECIAL.

11:08:52.500 --> 11:08:55.266
- [stuttering]

11:08:55.267 --> 11:08:56.499
LET ME EXPLAIN TO YOU WHY...

11:08:56.500 --> 11:08:58.332
- SHUSH, SHUSH, SHUSH;
DON\'T SAY TOO MUCH.

11:08:58.333 --> 11:09:01.632
- NO, NO, NO...
NO, NOT FOR MYSELF.

11:09:01.633 --> 11:09:08.366
IN THE JEWISH VALUE SYSTEM,

11:09:08.367 --> 11:09:11.232
HAVE A SON A SCHOLAR
IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.

11:09:11.233 --> 11:09:12.632
- YEAH, WE VALUE EDUCATION.

11:09:12.633 --> 11:09:14.099
- YES, AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT.

11:09:14.100 --> 11:09:15.599
- EDUCATION TO US...
- IS EVERYTHING.

11:09:15.600 --> 11:09:16.600
- EVERYTHING.

11:09:16.601 --> 11:09:19.699
THESE TWO ARE CALLED
RIMONIM,

11:09:19.700 --> 11:09:21.632
WHICH IN ENGLISH REALLY MEANS
POMEGRANATE,

11:09:21.633 --> 11:09:24.899
BUT IT\'S ALSO CALLED
ETZ HACHAYIM, THE TREE OF LIFE.

11:09:24.900 --> 11:09:28.466
THESE SCROLLS
ARE THE TREES OF LIFE.

11:09:28.467 --> 11:09:29.532
THEY HOLD OUR LIFE.

11:09:29.533 --> 11:09:30.966
THEY HOLD JEWISH LIFE,

11:09:30.967 --> 11:09:34.599
BECAUSE WHAT\'S WRITTEN
ON THE SCROLLS, ON THE PAPERS,

11:09:34.600 --> 11:09:36.166
IS THE LIFE OF THE JEW.

11:09:36.167 --> 11:09:39.032
- IN ADDITION TO THE COVER,
YOU HAVE SEVERAL OTHER THINGS.

11:09:39.033 --> 11:09:42.766
YOU HAVE THE CROWN,
AND THEN YOU HAVE THE POINTER,

11:09:42.767 --> 11:09:44.432
BECAUSE WHEN YOU READ,

11:09:44.433 --> 11:09:46.999
YOU USE IT, REALLY,
TO HELP YOU ALONG.

11:09:47.000 --> 11:09:48.032
- AND YOU SPEAK YIDDISH?

11:09:48.033 --> 11:09:49.432
- I UNDERSTAND YIDDISH
QUITE WELL.

11:09:49.433 --> 11:09:52.433
- [speaking Yiddish]

11:09:54.733 --> 11:09:56.799
YEAH.

11:09:56.800 --> 11:09:58.399
- WHY DID YOU JUST CRY?

11:09:58.400 --> 11:10:00.799
- I DON\'T KNOW;
MY CRYING IS UNRELATED

11:10:00.800 --> 11:10:02.066
TO SPECIFIC EVENTS.

11:10:02.067 --> 11:10:05.132
THEY PULL UP SOME EMOTION TO ME,

11:10:05.133 --> 11:10:09.866
MY IDENTITY WITH JUDAISM,
MY ASKING FOR FORGIVENESS.

11:10:09.867 --> 11:10:12.399
BUT YOU KNOW, I CRY EASILY.

11:10:12.400 --> 11:10:15.432
- YEAH, BUT YOU CRY ALL THE TIME
WHEN IT\'S ABOUT THIS.

11:10:15.433 --> 11:10:19.332
- ABOUT JUDAISM, YEAH.

11:10:19.333 --> 11:10:20.966
SHVER TO ZAIN A YID.

11:10:20.967 --> 11:10:25.099
[laughs]

11:10:25.100 --> 11:10:26.132
YEAH.

11:10:26.133 --> 11:10:27.432
- YOU DON\'T CRY
BECAUSE IT HURTS.

11:10:27.433 --> 11:10:29.066
IT\'S EMOTIONAL.

11:10:29.067 --> 11:10:31.232
- NO, NO, NO, IT\'S NOT...
I DON\'T FEEL PAIN.

11:10:31.233 --> 11:10:36.599
IT HAS AN EMOTIONAL MEANING
TO ME, AND YOU KNOW,

11:10:36.600 --> 11:10:38.666
BEING A JEW HAS BEEN
A WONDERFUL EXPERIENCE

11:10:38.667 --> 11:10:40.966
FOR ME IN AMERICA,

11:10:40.967 --> 11:10:44.499
BUT CERTAINLY, BEING A JEW
IN VIENNA WAS VERY PAINFUL.

11:10:44.500 --> 11:10:47.632
I WAS NEVER, FOR A MOMENT,
CONSIDERED GIVING IT UP,

11:10:47.633 --> 11:10:52.999
BUT WAS KEENLY AWARE OF IT.

11:10:53.000 --> 11:10:55.932
BUT WE\'RE NOT GONNA HAVE
A SUCCESSFUL ANALYSIS

11:10:55.933 --> 11:11:00.432
OF MY EMOTIONAL...
[laughing]

11:11:00.433 --> 11:11:01.966
- NO, BUT IT\'S...

11:11:01.967 --> 11:11:03.199
- YEAH, IT\'S PART OF ME.

11:11:03.200 --> 11:11:05.366
IT IS PART OF ME.

11:11:05.367 --> 11:11:09.166
[applause]

11:11:09.167 --> 11:11:10.999
AND SO NOW WE\'RE ABOUT 1990,

11:11:11.000 --> 11:11:15.132
AND TIME HAS COME TO GO BACK
TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS,

11:11:15.133 --> 11:11:18.466
TO REALLY TRY TO TACKLE MORE
COMPLICATED FORMS OF MEMORY,

11:11:18.467 --> 11:11:21.432
AND AS IT HAPPENS, I MEAN,
THE FIELD DID NOT STAND STILL.

11:11:21.433 --> 11:11:23.199
PEOPLE HAD BEEN WORKING
ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS

11:11:23.200 --> 11:11:25.232
SINCE ALDEN SPENCER
AND I BEGAN IT.

11:11:25.233 --> 11:11:26.666
A LOT OF PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE.

11:11:26.667 --> 11:11:29.099
AND JUST BRIEFLY STATED,
WE FOUND THAT,

11:11:29.100 --> 11:11:31.599
IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
WITH COMPLEX FORMS OF LEARNING,

11:11:31.600 --> 11:11:35.266
LIKE SPACE OR OBJECTS
THAT MICE CAN LEARN,

11:11:35.267 --> 11:11:37.932
THE PRINCIPLES
WERE VERY MUCH THE SAME.

11:11:37.933 --> 11:11:40.932
AND WHAT MADE THE MOUSE
SO WONDERFUL

11:11:40.933 --> 11:11:43.432
AND CONTINUES
TO MAKE IT WONDERFUL IS,

11:11:43.433 --> 11:11:44.932
MOUSE IS LIKE US.

11:11:44.933 --> 11:11:48.832
IT\'S A LITTLE FURRY MAMMAL,
A PERSON,

11:11:48.833 --> 11:11:53.966
AND YOU CAN BEGIN TO LOOK
AT ANIMAL MODELS

11:11:53.967 --> 11:11:56.699
OF BRAIN FUNCTION.

11:11:56.700 --> 11:11:59.099
MICE DO NOT SHOW
ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE

11:11:59.100 --> 11:12:00.166
SPONTANEOUSLY.

11:12:00.167 --> 11:12:01.332
YOU CAN PUT INTO THEM

11:12:01.333 --> 11:12:04.032
THE HUMAN MUTATION
FOR ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE,

11:12:04.033 --> 11:12:08.232
BUT THEY DEVELOP, ON THEIR OWN,
AN AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS.

11:12:08.233 --> 11:12:12.299
IF YOU TAKE 100 PEOPLE,
40%, EVERYBODY IN THIS AUDIENCE,

11:12:12.300 --> 11:12:14.799
FUNCTIONS LIKE THEY WERE
TEENAGERS.

11:12:14.800 --> 11:12:18.432
THIS IS CALLED, EUPHEMISTICALLY,
SUCCESSFUL AGING.

11:12:18.433 --> 11:12:22.432
THE OTHER 60% HAVE ONE
OR ANOTHER KIND OF TSURIKTS.

11:12:22.433 --> 11:12:28.066
30% GO ON TO A MILD DISORDER
CALLED AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS,

11:12:28.067 --> 11:12:30.332
OR BENIGN SENESCENT
FORGETFULNESS,

11:12:30.333 --> 11:12:33.599
NONALZHEIMER
AGE-RELATED MEMORY LOSS.

11:12:33.600 --> 11:12:38.132
AND THE OTHER 30% GO ON
TO A VERY SEVERE ILLNESS

11:12:38.133 --> 11:12:40.399
THAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
CALLED ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE.

11:12:40.400 --> 11:12:42.299
SO I LOOK AT THEIR BRAIN
AND I SEE

11:12:42.300 --> 11:12:45.666
THAT THE SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS
THAT NORMALLY GET STRENGTHENED

11:12:45.667 --> 11:12:48.532
WITH LONG-TERM MEMORY
DON\'T GET STRENGTHENED.

11:12:48.533 --> 11:12:53.166
AND THE CYCLIC AMP SIGNAL,
WHICH IS SUPPOSED TO GO UP,

11:12:53.167 --> 11:12:54.599
DOESN\'T GO UP.

11:12:54.600 --> 11:12:56.532
BASED ON WHAT I\'VE TOLD YOU,

11:12:56.533 --> 11:12:58.666
YOU RAISE THE LEVEL
OF CYCLIC AMP.

11:12:58.667 --> 11:13:00.899
THE MOUSE,
NOT ONLY THE PHYSIOLOGY,

11:13:00.900 --> 11:13:04.532
BUT THE BEHAVIOR RETURNS
BACK TO THE ADOLESCENT LEVEL.

11:13:04.533 --> 11:13:06.666
SO IF YOU\'RE A MOUSE,
WE CAN DO A LOT FOR YOU.

11:13:06.667 --> 11:13:08.532
PEOPLE, WE\'RE NOT SURE YET.

11:13:08.533 --> 11:13:10.332
SO TOGETHER
WITH SEVERAL COLLEAGUES,

11:13:10.333 --> 11:13:13.232
I STARTED A COMPANY
CALLED MEMORY PHARMACEUTICALS.

11:13:13.233 --> 11:13:15.232
THIS COMPANY NOW IS
IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH THIS

11:13:15.233 --> 11:13:17.932
AND AN NUMBER OF OTHER DRUGS,
BUT OUR COMPANY\'S NOT ALONE.

11:13:17.933 --> 11:13:20.599
EVERYBODY AND HIS UNCLE
IS TRYING TO GET DRUGS FOR THIS.

11:13:20.600 --> 11:13:23.666
MOREOVER, MIKE SHILANSKI
NEXT DOOR

11:13:23.667 --> 11:13:27.499
HAS PUT AN ALZHEIMER GENE
INTO A MOUSE,

11:13:27.500 --> 11:13:29.466
AS HAVE DONE MANY
OTHER PEOPLE,

11:13:29.467 --> 11:13:32.632
AND HE\'S FOUND THAT THE ANIMAL
HAS A MEMORY LOSS,

11:13:32.633 --> 11:13:35.099
THAT THE FACILITATION
THAT YOU NORMALLY SEE

11:13:35.100 --> 11:13:36.332
IS DEPRESSED,

11:13:36.333 --> 11:13:39.766
AND YOU LOSE CONNECTIONS,
ANATOMICAL CONNECTIONS.

11:13:39.767 --> 11:13:42.366
YOU GIVE THIS DRUG
THAT BOOSTS UP CYCLIC AMP,

11:13:42.367 --> 11:13:47.266
AND YOU REVERSE MUCH OF THAT.

11:13:47.267 --> 11:13:48.466
SO WE\'RE LOOKING FOR THE RABBI.

11:13:48.467 --> 11:13:50.332
IS HE IN HERE,
OR IS HE NEXT DOOR?

11:13:50.333 --> 11:13:52.499
- UM, WELL, THAT\'S YOUNG ISRAEL.

11:13:52.500 --> 11:13:53.599
THIS IS YESHIVA FLATBUSH.

11:13:53.600 --> 11:13:55.066
- OKAY, WE WANT THE YESHIVA
FLATBUSH.

11:13:55.067 --> 11:13:56.432
[indistinct speech]

11:13:56.433 --> 11:14:02.199
- OKAY, GOOD TO SEE YOU.
- NICE TO SEE YOU.

11:14:02.200 --> 11:14:04.199
THIS SCHOOLYARD,
I REMEMBER PARTICULARLY WELL.

11:14:04.200 --> 11:14:06.132
WE PLAYED THERE ALL THE TIME.

11:14:06.133 --> 11:14:07.366
NOW, THIS IS MY CLASS.

11:14:07.367 --> 11:14:08.699
THIS IS ME.

11:14:08.700 --> 11:14:11.499
- OH, MY GOODNESS.
- AND THIS IS DANNY NEWMAN.

11:14:11.500 --> 11:14:13.166
BRAVERMAN HERE.

11:14:13.167 --> 11:14:15.066
RATHER INEFFECTIVE NICE MAN.

11:14:15.067 --> 11:14:16.766
MARVIN LEICHTUNG.

11:14:16.767 --> 11:14:19.266
THERE\'S ERNIE BOGAN.

11:14:19.267 --> 11:14:26.799
ERNIE BOGAN.

11:14:26.800 --> 11:14:30.532
WE SANG HEBREW SONGS.

11:14:30.533 --> 11:14:33.533
[singing in Hebrew]

11:14:35.367 --> 11:14:36.966
I\'VE FORGOTTEN ALL OF IT, BUT...

11:14:36.967 --> 11:14:38.232
- [speaking Hebrew]

11:14:38.233 --> 11:14:39.966
- SO WE\'D LEARNED HEBREW SONGS,

11:14:39.967 --> 11:14:42.699
AND WE CONSIDERED OURSELVES
AS PEOPLE

11:14:42.700 --> 11:14:44.099
WHO MIGHT SOMEDAY GO TO ISRAEL.

11:14:44.100 --> 11:14:45.999
- YEAH.
- OH, ABSOLUTELY.

11:14:46.000 --> 11:14:50.132
THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT HERE,
BIG EMPHASIS.

11:14:50.133 --> 11:14:52.099
WHAT WAS NOT DISCUSSED AT ALL

11:14:52.100 --> 11:14:54.266
WAS WHAT WAS HAPPENING
IN EUROPE.

11:14:54.267 --> 11:14:57.099
MA DERHARGENEN YIDI
WAS NEVER MENTIONED.

11:14:57.100 --> 11:14:58.366
- I DON\'T KNOW THAT TERM.

11:14:58.367 --> 11:15:00.599
- YOU REALLY...
AND I\'M WORSE.

11:15:00.600 --> 11:15:01.832
BUT IT\'S \"KILLING JEWS.\"

11:15:01.833 --> 11:15:02.866
IT\'S A JEWISH EXPRESSION.

11:15:02.867 --> 11:15:04.199
- WHAT WAS...

11:15:04.200 --> 11:15:07.266
- MA DERHARGET...
DERHARGET, \"TO KILL.\"

11:15:07.267 --> 11:15:08.499
- OH, DERHARGET.

11:15:08.500 --> 11:15:10.066
- DERHARGET; I\'M SORRY.
IT\'S MY ACCENT,

11:15:10.067 --> 11:15:11.067
MY VIENNESE ACCENT.

11:15:11.068 --> 11:15:13.466
[laughter]

11:15:13.467 --> 11:15:14.532
YOU\'RE NOT AN AMORIST.

11:15:14.533 --> 11:15:15.866
YOU\'RE JUST A GERMAN JEW.

11:15:15.867 --> 11:15:16.966
[laughs]

11:15:16.967 --> 11:15:18.432
- WHEN YOU\'RE DOING
YOUR RESEARCH,

11:15:18.433 --> 11:15:20.599
DO YOU SOMETIMES FEEL
LIKE YOU\'RE PLAYING GOD?

11:15:20.600 --> 11:15:21.732
- NO.

11:15:21.733 --> 11:15:23.299
- OR YOU\'RE COMING CLOSE
TO DISCOVERING

11:15:23.300 --> 11:15:25.766
SOME OF THE SECRETS OF...
- NO, NO, NO, NO.

11:15:25.767 --> 11:15:27.832
I\'D SAY I\'M...
YOU\'RE SHOEMAKER.

11:15:27.833 --> 11:15:28.999
YOU\'RE REALLY MAKING SHOES,

11:15:29.000 --> 11:15:30.399
AND YOU WANT THE PRODUCT
TO BE NICE.

11:15:30.400 --> 11:15:32.999
I SEE RELIGION
AS PROVIDING

11:15:33.000 --> 11:15:36.199
SOME MORAL BOUNDARIES
FOR MY LIFE,

11:15:36.200 --> 11:15:39.832
PROVIDING A BONDING
BETWEEN MEMBERS

11:15:39.833 --> 11:15:43.599
OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY,
WHICH IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT,

11:15:43.600 --> 11:15:47.432
SOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR MY FAMILY
TO GET TOGETHER.

11:15:47.433 --> 11:15:48.832
AND ALSO I LIKE THE HISTOR...

11:15:48.833 --> 11:15:51.866
I LIKE, AS TALKED ABOUT BEFORE,
I LIKE WHAT JEWS STAND FOR,

11:15:51.867 --> 11:15:54.466
BY AND LARGE,
THE CENTRAL VALUES.

11:15:54.467 --> 11:15:57.366
I\'M NOT AN ORTHODOX JEW,
BUT IF I WERE AN ORTHODOX JEW,

11:15:57.367 --> 11:16:02.099
I SEE NO CONFLICT
BETWEEN RELIGIOSITY

11:16:02.100 --> 11:16:04.199
AND EVEN A BELIEF IN GOD
AND SCIENCE.

11:16:04.200 --> 11:16:05.566
THEY\'RE TWO SEPARATE WORLDS.

11:16:05.567 --> 11:16:08.699
SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, JEWS DON\'T
BELIEVE IN AN AFTERLIFE.

11:16:08.700 --> 11:16:11.432
I MEAN, THERE\'S A CONFLICT;
THERE\'S NOT A CLEAR VIEW.

11:16:11.433 --> 11:16:13.899
SO MANY OF THE ISSUES
THAT COME UP,

11:16:13.900 --> 11:16:16.666
YOU KNOW, THE SOUL,
THE NESHOME,

11:16:16.667 --> 11:16:18.399
IT\'S NOT A REAL CONFLICT
FOR MANY JEWS.

11:16:18.400 --> 11:16:19.866
IT\'S NO CONFLICT FOR ME.

11:16:19.867 --> 11:16:21.966
YOU KNOW, MOST JEWS,
WHEN YOU\'RE DEAD, YOU\'RE DEAD.

11:16:21.967 --> 11:16:23.732
YOU WANT THE MEMORY TO GO ON

11:16:23.733 --> 11:16:26.366
IN THE IDENTIFICATION
OF OTHER PEOPLE.

11:16:26.367 --> 11:16:28.566
- YOU EVER THINK ABOUT DEATH?

11:16:28.567 --> 11:16:33.232
- UH, PERIODICALLY.

11:16:33.233 --> 11:16:37.066
YEAH.

11:16:37.067 --> 11:16:39.099
I\'M NOT LOOKING FORWARD TO IT,
BUT...

11:16:39.100 --> 11:16:42.466
YOU KNOW, I HAVE TO FACE IT
SOONER OR LATER, YEAH.

11:16:42.467 --> 11:16:44.932
- AND WHAT DO YOU THINK?
WHAT COMES AFTER DEATH?

11:16:44.933 --> 11:16:48.033
- NOTHINGNESS,
NOTHINGNESS.

11:16:59.400 --> 11:17:02.566
- THIS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE
OF HOW A PRESYNAPTIC NEURON,

11:17:02.567 --> 11:17:05.332
LABELED IN GREEN,
FINDS ITS PARTNER

11:17:05.333 --> 11:17:09.299
AND THEN SENDS ITS AXONS
GROWING ALL OVER ITS PARTNER.

11:17:09.300 --> 11:17:10.866
- HOW IS THIS GROWTH STIMULATED?

11:17:10.867 --> 11:17:14.499
NOW, THERE\'S REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT DURING THE DEVELOPMENT,

11:17:14.500 --> 11:17:18.832
AND MAYBE EVEN DURING LEARNING,
THERE ARE GROWTH FACTORS,

11:17:18.833 --> 11:17:22.099
LIKE HORMONES,
SECRETED BY NERVE CELLS,

11:17:22.100 --> 11:17:23.799
THAT STIMULATE GROWTH.

11:17:23.800 --> 11:17:26.699
AND THERE\'S BEEN
INDIRECT EVIDENCE IN APLYSIA

11:17:26.700 --> 11:17:30.632
THAT A PRIMITIVE GROWTH FACTOR
EXISTS.

11:17:30.633 --> 11:17:33.432
AND BELIEVE IT OR NOT,
LITTLE STEFAN

11:17:33.433 --> 11:17:36.132
HAS NOT ONLY DISCOVERED
THE GROWTH FACTOR.

11:17:36.133 --> 11:17:38.499
HE\'S DISCOVERED THE RECEPTOR
FOR IT.

11:17:38.500 --> 11:17:41.466
THIS LITTLE BOY FROM BULGARIA
CAME TO MY LAB

11:17:41.467 --> 11:17:43.966
WITHOUT ANY SHOES,
WITHOUT A SHIRT,

11:17:43.967 --> 11:17:45.166
AND LOOK AT HIM NOW,

11:17:45.167 --> 11:17:47.832
HAVING DISCOVERED
A GROWTH FACTOR.

11:17:47.833 --> 11:17:49.599
- IT WAS A VERY HAPPY DAY
OF MINE,

11:17:49.600 --> 11:17:52.732
BECAUSE WE LOOKED
AT SOME SEQUENCES.

11:17:52.733 --> 11:17:54.332
ACTUALLY, I WAS SITTING
ON THE COMPUTER.

11:17:54.333 --> 11:17:57.332
WHAT YOU DO IS, YOU SEND OUT
WHAT YOUR DATA IS,

11:17:57.333 --> 11:17:59.499
AND THEN YOU GET THE SEQUENCE,
AND THEN YOU READ IT.

11:17:59.500 --> 11:18:02.466
AND WHEN I READ AND I LOOKED,
I IMMEDIATELY REALIZED

11:18:02.467 --> 11:18:03.832
THAT THIS LOOKS LIKE THE ONE,

11:18:03.833 --> 11:18:05.699
THE ONE ONE THAT WE
WERE LOOKING FOR FOR SO LONG.

11:18:05.700 --> 11:18:07.166
IT WAS VERY MUCH
LIKE FALLING IN LOVE,

11:18:07.167 --> 11:18:09.632
BUT AND THEN LOOKING
FOR YOUR PARTNER,

11:18:09.633 --> 11:18:11.666
BUT THEN THIS PARTNER
WAS NOT RESPONSE.

11:18:11.667 --> 11:18:13.632
I EVEN BEGAN LOOKING FOR OTHERS,

11:18:13.633 --> 11:18:16.466
BECAUSE THERE WERE OTHER
GROWTH FACTORS WE KNEW EXIST,

11:18:16.467 --> 11:18:18.932
EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE NOT
QUITE WHAT WE WERE LOOKING FOR.

11:18:18.933 --> 11:18:20.432
BUT THEN IT CAME
ON THE LAST ONE.

11:18:20.433 --> 11:18:23.199
I WAS ABOUT TO GIVE UP
AND MOVE ON

11:18:23.200 --> 11:18:24.299
TO A DIFFERENT PROJECT.

11:18:24.300 --> 11:18:26.932
SO IT WAS VERY DRAMATIC, YES.

11:18:26.933 --> 11:18:28.466
THIS IS IT.

11:18:28.467 --> 11:18:29.999
BASICALLY, THIS IS
THE GROWTH FACTOR.

11:18:30.000 --> 11:18:33.866
WE CAN SEE IT IS MOVING NOW,
MOVING INSIDE THE CELL.

11:18:33.867 --> 11:18:36.866
- THE PROTEIN IS INVISIBLE
LIKE ITSELF,

11:18:36.867 --> 11:18:39.666
SO WE DRESS IT
WITH A GREEN SHIRT

11:18:39.667 --> 11:18:41.299
SO THAT WE CAN SEE IT.

11:18:41.300 --> 11:18:45.532
AND WE CAN SEE HOW VERY NICELY
IT\'S TRAFFICKING AROUND.

11:18:45.533 --> 11:18:48.099
AND TO KNOW THAT
INSIDE OUR HEAD,

11:18:48.100 --> 11:18:51.699
WE HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME
OCCURRING AT THIS MOMENT.

11:18:51.700 --> 11:18:53.899
WHEN WE .....,
WHEN WE ARE SINGING,

11:18:53.900 --> 11:18:56.399
WHEN WE MOVE,
IT\'S LIKE WHAT WE HAVE HERE.

11:18:56.400 --> 11:18:58.432
IT\'S A REPRESENTATION
OF WHAT IS GOING ON

11:18:58.433 --> 11:18:59.433
IN OUR HEADS.

11:18:59.434 --> 11:19:00.766
I THINK IT\'S AMAZING.

11:19:00.767 --> 11:19:02.932
IT\'S BEAUTIFUL.

11:19:02.933 --> 11:19:04.966
- THIS WAS SUCH
AN UNUSUAL DISCOVERY,

11:19:04.967 --> 11:19:07.099
I THOUGHT WE SHOULD BREAK OPEN
A BOTTLE OF CHAMPAGNE.

11:19:07.100 --> 11:19:09.032
IT\'S THE FIRST TIME
IN MY WHOLE CAREER

11:19:09.033 --> 11:19:13.132
THAT I DRANK CHAMPAGNE
ON A DISCOVERY IN THE LAB.

11:19:13.133 --> 11:19:15.799
THIS IS... FOR A NEW YORK CITY
HIGH SCHOOL

11:19:15.800 --> 11:19:18.466
TO HAVE SOMETHING LIKE THIS,
AND LOOK AT THIS.

11:19:18.467 --> 11:19:19.999
YOU KNOW,
FOR THE CHRISTMAS CONCERT,

11:19:20.000 --> 11:19:21.866
IT WOULD BE COMPLETELY PACKED,

11:19:21.867 --> 11:19:24.633
SO WE WOULD SIT UP THERE
IN THE BALCONY.

11:19:33.267 --> 11:19:35.966
I COULDN\'T HAVE ASKED
FOR FOUR BETTER YEARS HERE.

11:19:35.967 --> 11:19:38.199
I REALLY FELT I CAME INTO MY...

11:19:38.200 --> 11:19:42.932
AND THEN TO HAVE MR. CAMPANA
FACILITATE MY APPLICATION

11:19:42.933 --> 11:19:48.999
AND MY GOING TO HARVARD WAS JUST
A LIFE-CHANGING EXPERIENCE.

11:19:49.000 --> 11:19:51.632
WHEN I WAS CLOSE TO GRADUATING,

11:19:51.633 --> 11:19:53.666
MR. CAMPANA,
MY HISTORY TEACHER,

11:19:53.667 --> 11:19:56.099
SAID, \"WHERE DO YOU PLAN
TO GO TO COLLEGE?\"

11:19:56.100 --> 11:19:58.766
AND I SAID, \"BROOKLYN COLLEGE.\"

11:19:58.767 --> 11:20:00.666
AND HE SAID, \"HAVE YOU EVER
THOUGHT OF HARVARD?\"

11:20:00.667 --> 11:20:02.066
AND I SAID, \"NO.\"

11:20:02.067 --> 11:20:04.132
AND HE SAID, \"WELL, WHY DON\'T
YOU APPLY TO HARVARD?\"

11:20:04.133 --> 11:20:06.032
AND WHEN I ASKED MY FATHER
ABOUT THIS,

11:20:06.033 --> 11:20:08.399
HE SAID, \"LOOK, WE\'VE ALREADY
PUT OUT THE $15

11:20:08.400 --> 11:20:09.832
TO APPLY TO BROOKLYN COLLEGE.

11:20:09.833 --> 11:20:13.899
THERE IS NOTHING TO BE GAINED
BY DOING THIS FOR HARVARD.\"

11:20:13.900 --> 11:20:16.099
UH, AND I CAME BACK
TO MR. CAMPANA,

11:20:16.100 --> 11:20:17.699
AND HE SAID, \"HERE\'S THE $15.

11:20:17.700 --> 11:20:19.932
WHY DON\'T YOU APPLY TO HARVARD?\"

11:20:19.933 --> 11:20:26.699
SO TWO OF US
OUT OF A CLASS OF 1,140 KIDS

11:20:26.700 --> 11:20:29.966
WHO GRADUATED WITH ME
IN JUNE OF \'48

11:20:29.967 --> 11:20:31.832
GOT INTO HARVARD,
AND I WAS ONE OF THEM.

11:20:31.833 --> 11:20:34.199
AND YOU KNOW,
HARVARD IS NOT A BAD PLACE.

11:20:34.200 --> 11:20:35.799
IT\'S NOT BROOKLYN COLLEGE,
BUT, LISTEN;

11:20:35.800 --> 11:20:38.067
YOU GOTTA GET AN EDUCATION
SOMEPLACE.

11:20:45.667 --> 11:20:47.432
MY HERO.

11:20:47.433 --> 11:20:49.332
HE\'S A VERY FAMOUS LAWYER.

11:20:49.333 --> 11:20:51.066
THE REASON I GO WITH HIM IS,
YOU NEVER KNOW

11:20:51.067 --> 11:20:52.966
WHEN YOU GET INTO TROUBLE;
YOU NEED A LAWYER.

11:20:52.967 --> 11:20:55.032
- SINCE THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION

11:20:55.033 --> 11:20:57.599
SEEMS TO WANT
TO CRIMINALIZE DISSENT,

11:20:57.600 --> 11:20:59.666
IF HE STARTS DISSENTING
AND OPENING HIS MOUTH,

11:20:59.667 --> 11:21:03.766
WHO KNOWS WHAT\'S GONNA HAPPEN
TO HIM?

11:21:03.767 --> 11:21:06.199
SO DID YOU SEE
MY BIRTHDAY PRESENT?

11:21:06.200 --> 11:21:07.599
- OH, THAT\'S BEAUTIFUL.

11:21:07.600 --> 11:21:08.832
YOU LOOK TERRIFIC.

11:21:08.833 --> 11:21:11.133
ALL RIGHT.

11:21:18.400 --> 11:21:19.600
AH.

11:21:35.800 --> 11:21:36.800
WHOO!

11:21:36.801 --> 11:21:38.132
- NICE SHOT.

11:21:38.133 --> 11:21:39.432
WHY\'D YOU HAVE TO MAKE ME RUN?

11:21:39.433 --> 11:21:40.466
YOU NEED THE EXERCISE.

11:21:40.467 --> 11:21:43.266
- YOU REALLY GAVE ME A WORKOUT,
BABY.

11:21:43.267 --> 11:21:44.899
- WELL, I PLAY WITH ERIC
EVERY WEEK

11:21:44.900 --> 11:21:46.466
DURING THE INDOOR SEASON.

11:21:46.467 --> 11:21:49.266
AND WE\'VE BEEN DOING IT
FOR MAYBE 15 YEARS.

11:21:49.267 --> 11:21:52.466
AND THEN ONE MORNING,
I\'M SITTING THERE AT HOME

11:21:52.467 --> 11:21:55.466
OPENING UP MY NEWSPAPER,
AND LO AND BEHOLD,

11:21:55.467 --> 11:21:58.799
I SEE THAT MY TENNIS PARTNER
HAS WON A NOBEL PRIZE.

11:21:58.800 --> 11:22:01.766
I WAS LIKE... I MEAN, I KNEW
HE WAS A HEAVY-DUTY RESEARCHER,

11:22:01.767 --> 11:22:04.032
BUT GEE WHIZ.

11:22:04.033 --> 11:22:07.666
- ON THE DAY OF YOM KIPPUR,
OCTOBER 9TH, 2000,

11:22:07.667 --> 11:22:09.766
I WAS AWAKENED BY THE RINGING
OF THE TELEPHONE

11:22:09.767 --> 11:22:11.766
AT 5:15 IN THE MORNING.

11:22:11.767 --> 11:22:14.066
THE PHONE IS IN DENISE\'S SIDE
OF THE BED,

11:22:14.067 --> 11:22:17.932
SO SHE ANSWERED IT
AND GAVE ME A SHOVE IN THE RIBS.

11:22:17.933 --> 11:22:20.399
\"ERIC, THIS CALL
IS FROM STOCKHOLM.

11:22:20.400 --> 11:22:21.400
IT MUST BE FOR YOU.

11:22:21.401 --> 11:22:22.632
IT\'S NOT FOR ME.\"

11:22:22.633 --> 11:22:25.332
- ERIC KANDEL\'S WORK
HAS SHOWN US

11:22:25.333 --> 11:22:29.399
HOW THESE TRANSMITTERS,
THROUGH PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION,

11:22:29.400 --> 11:22:32.099
CREATE SHORT
AND LONG-TERM MEMORY,

11:22:32.100 --> 11:22:35.166
FORMING THE VERY BASIS
FOR OUR ABILITY

11:22:35.167 --> 11:22:38.832
TO INTERACT MEANINGFULLY
IN OUR WORLD.

11:22:38.833 --> 11:22:40.899
- WHEN I GOT OFF THE PHONE
AND TOLD DENISE

11:22:40.900 --> 11:22:42.266
WHAT I\'D JUST LEARNED,

11:22:42.267 --> 11:22:45.432
SHE WAS PLEASED TO LEARN
THAT I\'D WON THE NOBEL PRIZE.

11:22:45.433 --> 11:22:48.132
SHE THEN SAID,
\"LOOK, IT\'S EARLY.

11:22:48.133 --> 11:22:49.932
WHY DON\'T YOU GO BACK TO SLEEP?\"

11:22:49.933 --> 11:22:51.766
\"ARE YOU KIDDING?\" I REPLIED.

11:22:51.767 --> 11:22:56.732
\"HOW CAN I POSSIBLY SLEEP?\"

11:22:56.733 --> 11:22:57.733
[fanfare]

11:23:06.100 --> 11:23:09.100
[applause]

11:23:22.467 --> 11:23:26.866
THIS IS VERY BEAUTIFUL.

11:23:26.867 --> 11:23:28.799
I MEAN, MY LIFE WAS
PRETTY WONDERFUL BEFORE THEN,

11:23:28.800 --> 11:23:31.732
BUT IT CHANGED IT DRAMATICALLY,
YES.

11:23:31.733 --> 11:23:35.166
IT\'S A GREAT PRIVILEGE
TO GET THE NOBEL PRIZE.

11:23:35.167 --> 11:23:37.733
THIS IS MY...
I LOVE THIS PICTURE.

11:23:47.467 --> 11:23:49.799
- ALL RIGHT.

11:23:49.800 --> 11:23:52.199
- [shouts indistinctly]

11:23:52.200 --> 11:23:53.200
- WOW.

11:23:53.201 --> 11:23:54.732
- YAY, I CAN MAKE IT!

11:23:54.733 --> 11:23:56.199
- IZAK, CAN I HAVE A HUG?

11:23:56.200 --> 11:23:57.799
- MAYA, HEY, MAYA!

11:23:57.800 --> 11:23:59.866
- HELLO.

11:23:59.867 --> 11:24:01.199
- STRAINED A MUSCLE
IN MY BACK.

11:24:01.200 --> 11:24:04.200
[indistinct chatter]

11:24:07.400 --> 11:24:09.232
- I DON\'T THINK
IT\'S A COINCIDENCE

11:24:09.233 --> 11:24:12.132
THAT BOTH MY BROTHER AND I
ARE IN CAREERS

11:24:12.133 --> 11:24:15.099
THAT ARE VERY DISTINCT
FROM SCIENCE.

11:24:15.100 --> 11:24:17.766
I WORK WITH WOMEN
WHO ARE BEING ABUSED

11:24:17.767 --> 11:24:20.732
IN THEIR INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
AND TRY AND HELP THEM

11:24:20.733 --> 11:24:24.532
SO THAT I CAN CONTINUE
THAT STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE,

11:24:24.533 --> 11:24:26.566
UM, AND ALSO,
IN SOME WAYS, YOU KNOW,

11:24:26.567 --> 11:24:29.332
PAY BACK THE DEBT
THAT I OWE FOR OTHER PEOPLE

11:24:29.333 --> 11:24:31.699
HELPING MY FAMILY SURVIVE.

11:24:31.700 --> 11:24:34.700
[indistinct chatter]

11:24:37.100 --> 11:24:38.266
ding!

11:24:38.267 --> 11:24:39.999
- LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

11:24:40.000 --> 11:24:41.699
AS YOU KNOW...
[chatter continues]

11:24:41.700 --> 11:24:43.166
MAY I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION,
PLEASE?

11:24:43.167 --> 11:24:48.299
WE COMMEMORATE THE SEDER
IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS,

11:24:48.300 --> 11:24:51.499
INCLUDING A SEDER PLATE.

11:24:51.500 --> 11:24:53.332
- SO FIRST THING
IS THE ROASTED EGG.

11:24:53.333 --> 11:24:54.666
SO EGG IS FOR NEW LIFE.

11:24:54.667 --> 11:24:56.066
IT SYMBOLIZES SPRING,

11:24:56.067 --> 11:24:57.799
THE SEASON
IN WHICH WE HAVE PASSOVER.

11:24:57.800 --> 11:25:00.899
NEXT WE HAVE THE KARPAS,
OR THE PARSLEY.

11:25:00.900 --> 11:25:02.832
AL, YOU REMEMBER
WHAT THAT\'S FOR?

11:25:02.833 --> 11:25:04.666
ANYBODY ELSE?

11:25:04.667 --> 11:25:05.866
- SINCE SHE DOESN\'T REMEMBER.

11:25:05.867 --> 11:25:08.399
- OKAY, SO A HORSERADISH
AND ROMAINE LETTUCE

11:25:08.400 --> 11:25:10.432
ARE BOTH, UM,
SYMBOLS FOR THE SAME THING.

11:25:10.433 --> 11:25:11.499
DOES ANYONE KNOW?

11:25:11.500 --> 11:25:12.932
- BITTER.
- BITTER; AND WHY BITTER?

11:25:12.933 --> 11:25:14.399
- \'CAUSE WE HAD A BITTER LIFE
IN EGYPT.

11:25:14.400 --> 11:25:16.332
- THAT\'S RIGHT; TO REMIND US
OF HOW BITTER IT WAS

11:25:16.333 --> 11:25:17.532
TO BE SLAVES IN EGYPT.

11:25:17.533 --> 11:25:19.866
- AND THE EGYPTIAN [...]
TURNED THEM INTO SLAVES.

11:25:19.867 --> 11:25:20.867
NOT TO WORRY.

11:25:20.868 --> 11:25:22.732
THIS HAPPENS AT EVERY PASSOVER.

11:25:22.733 --> 11:25:24.232
- [indistinct speech]

11:25:24.233 --> 11:25:25.966
- DENISE\'S FAVORITE TABLE.

11:25:25.967 --> 11:25:28.266
DON\'T WORRY, DENISE.

11:25:28.267 --> 11:25:29.366
- ONE MORE LITTLE COMMENT...

11:25:29.367 --> 11:25:30.367
- PLEASE.

11:25:30.368 --> 11:25:32.466
- WHICH IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT
FOR YOU.

11:25:32.467 --> 11:25:34.632
WHICH IS THE IMPORTANCE
OF ASKING QUESTIONS

11:25:34.633 --> 11:25:37.099
FOR JEWS AND FOR SCIENTISTS.

11:25:37.100 --> 11:25:40.599
SO, UM, ISIDOR RABI,
THE NOBEL LAUREATE IN PHYSICS,

11:25:40.600 --> 11:25:42.832
WAS ONCE ASKED,
\"WHY DID YOU BECOME A SCIENTIST

11:25:42.833 --> 11:25:45.732
RATHER THAN A DOCTOR OR LAWYER
OR BUSINESSPERSON?\"

11:25:45.733 --> 11:25:48.466
AND HE ANSWERED, \"MY MOTHER
MADE ME A SCIENTIST

11:25:48.467 --> 11:25:49.899
\"WITHOUT EVER INTENDING IT.

11:25:49.900 --> 11:25:51.632
\"EVERY OTHER JEWISH MOTHER
IN BROOKLYN

11:25:51.633 --> 11:25:53.432
\"WOULD ASK HER CHILD
AFTER SCHOOL,

11:25:53.433 --> 11:25:55.732
\"\'LOU, DID YOU LEARN ANYTHING
TODAY?\'

11:25:55.733 --> 11:25:56.966
\"BUT NOT MY MOTHER.

11:25:56.967 --> 11:25:58.832
\"SHE ALWAYS ASKED ME
A DIFFERENT QUESTION.

11:25:58.833 --> 11:26:00.266
\"\'IZZY, \' SHE WOULD SAY...

11:26:00.267 --> 11:26:02.866
together: \'DID YOU ASK A GOOD
QUESTION TODAY?\'

11:26:02.867 --> 11:26:05.266
- \"THAT DIFFERENCE,
ASKING GOOD QUESTIONS,

11:26:05.267 --> 11:26:06.899
MADE ME BECOME A SCIENTIST.\"

11:26:06.900 --> 11:26:07.900
- THAT\'S WONDERFUL.

11:26:07.901 --> 11:26:09.932
I LOVE THAT.
I LOVE THAT.

11:26:09.933 --> 11:26:10.933
- VERY NICE.

11:26:10.934 --> 11:26:13.933
[all singing in Hebrew]

11:27:38.367 --> 11:27:41.699
- I THINK IT\'S AN AMAZING
COMPLETION OF THE CIRCLE,

11:27:41.700 --> 11:27:44.166
TO BE KICKED OUT OF VIENNA,
AND THEN TO BE WELCOMED BACK

11:27:44.167 --> 11:27:46.699
BY THE LEADERS
OF THE AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT

11:27:46.700 --> 11:27:48.366
AND BY THE CITY OF VIENNA.

11:27:48.367 --> 11:27:54.699
IT\'S IRONIC
ON THE ONE HAND,

11:27:54.700 --> 11:27:57.166
SOMEWHAT SATISFYING
ON THE OTHER.

11:27:57.167 --> 11:27:58.399
UM...

11:27:58.400 --> 11:27:59.966
- IT\'S HEALING?

11:27:59.967 --> 11:28:01.166
- IT\'S HEALING.

11:28:01.167 --> 11:28:02.266
IT\'S VERY HEALING.

11:28:02.267 --> 11:28:04.632
THAT\'S A VERY NICE WAY
TO PUT IT.

11:28:04.633 --> 11:28:06.467
IT\'S VERY HEALING.

11:28:17.167 --> 11:28:21.599
THERE IS, I THINK,
IN EVERY VIENNESE JEW,

11:28:21.600 --> 11:28:23.866
A STRONG AMBIVALENCE,
ON THE ONE HAND,

11:28:23.867 --> 11:28:28.166
A TREMENDOUS HATRED
FOR THE WAY WE WERE TREATED,

11:28:28.167 --> 11:28:33.399
BUT A LOVE AFFAIR WITH VIENNA
THE CITY.

11:28:33.400 --> 11:28:35.399
IT IS A FA... FOR ME,
A FANTASTIC CITY.

11:28:35.400 --> 11:28:36.699
I LIKE BEING HERE.

11:28:36.700 --> 11:28:38.032
I LOVE THE PHYSICAL BEAUTY.

11:28:38.033 --> 11:28:39.432
I LOVE THE MUSIC.

11:28:39.433 --> 11:28:46.332
EVERY TIME I HEAR A WALTZ,
IT SORT OF LIFTS MY SPIRITS.

11:28:46.333 --> 11:28:48.299
[opera music]

11:28:48.300 --> 11:28:51.032
I MUST TELL YOU.

11:28:51.033 --> 11:28:54.199
THIS MUSIC IS SO CORNY,
BUT IT GETS TO ME.

11:28:54.200 --> 11:28:56.132
I CAN FEEL TERRIBLE,

11:28:56.133 --> 11:28:58.766
BUT I HEAR
ONE OF THESE VIENNA WALTZES.

11:28:58.767 --> 11:29:06.767
IT JUST CHEERS ME UP
IMMENSELY.

11:29:10.833 --> 11:29:13.833
[applause]

11:29:54.000 --> 11:29:58.266
- THIS WINTER,
WE HAD AN EXCITING TIME,

11:29:58.267 --> 11:30:00.866
ALTHOUGH THERE WAS ONLY
LITTLE SNOW.

11:30:00.867 --> 11:30:06.066
LUCKILY, WE HAD PLENTY
OF STIMULI FOR OUR MINDS.

11:30:06.067 --> 11:30:09.999
WE CHOSE TO STUDY THE BRAIN
DURING OUR SPARE TIME.

11:30:10.000 --> 11:30:13.366
KANDEL DESCRIBED
HOW HE MADE A BRAIN OUT OF CLAY

11:30:13.367 --> 11:30:15.332
WHEN HEW AS A STUDENT.

11:30:15.333 --> 11:30:17.866
WE LIKE THIS IDEA STRAIGHTAWAY.

11:30:17.867 --> 11:30:22.232
FIRST, WE STARTED TO BUILD
NEURONS OUT OF PLASTICINE.

11:30:22.233 --> 11:30:24.932
ALTHOUGH WE\'VE BEEN LEARNING
A LOT THIS WINTER,

11:30:24.933 --> 11:30:27.766
WE HAD FUN IN THE SNOW.

11:30:27.767 --> 11:30:31.299
WHOEVER THOUGHT THAT OUR STUDIES
IN WINTERTIME

11:30:31.300 --> 11:30:37.132
WOULD END LIKE A FAIRY TALE
SUCH AS SLEEPING BEAUTY?

11:30:37.133 --> 11:30:41.666
DORMAN MESSENGER RNA
IS OUR SLEEPING BEAUTY.

11:30:41.667 --> 11:30:48.266
SHE\'S KISSED BY CPEB,
PRINCE CHARMING.

11:30:48.267 --> 11:30:51.366
AT THE END,
AWAKE SLEEPING BEAUTY,

11:30:51.367 --> 11:30:55.299
MESSENGER RNA,
IS CREATING NEW SYNAPTIC LIFE.

11:30:55.300 --> 11:30:58.099
WE STILL ENJOY THE WINTERTIME.

11:30:58.100 --> 11:31:01.167
[applause]

11:31:57.067 --> 11:32:00.133
[applause]

11:32:01.767 --> 11:32:04.767
[indistinct chatter]

11:32:36.633 --> 11:32:38.233
- THANK YOU.

11:32:50.900 --> 11:32:52.799
- I THINK I TOLD YOU
THAT BOTH MY PARENTS

11:32:52.800 --> 11:32:56.167
WERE EXTRAORDINARILY IMPRESSED
WITH MY BROTHER\'S INTELLECT.

11:33:00.733 --> 11:33:02.166
THEY THOUGHT
I WAS MORE ATTRACTIVE.

11:33:02.167 --> 11:33:04.466
I THINK THEY THOUGHT
I WAS LESS BRILLIANT

11:33:04.467 --> 11:33:05.767
AND MORE ATTRACTIVE.

11:33:10.100 --> 11:33:14.666
MY FATHER THOUGHT
THAT I WOULD GO TO HOLLYWOOD,

11:33:14.667 --> 11:33:16.000
AND HERE I AM.

11:33:17.500 --> 11:33:20.500
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